Inter and intra-guild interactions in egg parasitoid species of the soybean stink bug complex

The objective of this research was to evaluate the parasitism behavior of Telenomus podisi Ashmead, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Trissolcus urichi Crawford (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on eggs of Nezara viridula L., Euschistus heros F., Piezodorus guildinii Westwood and Acrosternum aseadum Rolston (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), in no choice and multiple choice experiments. For all parasitoid species, the results demonstrated the existence of a main host species that maximizes the reproductive success. The competitive interactions among the parasitoid species were investigated in experiments of sequential and simultaneous release of different combinations of parasitoid pairs on the hosts N. viridula, E. heros and A. aseadum. Exploitative competition was observed for egg batches at the genus level (Telenomus vs. Trissolcus) and interference competition at the species level (T. basalis vs. T. urichi). Trissolcus urichi was the most aggressive species, interfering with the parasitism of T. basalis. Generally, T. basalis showed an opportunistic behavior trying to parasitise eggs after T. urichi had abandoned the egg batch. The selection of parasitoid species for use in augmentative biological control programs should take into account the diversity of pentatomids present in soybean in addition to the interactions among the different species of parasitoids.

Sensory response of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi to stimuli from the bug Euschistus heros

The objective of this work was to study the foraging behavior of Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in the presence of stimuli from its host, Euschistus heros (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). The stimuli selected were: egg mass; virgin males and females; volatile extracts of sexually mature males and females; components of male sex pheromone; a component of the alarm pheromone, hexane and an empty cage as control. In a closed arena, the parasitoids were given the choice between single and combined stimuli presented to them simultaneously. To find the host egg, T. podisi primarily uses the sensory cues released from the male insects. The orientation toward odors of male chemical extract indicates that a source of kairomone was detected. Gas chromatographic analyses of this substance showed peak of methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate, the main component of male sexual pheromone. The sensory response to methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate confirms that this compound may act as a kairomone to find host eggs. Females and egg mass stimuli were weakly attractive to the parasitoid.

Egg parasitoid wasps as natural enemies of the neotropical stink bug Dichelops melacanthus

The objective of this work was to determine the potential of five species of Scelionidae wasps - Telenomus podisi, Trissolcus basalis, Trissolcus urichi, Trissolcus teretis and Trissolcus brochymenae - as natural enemies of the neotropical stink bug Dichelops melacanthus, and to determine if the presence of eggs of other stink bug species influences the parasitism and development of the parasitoids. Two kinds of experiments were done in laboratory: without choice of hosts (eggs of D. melacanthus) and with choice (eggs of D. melacanthus and of Euschistus heros). Biological parameters, including proportion of parasitism, immature survivorship, progeny sex ratio, immature stage development period, and host preference were recorded. All the evaluated parasitoids can parasitize and develop on D. melacanthus eggs. The first choice of eggs did not influence the proportion of D. melacanthus eggs parasitized by Tr. basalis, Tr. teretis or Tr. brochymenae. However, D. melacanthus eggs as the first choice of Te. podisi and Tr. urichi increased, respectively, 9 and 14 times the chance for parasitism on eggs of this species. Behavioral and ecological aspects of parasitoids should be considered prior to their use in biological control programs.

Limestone particle sizes and lighting regimens on egg and bone quality of laying hens

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of limestone particle sizes in the diet and of lighting regimes on the egg and bone quality and on the performance of commercial laying hens. Three hundred Hissex White layers, at 18 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (coarse limestone in the diet at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%; with or without artificial light), with five replicates of six birds. No significant interaction was observed between particle sizes and lighting regime for the evaluated parameters. There was no significant effect of coarse limestone level in the diet on the performance and egg quality of hens; however, bone deformity (3.23 to 4.01 mm), strength (5.19 to 6.70 kgf cm-2), and mineral matter (51.09 to 59.61%) improved as the proportion of coarse limestone increased. For lighting regime, the treatment with artificial light yielded higher Haugh unit values (87.17 vs. 85.54) than that with natural light only. Greater limestone particles improve bone quality of laying hens, and the use of artificial light can benefit the albumen quality of the eggs.

The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (wals.) (Lepidoptera: elachistidae): egg and damage distribution and parasitism

The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (Wals.) has been a limiting factor in growing avocados over the last years in many Brazilian states. This is a result of the lack of safe and feasible management practices to minimize the fruit borer damage. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the pest biology and ecology as well as on the role of natural enemies to define strategies to control the pest. Samples were taken biweekly and consisted of 20 fruits collected randomly (10 from the upper half and 10 from the lower half of the plant) in ten plants, cv. Margarida, in a commercial avocado grove in Arapongas and Cambé regions, PR, from October/2001 to September/2002. Laboratory determinations of the percentage of damaged fruit per plant region, location and number of bored fruit sites, and the number and location of the fruit borer eggs, including parasitized ones, were performed. The results showed that S. catenifer preferred to oviposit and attack fruits located on the upper half of the trees. The majority of the eggs were laid on the fruit pedicel whereas the damage was mainly located on the lower half of the fruits. Trichogrammatids were the most constant and abundant parasitoids found in both localities throughout the study period.

Imagem radiográfica de acúmulo fecal no ceco, como sinal diagnóstico de apendicite aguda

OBJETIVO: Apesar de os achados radiográficos de apendicite aguda serem bem documentados, o valor da radiografia simples ainda não foi completamente determinado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer a freqüência da associação de apendicite aguda a um sinal radiográfico caracterizado por imagem de acúmulo fecal ocupando todo o ceco. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas radiografias simples de abdome de 100 pacientes consecutivos com apendicite aguda, comprovada por operação e exame anatomopatológico. Pesquisou-se, nas radiografias, a presença de imagem de acúmulo fecal no ceco, caracterizada por hipotransparência ocupando todo o ceco e, eventualmente, também o cólon ascendente. RESULTADOS: A imagem de acúmulo fecal no ceco foi encontrada em 97% dos doentes, independentemente de idade, sexo, cor da pele ou estádio da apendicite. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que a presença de imagem radiográfica de acúmulo fecal no ceco pode ser um sinal útil no diagnóstico de apendicite aguda.

Avaliação em escala laboratorial da utilização do processo eletrolítico no tratamento de águas

Water treatment uses chlorine for disinfection causing formation of trihalomethanes. In this work, an electrolytic water pre-treatment was studied and applied to the water from a fountainhead. The action against microorganisms was evaluated using cast-iron and aluminum electrodes. Assays were made in laboratory using the electrolytic treatment. After 5 min of electrolysis the heterotrophic bacteria count was below 500 cfu/mL and complete elimination of total and fecal coliforms was observed. Using electrolytic treatment as a pretreatment of conventional tap water treatment is proposed.

Broiler breeder hen performance and egg hatchability during rainy season in Brazilian semi-arid region

Henhouse thermal comfort and bird age influence broiler breeder hen productivity; this way, the present research aimed to assess thermal comfort indexes and broiler breeder hen performance during winter in North East semi-arid region from Brazil, using a Cobb Avian 48 broiler strain at the age of 38 and 50 weeks. We measured the following bioclimatic indexes: air temperature and relative humidity, black globe temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration and sound pressure levels at henhouse facility. Data analysis design was complete randomized in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three treatments (months) and three replications (week number of collection by month). A number of 25 climatic data were observed. Bioclimatic indexes at the most warm hours throughout the day promoted bird discomfort yet sound pressure and carbon dioxide levels were under the Brazilian standards. Even in thermal comfort zone at some hours, the productivity indexes were in compliance with those recommended by the strain creation guidebook.

Colite de derivação fecal

A colite de derivação fecal (CD) é um processo inflamatório que ocorre no segmento colorretal desfuncionalizado, após uma cirurgia de desvio do trânsito intestinal. As principais características dessa entidade clínica são: apresenta-se na desfuncionalização do cólon ou reto; não há doença inflamatória intestinal preexistente; nunca acomete o sítio proximal à colostomia e ocorre resolução do processo após a restauração do trânsito intestinal. Diversas são as hipóteses postuladas para explicar o seu aparecimento; todavia, a deficiência nutricional do epitélio colônico, pela ausência dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), no segmento desfuncionalizado, é a mais aceita na atualidade. Os autores fazem uma revisão da literatura enfocando os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e terapêuticos desta doença.

Estudo comparativo entre diversos tipos de tratamento para peritonite fecal em rato

OBJETIVO: A peritonite é responsável por aproximadamente 50% das mortes por sepse e, apesar de avanços nos métodos usados para o seu diagnóstico e tratamento, cerca de um terço dos pacientes ainda morre de peritonite secundária grave. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficácia de diversos tipos de tratamento para a peritonite fecal grave e estabelecida. MÉTODOS: Foram usadas 40 ratas adultas, submetidas à peritonite fecal com injeção intraperitoneal de uma suspensão de fezes de ratos. Os animais foram divididos em oito grupos (n = 5): Grupo 1, controle; Grupo 2, limpeza mecânica intraperitoneal com gaze; Grupo 3, lavagem com solução salina a 0,9%, à temperatura ambiente; Grupo 4, lavagem com solução salina a 0,9%, a 37,8ºC; Grupo 5, lavagem com povidona-iodo a 0,5%; Grupo 6, lavagem com clorexidina a 0,05%; Grupo 7, injeção intramuscular de gentamicina e clindamicina; Grupo 8, introdução intraperitoneal de açúcar. RESULTADOS: Os grupos 5 e 8 foram os que apresentaram a mortalidade mais rápida (menos de 24 horas). Após 72 horas, permaneceu viva uma rata em cada um dos grupos 2, 3, 4 e 6. Nos grupos 1, 5, 7 e 8 não houve sobrevida. Apesar de todos os animais do Grupo 7 morrerem, o óbito ocorreu em um período mais longo (72 horas) do que o dos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Somente ocorreu sobrevida nos grupos submetidos à limpeza peritoneal menos agressiva. Além disso, um procedimento terapêutico único de limpeza ou antibiótico sistêmico por um dia não é suficiente para prevenir a morte em ratos com peritonite fecal grave e estabelecida.

Avaliação da reinfecção peritoneal após peritonite fecal em ratos

OBJETIVO: Há poucos estudos sobre os efeitos de uma nova infecção após peritonite séptica. Com o objetivo de compreender melhor esta situação, realizou-se o presente experimento tendo como parâmetro o papel do tempo neste fenômeno. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas 36 ratas Wistar adultas, submetidas a peritonite fecal com injeção intraperitoneal de uma solução de fezes de ratos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 9): Grupo 1A - controle: injeção intraperitoneal de solução de fezes com uma quantidade sabidamente letal (10 ml/kg); Grupo 1B - reinfecção: injeção intraperitoneal de solução de fezes com uma quantidade sabidamente não letal (2 ml/kg) e, após 30 dias, injeção de solução de fezes (10 ml/kg); Grupo 2A - controle da reinfecção tardia: injeção intraperitoneal de fezes a 10 ml/kg; Grupo 2B - reinfecção tardia: injeção intraperitoneal de fezes a 2ml/kg e, após quatro meses, injeção de 10ml/kg. RESULTADOS: Todos os nove animais do Grupo 1A morreram no período de sete dias após a injeção da solução de fezes. Já no Grupo 1B, pré-infectado, apenas um animal morreu, 24 horas após a injeção da solução de fezes a 10 ml/kg (p < 0,001). Em relação ao Grupo 2, oito dos nove animais de cada subgrupo morreram no período de sete dias. CONCLUSÕES: Uma sepse peritoneal menor por fezes eleva a resistência orgânica a nova contaminação fecal mais intensa que ocorra após um período curto. Contudo, essa defesa não persiste por tempo mais prolongado.

Nova imagem radiográfica de apendicite aguda: acúmulo fecal no ceco

OBJETIVO: Apesar das características radiográficas da apendicite aguda estarem bem documentadas, o valor da radiografia simples de abdome ainda não foi completamente estudado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar um novo sinal radiográfico caracterizado pela imagem de acúmulo fecal no ceco. MÉTODO: Foram estudados prospectivamente 170 pacientes consecutivos, de ambos os sexos, internados com abdome agudo e dor localizada no flanco direito, distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 100) - portadores de apendicite aguda, submetidos a um estudo radiográfico do abdome antes do tratamento cirúrgico, Grupo 2 (n = 70) - submetidos a dois estudos radiográficos do abdome:antes da operação e outro no dia seguinte à cirurgia. Todas as radiografias foram simples, em incidência ântero-posterior. RESULTADOS: A presença do sinal de acúmulo fecal no ceco esteve presente em 97 (97%) pacientes do Grupo 1 e em 68 (97,14%) pacientes do Grupo 2. No pós-operatório, dos 68 pacientes que apresentaram o sinal radiográfico, esse desapareceu em 66 casos. A sensibilidade do sinal radiográfico para apendicite aguda foi de 97,05 %. CONCLUSÕES: A imagem radiográfica de acúmulo fecal no ceco associa-se a apendicite aguda. Essa imagem geralmente desaparece após o apêndice cecal ser removido.

Paratuberculosis in a dairy Gyr herd in the State of Paraíba, Brazil

This paper describes the clinical, pathological, and microbiologic aspects of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in a dairy Gyr herd in the State of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. An eight years old cow with chronic unresponsive diarrhea was clinically examined and euthanized for pathological evaluation. Fecal samples from all 160 animals over 12 months of age from the herd were collected for isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clinically, the index case cow was severely dehydrated, cachectic, with profuse mucous diarrhea. The main post-mortem findings were emaciation and thickened intestinal wall. Microscopically, the intestinal lamina propria and submucosa were infiltrated by macrophages, epithelioid cells, and Langhans giant cells with numerous alcohol-acid resistant bacilli in the cytoplasm. Two fecal samples displayed growth in slants of Herrold's egg-yolk agar supplemented with mycobactin J, 150 days after incubation. No growth was noticed in slants without mycobactin J. Microscopic examination of the isolated microorganisms stained by Ziehl-Neelsen revealed considerable amounts of alcohol-acid resistant bacilli, morphologically compatible with Mycobacterium spp. Based on the clinical signs, gross and histological lesions, growth time, bacterial morphology in Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and dependence of mycobactin J, the first diagnosis of paratuberculosis in Zebu cattle was made.

Ultrasonographic and radiographic determination of egg development of jurarás (Kinosternon scorpioides) in captivity

Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), with its common name of jurará, is a quite variable species of turtles, and many different names have been applied to populations throughout its range. Currently, however, four subspecies are considered valid as K. scorpioides arises from southern Panama over most of northern South America and is found in Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina, eastern Guyana and Brazil. Thus, an ultrasonographic and radiographic study was performed in order to describe the morphology and development of eggs of 20 female jurará mud turtles K. scorpioides, from September 2005 to August 2006. In the first month, the ovarian cycle was characterized by absence of vitellogenic follicles, atresic follicles or oviduct eggs. From October 2005 to March 2006 on, ultrasonographic scanning allowed to establish the growing vitellogenic follicles. Vitellogenic follicles were observed with spherical to ovoid shapes, with a surrounding echogenic yolk, a nonechogenic albumin layer, and a high echogenic shell. The oviduct eggs were identified by radiography just 180 days after beginning the experiment, when the shell became enough mineralized to impress the radiographic film. This experiment allowed to obtain by means of the 7.5 MHz linear probe images with adequate resolution and penetration for visualization of follicles. Successive ultrasonographic examinations of 20 K. scorpioides females allowed to access initial stages of vitellogenic follicles and oviduct eggs, and radiographic examination revealed to be an easy technique to assess oviduct eggs and to allow evaluation of egg development in jurarás, from 6 months on.

Outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis in large multi-age egg layer chicken flocks in Minas Gerais, Brazil

A recent (November 2010) outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in a multi-age laying hen facility in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, is described. Previous ILT outbreak in laying hens was only notified in São Paulo state, Brazil, in 2002. In the outbreak described here, the affected population was approximately eight million hens, with flock sizes ranging from 100,000 to 2,900,000 chickens. The average mortality ranged from 1 to 6%, and morbidity was around 90% (most of the twenty seven farms of the area were positive for ILT virus). Three multi-age laying farms from one company were selected for this report. Clinical signs included prostration, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, occasional swelling of the paranasal sinuses and bloody mucous nasal discharge. Severely affected chickens presented with dyspnea, gasping and became cyanotic before death. At necropsy, these chickens had fibrinous exudate blocking the larynx and the lumen of cranial part of the trachea. In addition, conjunctivitis with intense hyperemia, edema and sinuses with caseous exudate were present. On histopathology, there were marked necrosis and desquamation of respiratory ephitelium and conjunctiva with numerous syncytial cells formation and fibrinous exudate. Moderate to marked non suppurative (especially lymphocytes and plasma cells) infiltration in the lamina propria also was observed. Sixteen out of 20 examined chickens, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the syncytial cells. The DNA extracted from larynx and trachea produced positive PCR results for ILT virus (ILTV) DNA using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples. Amplicons from a small region of ICP4 gene were submitted to sequencing and showed 100% identity with ILTV EU104910.1 (USA strain), 99% with ILTV JN596963.1 (Australian strain) and 91% with ILTV JN580316.1 (Gallid herpesvirus 1 CEO vaccine strain) and JN580315.1 (Gallid herpesvirus 1 TCO vaccine strain).