��cidos org��nicos de folhas de tr��s variedades de cana-de-a����car (Saccharum spp) em quatro est��dios de maturidade

Folhas de cana-de-a����car (Saccharum spp) de tr��s variedades (NA 56-79, IAC 58-480 e RB 73-5275)em quatro est��dios de maturidade (11, 12, 13 e 14 meses) foram analisadas para a determina����o de ��cidos org��nicos e pot��ssio. O ��cido trans-acon��tico constituiu cerca de 60% do total de ��cidos org��nicos seguido pelos ��cidos m��lico, glut��rico, succinics, alfa cetoglut��rico, mal��nico e fum��rico. Foram observadas diferen��as significativas entre as variedades e entre os est��dios de maturidade para todos os ��cidos org��nicos identificados. N��o foram observados coeficientes de correla����o significativos entre os teores de pot��ssio e de ��cidos org��nicos.

Efeito da aplica����o da vinha��a como fertilizante sobre os teores de ��cido trans-acon��tico de caldo de cana-de-a����car (Saccharum spp)

Caldo de cana da variedade NA 56-79, em quatro est��dios de maturidade (4, 6, 8 e 12 meses) fertilizada com vinha��a foi analisada para a determina����o dos teores de pot��ssio e ��cido trans-acon��tico. A fertiliza����o com vinha��a provocou redu����o significativa nos teores de a����cares redutores totais e aumento nos teores de pot��ssio e de ��cido trans-acon��tico. Uma correla����o positiva significativa foi encontrada entre a produ����o de ��cido trans-acon��tico e o teor de pot��ssio. O teor de ��cido trans-acon��tico foi reduzido com a maturidade das plantas.

��cidos org��nicos de caldo de tr��s variedades de cana-de-a����car (Saccharum spp) em quatro est��dios de maturidade

Os teores dos ��cidos trans-acon��tico, m��lico, mal��nico e succ��nico foram determinados no caldo de cana das variedades IAC 58-480, RB 73-5275 e NA 56-79, em quatro est��dios de maturidade (11, 12, 13 e 14 meses). O ��cido trans-acon��tico constituiu cerca de 84% do total dos ��cidos org��nicos seguido pelo ��cido m��lico com 14%. Os ��cidos ox��lico, glut��rico, alfa-cetoglut��rico e c��trico foram encontrados em n��veis inferiores a 1%. Os n��veis dos ��cidos succ��nico, m��lico e trans-acon��tico diminu��ram com a maturidade da planta enquanto os de mal��nico aumentaram. N��o foram encontradas diferen��as significativas entre as variedades estudadas em rela����o aos teores de ��cido trans-acon��tico.

Nutri����o mineral de seringueira (Hevea spp). X. Quantidade de al no substrato afetando a concentra����o e o ac��mulo de Fe, Mn e Zn

Com o prop��sito de comparar os efeitos de doses crescentes de Al sobre a concentra����o e ac��mulo de Fe, Mn e Zn conduziu-se um experimento usando-se separadamente solu����o nutritiva usada por BOLLE-JONES e solu����es de doses de Al que consistiram de 0, 5, 10, 15 20 e 25ppm, em que as plantas passaram vinte e quatro horas na solu����o nutritiva (sem Al) e vinte e quatro horas nas solu����es de Al. Ap��s noventa e cinco dias de tratamento as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas dos verticilos inferiores e folhas do ��ltimo verticilo. Determinou-se as concentra����es de Fe, Mn e Zn no material coletado. Observou-se que o Al estimula a concentra����o de Fe e Mn em todos os n��veis de Al enquanto que o ac��mulo desses micronutrientes �� afetado a partir de 20ppm de Al na solu����o. A concentra����o de Zn na raiz e folhas do ��ltimo verticilo �� afetado a partir de 15ppm de Al na solu����o e o ac��mulo deste nutriente �� afetado a partir de 20ppm de Al na solu����o.

Metodologia para infesta����o artificial de ovos de Diatraea saccharalis(Fabr., 1794) em cana-de-a����car visando estudos com Trichogramma spp

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo desenvolver t��cnicas para infesta����o artificial de cana-de-a����car com ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.,1794) visando aos estudos com Trichogramma spp. Avaliou-se a forma mais adequada de obten����o de ovos de D. saccharalis na planta, estudando-se o parasitismo por Trichogramma distinctum Zucchi, 1988 e T. galloi Zucchi, 1988 sobre ovos colocados em papel sulfite e sobre ovos obtidos na propria folha de cana-de-a����car, atrav��s do confinamento de casais de broca sobre a mesma. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se uma t��cnica para se estimar o n��mero de ovos obtidos nas infesta����es artificiais, que consistia na coloca����o de uma folha transparente e quadriculada sobre a postura, avaliando-se o n��mero de "quadrados" correspondentes �� ��rea da mesma. 0 numero de ovos era ent��o estimado atrav��s de equa����es de regress��o obtidas em fun����o do tamanho da postura. A utiliza����o de papel sulfite na infesta����o de ovos de D. saccharalis diminuiu o parasitismo por T. galloi e T. distinctum, sendo o confinamento de casais da broca-da-cana sobre a folha de cana-de-a����car, a forma mais adequada para obten����o dos ovos desta praga, nos estudos com estes parasit��ides. A metodologia desenvolvida para contagem de ovos de D. saccharalis mostrou-se valida para as infesta����es artificiais em campo.

Nutri����o mineral de seringueira XII. Quantidade de Al no substrato afetando a concentra����o e o ac��mulo de Ca, Mg e S em seringueira (Hevea spp)

Com o prop��sito de comparar os efeitos de doses crescentes de alum��nio sobre a concentra����o e ac��mulo de Ca, Mg e S sobre a planta conduziu-se o experimento usando-se separadamente a solu����o nutritiva de BOLLE JONES (1957) e solu����es de alum��nio nas concentra����es de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 ppm em que as plantas passaram 24 horas e outras 24 horas em solu����o sem alum��nio. Noventa dias ap��s as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas dos verticilos inferiores e folhas do ��ltimo verticilo. Determinou-se as concentra����es e os ac��mulos de Ca, Mg, e S. Os autores conclu��ram que n��veis superiores a 15ppm de alum��nio na solu����o provocam dist��rbios nutricionais destes elementos em Hevea.

Morphometric variability in populations of Palaemonetes spp. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon Basin

Morphometric variability among shrimp populations of the genus Palaemonetes Heller, 1869 from seven lakes (Huanayo and Urcococha, in Peru; Aman��, Mamirau��, Camale��o, Cristalino e Iru��anga, in Brasil) in the Amazon Basin, presumably belonging to Palaemonetes carteri Gordon, 1935 and Palaemonetes ivonicus Holthuis, 1950, were studied. The morphometric studies were carried out from the ratios obtained from the morphometric characters. Multivariated analysis (Principal Components Analysis-PCA, Discriminant Function Analysis and Cluster Analysis) were applied over the ratios. Intra- and interpopulation variations of the rostrum teeth, and the number of spines in the male appendix, were analyzed through descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis (Spearman Rank Correlation test). Results indicated a wide plasticity and overlapping in the studied ratios between populations. The Principal Components Analysis was not able to separate different populations, revealing a large intrapopulation plasticity and strong interpopulation similarity in the studied ratios. Although the Discriminant Functions Analysis was not able to fully discriminate populations, they could be allocated in three subgroups: 1) Cristalino and Iru��anga; 2) Huanayo, Urcococha and Camale��o and 3) Mamirau�� and Aman��. The first two groups were morphometrically separated from each other, whereas the third one presented a strong overlap with the former two. The Cluster Analysis confirmed the first two subgroups separation, and indicated that the first and third groups were closely related. Rostrum teeth and number of spines in the appendix masculina showed a large intrapopulation variation and a strong overlapping among the studied populations, regardless of the species.

Seasonal variation in natural populations of Drosophila spp. (Diptera) in two woodlands in the State of S��o Paulo, Brazil

The composition and the seasonality of the natural populations of Drosophila species in relation to the climatic variables temperature and rainfall were analyzed from September 1998 through October 1999 by monthly collections, in two woodlands in the Northwest of the State of S��o Paulo, Brazil. The diversity dominance component curves were inclined, reflecting low diversity and high dominance of few species. Among the 25 species recorded, Drosophila sturtevanti Duda, 1927 was the most frequent and abundant. On the opposite to data in literature, D. paranaensis Barros, 1950 abundance and frequency were greater than those from D. mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler, 1942. A positive correlation between abundance and rainfall was observed for D. nebulosa Sturtevant, 1916. These data are indicative of changes in the populations structure due to new adaptive strategies arised in response to environmental modifications.

Fauna de Hymenoptera em Ficus spp. (Moraceae) na Amaz��nia Central, Brasil

A intera����o Ficus (Moraceae) - vespas de figo �� considerada um dos exemplos mais extremos de mutualismo entre planta e inseto. Neste trabalho, descreve-se a fauna de vespas de figo associada a cinco esp��cies de Ficus na Amaz��nia Central, considerando alguns aspectos do modo de poliniza����o nas esp��cies Ficus (Urostigma) cremersii, Ficus (Urostigma) greiffiana, Ficus (Urostigma) mathewsii, Ficus (Urostigma) pertusa e Ficus (Pharmacosycea) maxima. O estudo foi desenvolvido durante o per��odo de abril a julho de 2004 em Manaus e Presidente Figueiredo, Estado do Amazonas. O n��mero de esp��cies de vespas de figo por hospedeiro variou de uma a 13. Vespas do g��nero Pegoscapus Cameron, 1906, polinizadoras de Ficus (Urostigma) spp., apresentam pentes coxais e bolsos tor��cicos adaptados �� coleta e ao transporte de p��len, indicando modo ativo de poliniza����o. No subg��nero Pharmacosycea, a polinizadora do g��nero Tetrapus Mayr, 1885, n��o apresenta estrutura morfol��gica adaptada ao transporte de p��len, condizente com o modo passivo de poliniza����o. Al��m das vespas de figo, F. (Pharmacosyceae) maxima e F. (Urostigma) pertusa apresentaram associa����o com ��caros, formigas (Solenopsis sp., Formicidae), besouros (Staphylinidae) e larvas de Diptera e Lepidoptera.

Distribui����o geogr��fica potencial de esp��cies americanas do caranguejo "violinista" (Uca spp.) (Crustacea, Decapoda) com base em modelagem de nicho ecol��gico

Caranguejos do g��nero Uca Leach, 1814 (caranguejo "violinista") s��o um grupo bem conhecido e caracterizado por um acentuado dimorfismo sexual e assimetria da quela do macho. Atualmente, est��o descritas 97 esp��cies no mundo. Objetivou-se estimar a distribui����o geogr��fica potencial de 4 esp��cies do g��nero Uca que ocorrem na costa do continente Americano: Uca maracoani Latreille, 1802-1803, U. uruguayensis Nobili, 1901, U. panacea Novak & Salmon, 1974 e U. monilifera Rathbun, 1914. Para modelar a distribui����o dessas esp��cies nas Am��ricas foram utilizados pontos de ocorr��ncia compilados da literatura. Para a modelagem foram utilizados os programas Maxent e GARP a partir de 10 vari��veis clim��ticas e tr��s vari��veis topogr��ficas. Todas as vari��veis foram convertidas para uma malha com resolu����o de 0,0417 graus. Nos dois modelos (Maxent e GARP) as esp��cies apresentaram distribui����o geogr��fica maior do que sugerido por outros trabalhos de registro de ocorr��ncia, com exce����o de U. monilifera. Segundo o crit��rio de ��rea sob a curva (AUC), os modelos gerados pelo GARP apresentaram melhores resultados do que os modelos do Maxent. Entretanto, avaliando em conjunto os resultados dos dois modelos �� poss��vel melhor estabelecer planos de conserva����o para esp��cies com habitat restrito (U. panaceae e U. monilifera), al��m de recomendar um aumento na amostragem de U. maracoani no nordeste brasileiro e U. uruguyaensis no sudeste brasileiro, a fim de detectar poss��veis aumentos na sua distribui����o geogr��fica com base nas predi����es dos modelos de nicho.

Seasonality, age structure and reproduction of Leptodactylus (Lithodytes) lineatus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in Rond��nia state, southwestern Amazon, Brazil

Leptodactylus(Lithodytes) lineatus (Schneider, 1799) is an Amazonian leaf litter frog considered rare or uncommon in several studies on anuran communities. Despite being a widely distributed frog in Amazonian forests, knowledge of the biology and ecology of this species is relatively scarce. This species has been reported to live in association with leaf-cutter ant nests (Atta spp.) during the breeding period. In this paper we present data on the seasonality of this species and some reproductive information gathered at a locality of Rond��nia state, northwestern Brazil. Field work was carried out between April 2001 and March 2002, with the use of pitfall traps with drift fences as a survey method. Leptodactylus (L.) lineatus had a higher capture frequency in this locality compared to that of other studies carried out in other Amazonian localities, possibly because this species has secretive habits, such as calling and breeding from nests of leaf-cutting ants, and are difficult to find during visual encounter surveys. The breeding period occurs between October and March. Calling males and egg-bearing females were found between September and February and juvenile recruitment occurred mainly from the end of the rainy season to the beginning of the dry season (February to June). Males and females show sexual dimorphism in SVL, females being significantly larger than males. The number of ovarian eggs per female varies from 110 to 328 and analyses indicate that there is a significant correlation with SVL.

An��lise comparativa da abund��ncia do coral invasor Tubastraea spp: (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) em substratos naturais e artificiais na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Os corais ex��ticos coral-sol (Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 e T. tagusensis Wells, 1982) invadiram as comunidades biol��gicas s��sseis dos cost��es rochosos da Ba��a da Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Estruturas artificiais (piers, decks ou cais) foram selecionadas em quatro locais na Ilha Grande, e comparadas com substratos naturais adjacentes atrav��s de quantifica����o da densidade de cada esp��cie de Tubastraea, al��m da porcentagem de cobertura da biota b��ntica. A densidade m��dia geral de Tubastraea tagusensis foi de 80,3 indiv��duos.m-2, aproximadamente o dobro encontrado para T. coccinea. Tendo em vista que sua presen��a alterou as abund��ncias relativas e a riqueza de esp��cies, ambas as esp��cies invasoras modificaram a estrutura das comunidades invadidas. Tubastraea coccinea foi mais abundante em substratos artificiais do que naturais, por��m, n��o foi detectada diferen��a na abund��ncia de Tubastraea tagusensis entre substratos. A abund��ncia de ambas as esp��cies variou com a profundidade e o local, e houve uma rela����o positiva entre a idade do substrato artificial e a abund��ncia dos corais. Aparentemente T. tagusensis �� competitivamente superior �� T. coccinea, com uma inser����o maior nas comunidades nativas em substratos naturais. Ambas as esp��cies tem grande potencial competitivo e podem utilizar substratos artificiais para iniciar seu estabelecimento em novos locais.

Effects of both ecdysone and the acclimation to low temperature, on growth and metabolic rate of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae)

Growth, metabolic rate, and energy reserves of Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) juveniles were evaluated in crayfish acclimated for 16 weeks to either 25��C (temperature near optimum) or 20��C (marginal for the species). Additionally, the modulating effect of ecdsyone on acclimation was studied. After 12 weeks of exposure, weight gain of both experimental groups acclimated to 25��C (control: C25, and ecdysone treated: E25) was significantly higher than that of those groups acclimated to 20��C (C20 and E20). A total compensation in metabolic rate was seen after acclimation from 25��C to 20��C; for both the control group and the group treated with ecdysone. A Q10value significantly higher was only observed in the group acclimated to 20��C and treated with ecdysone. A reduction of glycogen reserves in both hepatopancreas and muscle, as well as a lower protein content in muscle, was seen in both groups acclimated to 20��C. Correspondingly, glycemia was always higher in these groups. Increased lipid levels were seen in the hepatopancreas of animals acclimated to 20��C, while a higher lipid level was also observed in muscle at 20��C, but only in ecdysone-treated crayfish.

Cephalopoda as prey of juvenile Southern elephant seals at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George, South Shetland Islands

The aim of the present study was to enhance the knowledge of the feeding habits of the juvenile component of the population of Southern elephant seals [Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758)] from Isla 25 de Mayo, South Shetland Islands, age class whose diet information is scarce. A total of 60 individuals were stomach lavaged in the spring - summer seasons of three consecutive years (2003, 2004 and 2005) of which 53.3 % (n = 32) presented food remnants. The Antarctic glacial squid Psychroteuthis glacialis Thiele, 1921 was the dominant prey taxon in terms of frequency of occurrence (68.7%), numerical abundance (60.1%) and biomass (51.5%), contributing 84.1% to the total relative importance index. Other squid prey species of importance were Slosarczykovia circumantartica Lipinski, 2001 in terms of occurrence (37.5%) and numerical abundance (14%) and Moroteuthis knipovitchi Filippova, 1972 in terms of biomass (16%). All identified cephalopod prey taxa are distributed south of the Antarctic Polar Front, except for the squid Martialia hyadesi Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889 which has a circumpolar distribution associated to the Polar Frontal Zone. No significant differences in the sizes of P. glacialis preyed upon by elephant seals were found between sexes and years. However, significant interannual differences were found in the taxonomical composition of their diet. This would be associated with temporal changes in food availability at the foraging areas of seals, which in turn may have been influenced by changes in oceanographic conditions as a result of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that occurred during part of the study period. Furthermore, a differential response of males and females to this temporal variation was observed, with the former being also associated to a predation on octopods. This would suggest a sexual segregation in foraging habits of this species from the early stages of its life cycle.

An ecological and comparative analysis of parasites in juvenile Mugil liza (Pisces, Mugilidae) from two sites in Samboromb��n bay, Argentina

ABSTRACT Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 is an economically important food fish and has been recommended for aquaculture in South America. A total of 278 fishes were collected in the spring and summer of 2009 and 2010. These fish were sorted into sample groups according to their size class. We used Bayesian statistics and 95% credible intervals for each parameter tested were calculated. Fish studied harbored a total of 15 different species of parasites. Diversity of parasite species found on Mugil liza was greatest at the S.R.C. collection site, but evidenced a lower species richness than at A.R. site. The 1st size fishes of both sites evidenced greater parasite diversity than either 2nd or 3rd size fish. Differences observed could be explained by the different use of habitat types at the two sites or differential susceptibility to infection by parasites. The dominance of D. fastigatainfluenced observed results of lower community diversity indexes. New works elucidating different parasite life cycles within juvenile and adults ofM. liza in Argentina, promise to be important for determining the risk of the parasitism by zoonotic metacercariae A. (P.) longa and use of this fish as food and an economic resource, and the possible use of mullet parasites in other promising fields as indicators of biodiversity, and/ or water contamination.