150 resultados para Rossi, Leena-Maija
Resumo:
The main viruses involved in acute respiratory diseases among children are: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenzavirus (FLU), parainfluenzavirus (PIV), adenovirus (AdV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and the human metapneumovirus (hMPV). The purpose of the present study was to identify respiratory viruses that affected children younger than five years old in Uberlândia, Midwestern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 379 children attended at Hospital de Clínicas (HC/UFU), from 2001 to 2004, with acute respiratory disease, were collected and tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect RSV, FLU A and B, PIV 1, 2, and 3 and AdV, and RT-PCR to detect HRV. RSV was detected in 26.4% (100/379) of samples, FLU A and B in 9.5% (36/379), PIV 1, 2 and 3 in 6.3% (24/379) and AdV in 3.7% (14/379). HRV were detected in 29.6% (112/379) of the negative and indeterminate samples tested by IFI. RSV, particularly among children less than six months of life, and HRV cases showed highest incidence. Negative samples by both IFA and RT-PCR might reflect the presence of other pathogens, such as hMPV, coronavirus, and bacteria. Laboratorial diagnosis constituted an essential instrument to determine the incidence of the most common viruses in respiratory infections among children in this region.
Resumo:
The critical role of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) in the resistance of C57Bl/6 mice to Leishmania major is widely established but its role in the relative resistance of these animals to L. amazonensis infection is still not clear. In this work we use C57Bl/6 mice congenitally deficient in the IFN-g gene (IFN-g KO) to address this issue. We found that IFN-g KO mice were as resistant as their wild-type (WT) counterparts at least during the first two months of infection. Afterwards, whereas WT mice maintained lesion growth under control, IFN-g KO mice developed devastating lesions. At day 97 of infection, their lesions were 9-fold larger than WT controls, concomitant with an increased parasite burden. At this stage, lesion-draining cells from IFN-g KO mice had impaired capacity to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumour necrosis factor-a in response to parasite antigens whereas IL-4 was slightly increased in comparison to infected WT mice. Together, these results show that IFN-g is not critical for the initial control of L. amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice, but is essencial for the developmente of a protective Th1 type immune response in the later stages.
Resumo:
To understand the transmission of a vector-borne disease, knowledge of the magnitude of dispersal among vector populations is essential because of its influence on pathogen transfer. The principal vector of dengue, the most common arboviral disease in the world, is the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). This tropical and subtropical species is native to Africa but has dispersed worldwide since the XV century. In Argentina, the species was declared eradicated in 1963, but has reinfested the country in recent years. In the present work, we used RAPD-PCR markers to assess the levels of genetic variability and differentiation among populations of Ae. aegypti (the vector of dengue and yellow fever) in Córdoba, the second largest city in Argentina. We detected similar levels of genetic variability (He between 0.351-0.404) across samples and significant genetic differentiation between most population pairs within the city (F ST between 0.0013-0.0253). Genetic distances indicate that there are three distinct groups, formed predominantly by populations that are connected by, or near, main roads. This suggests that, in addition to other factors such as availability of oviposition sites or step-by-step migration, passive transport plays an important role in gene flow within the city.
Resumo:
Ketoconazole is a clinically safe antifungal agent that also inhibits the growth of Leishmania spp. A study was undertaken to determine whether Leishmania parasites are prone to becoming resistant to ketoconazole by upregulating C14-demethylase after stepwise pharmacological pressure. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes [inhibitory concentration (IC)50 = 2 µM] were subjected to stepwise selection with ketoconazole and two resistant lines were obtained, La8 (IC50 = 8 µM) and La10 (IC50 = 10 µM). As a result, we found that the resistance level was directly proportional to the C14-demethylase mRNA expression level; we also observed that expression levels were six and 12 times higher in La8 and La10, respectively. This is the first demonstration that L. amazonensis can up-regulate C14-demethylase in response to drug pressure and this report contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of parasite resistance.
Resumo:
Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever , an emergent worldwide zoonosis of wide clinical spectrum. Although C. burnetii infection is typically associated with acute infection, atypical pneumonia and flu-like symptoms, endocarditis, osteoarticular manifestations and severe disease are possible, especially when the patient has a suppressed immune system; however, these severe complications are typically neglected. This study reports the sequencing of the repetitive element IS1111 of the transposase gene of C. burnetii from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from a patient with severe pneumonia following methotrexate therapy, resulting in the molecular diagnosis of Q fever in a patient who had been diagnosed with active seronegative polyarthritis two years earlier. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documented case of the isolation of C. burnetii DNA from a BAL sample.
Resumo:
A serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii was conducted on 766 domestic and peridomestic rodents from 46 trapping sites throughout the city of Niamey, Niger. A low seroprevalence was found over the whole town with only 1.96% of the rodents found seropositive. However, differences between species were important, ranging from less than 2% in truly commensal Mastomys natalensis, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus, while garden-associated Arvicanthis niloticus displayed 9.1% of seropositive individuals. This is in line with previous studies on tropical rodents - that we reviewed here - which altogether show that Toxoplasma seroprevalence in rodent is highly variable, depending on many factors such as locality and/or species. Moreover, although we were not able to decipher statistically between habitat or species effect, such a contrast between Nile grass rats and the other rodent species points towards a potentially important role of environmental toxoplasmic infection. This would deserve to be further scrutinised since intra-city irrigated cultures are extending in Niamey, thus potentially increasing Toxoplasma circulation in this yet semi-arid region. As far as we are aware of, our study is one of the rare surveys of its kind performed in Sub-Saharan Africa and the first one ever conducted in the Sahel.
Resumo:
This study estimates the factors of artificial environments (houses and peridomestic areas) associated with Triatoma sordida occurrence. Manual searches for triatomines were performed in 136 domiciliary units (DUs) in two rural localities of Central-West Brazil. For each DU, 32 structural, 23 biotic and 28 management variables were obtained. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify statistically significant variables associated with occurrence of T. sordida in the study areas. A total of 1,057 specimens (99% in peridomiciles, mainly chicken coops) of T. sordida were collected from 63 DUs (infestation: 47%; density: ~8 specimens/DU; crowding: ~17 specimens/infested DU; colonisation: 81%). Only six (0.6%) out of 945 specimens examined were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The final adjusted logistic regression model indicated that the probability of T. sordida occurrence was higher in DU with wooden chicken coops, presence of > 30 animals in wooden corrals, presence of wood piles and presence of food storeroom. The results show the persistence of T. sordida in peridomestic habitats in rural localities of Central-West Brazil. However, the observed low intradomestic colonisation and minimal triatomine infection rates indicate that T. sordida has low potential to sustain high rates of T. cruzi transmission to residents of these localities.
Resumo:
Objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os registros de enfermagem de pacientes doadores de órgãos quanto aos aspectos éticos e legais. Foram analisados os registros de enfermagem de 12 prontuários de pacientes doadores de órgãos internados em um Hospital Universitário do interior do estado de São Paulo, no período de Janeiro de 1992 a agosto de 1996. Foi identificada a informação quanto ao consentimento para doação de órgãos nos registros de enfermagem em 16,7% dos prontuários. Observamos, em 91,7% dos prontuários, falta de data, de assinaturas, ou presença de rasuras nos registros de enfermagem.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem mais freqüentes de pacientes em pós-operatório imediato. Foi elaborada uma ficha de avaliação pós-anestésica do período pós-operatório que foi utilizada em 28 pacientes nas primeiras duas horas em que permaneceram em centro de recuperação pós-anestésica. Os diagnósticos de enfermagem foram estabelecidos com base na Taxionomia I dos Diagnósticos de Enfermagem da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association -NANDA. Foram identificados os seguintes diagnósticos: risco para injúria (100,0%), risco para infecção (92,8%), senso-percepção alterada (89,2%), risco para aspiração (82,1%), mobilidade física prejudicada (71,4%), integridade tissular prejudicada (82,1%) e hipotermia (67,8%).
Resumo:
O objetivo deste estudo foi aferir a porcentagem de recirculação sangüínea (%R), nas diferentes formas de punções nas fístulas artério-venosa de pacientes em hemodiálise. Verificou-se o nível de uréia sangüínea em oito pacientes utilizando o modelo clássico de punção e de outros três grupos de oito pacientes com diferentes tipos de punção, simultânea e imediatamente após transcorridos 10 minutos de sessão, na linha arterial (A), linha venosa (V) e membro contra-lateral ao acesso vascular (S), aplicando-se a fórmula %R = (S-A) I (S-V) . 100. Constatamos que na forma clássica de punção houve uma a porcentagem de recirculação significativamente menor.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de avaliar aspectos ergonômicos na transferência de pacientes com a utilização de maca e cadeira de rodas, observou-se 249 transferências realizadas por trabalhadores da Seção de Escolta de um Hospital Universitário. Os resultados sugerem que a existência dessa equipe é uma iniciativa que deve ser estimulada mas que esses trabalhadores precisam de treinamento específico sobre movimentação e transporte de pacientes e de terem à disposição materiais auxiliares e equipamentos mecânicos.
O processo de cuidar da pessoa que sofreu queimaduras: significado cultural atribuído por familiares
Resumo:
Os objetivos deste estudo etnográfico foram identificar o significado cultural atribuído por familiares à participação no processo de cuidar da pessoa ultima de queimadura; identificar as estratégias de cuidado que os familiares focalizam frente à participação no cuidado. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 25 familiares de clientes que sofreram queimaduras, admitidos em uma Unidade de Queimados e observações participantes. Os resultados mostram que o significado cultural atribuído por familiares de pessoas vítimas queimaduras ao processo de cuidar tem duas dimensões: a física e a moral e gera principalmente medo.
Resumo:
Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisadas as anotações de enfermagem em uma Unidade Especializada que desenvolve o cuidado ao paciente embasado no Processo de Enfermagem. Os dados foram coletados em dois prontuários, utilizando-se instrumento construído para esta finalidade. Na análise, considerou-se, aspectos que avaliaram aparência e conteúdo dos registros. Nos resultados, o auxiliar de enfermagem destacou-se pelo maior número de anotações extensas e pouco específicas, já nos registros realizados pelo enfermeiro observou-se maior número de anotações legíveis e objetivas. Por expressar o trabalho da Enfermagem, maiores investimentos devem ser feitos para tornar as anotações de enfermagem mais objetivas e completas.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo descrever as perspectivas dos familiares frente à alta hospitalar, foram entrevistados 14 familiares de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana internados para tratamento clínico (10 pacientes) ou cirúrgico (4). A metodologia foi a de estudo de caso e o processo de análise resultou nas categorias: a doença como um problema, o coração significando tudo e a volta para casa após a alta hospitalar. As conclusões foram que o coração é o centro das emoções para os familiares e que na volta do doente para casa, a preocupação é poupá-lo de emoções fortes que possam desencadear novo evento isquêmico.
Resumo:
Neste artigo, apresentamos uma revisão histórica dos significados dos rituais na enfermagem, com o objetivo de analisar criticamente a prática ritualística da enfermagem cirúrgica. As ações ritualísticas da enfermagem e da enfermagem cirúrgica encontram respaldo na história da profissão, na formação dos enfermeiros e nos mitos do contexto organizacional e cultural cirúrgico. Essas ações são criticadas pelos autores, frente ao pensamento teórico profissional atual.