Construção e aplicação de um minissensor de filme de bismuto utilizando materiais de baixo custo para determinações voltamétricas in loco

The construction of a low cost mini sensor containing a bismuth-film electrode (BiFE), as work electrode, a silver electrode as pseudo reference electrode, and copper as counter electrode is proposed. The application of this mini sensor using a low cost electrochemical cell for in loco voltammetric determinations of inorganic and organic analytes is also described.

Remoção de íons Pb2+ de solução de bateria automotiva por caulinita modificada com óxido de manganês

Nine absorbents were prepared using a mixture of Amazonian kaolinite and MnO2 at three temperatures (600, 700 and 900 ºC) in order to retain Pb2+ ions contained in the battery solutions. The batch experiments carried out with the batteries used water for 3 h and the kinetic isotherm was fitted with the pseudo-second order Lagergren equation. Findings show that synthesized adsorbents AD4, AD5 and AD7 performed well in reducing the Pb2+ ion content from 0.36 to 0.00 mg g-1. The better performance for removing the Pb2+ ions occurred for adsorbents synthesized in the temperature range from 600 to 700 ºC.

Highly improved chromium (III) uptake capacity in modified sugarcane bagasse using different chemical treatments

The present paper focuses on improving chromium (III) uptake capacity of sugarcane bagasse through its chemical modification with citric acid and/or sodium hydroxide. The chemical modifications were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, with an evident peak observed at 1730 cm-1, attributed to carbonyl groups. Equilibrium was reached after 24 h, and the kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. The highest chromium (III) maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) value was found when using sugarcane bagasse modified with sodium hydroxide and citric acid (58.00 mg g-1) giving a MAC value about three times greater (20.34 mg g-1) than for raw sugarcane bagasse.

Oxidação eletroquímica do herbicida tebutiuron utilizando eletrodo do tipo DSA

Tebuthiuron (TBH) is a herbicide widely used in different cultures and known for its toxic effects. Electrochemical methods are promising for removing pollutants such as pesticides. This study showed the degradation of TBH using a DSA® anode operated at current densities of 50 to 200 mA cm-2. Removal presented pseudo-first order kinetics while high-pressure liquid chromatography (UV detection) showed two peaks, ascribed to degradation intermediates. The maximum percentage of total organic carbon removed was 12.9%. Ion chromatography revealed that higher concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions formed with increasing current density.

Adsorção do corante Reativo Azul 19 em solução aquosa por lama vermelha tratada quimicamente com peróxido de hidrogênio

Adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 dye onto activated red mud was investigated. Red mud was treated with hydrogen peroxide (LVQ) and heated at both 400 ºC (LVQ400) and 500 ºC (LVQ500). These samples were characterized by pH, specific surface area, point of zero charge and mineralogical composition. Adsorption was found to be significantly dependent on solution pH, with acidic conditions proving to be the most favorable. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm was the most appropriate to describe the phenomenon of dye removal using LVQ, LVQ400 and LVQ500, with maximum adsorption capacity of 384.62, 357.14 and 454.54 mg g-1, respectively.

Kinetic modeling of the biosorption of Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions onto Eichhornia crassipes roots using potentiometry: low-cost alternative to conventional methods

This work presents the use of potentiometric measurements for kinetic studies of biosorption of Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions on Eichhornia crassipes roots. The open circuit potential of the Cd/Cd2+ electrode of the first kind was measured during the bioadsorption process. The amount of Cd2+ ions accumulated was determined in real time. The data were fit to different models, with the pseudo-second-order model proving to be the best in describing the data. The advantages and limitations of the methodology proposed relative to the traditional method are discussed.

Delineamentos experimentais eficientes para estudos de cinética química

In this paper we show how to obtain efficient designs of experiments for fitting Michaelis-Menten and Hill equations useful in chemical studies. The search of exact D-optimal designs by using local and pseudo-Bayesian approaches is considered. Optimal designs were compared to those commonly used in practice using an efficiency measure and theoretical standard errors of the kinetic parameter estimates. In conclusion, the D-optimal designs based on the Hill equation proved efficient for estimating the parameters of both models. Furthermore, these are promising with respect to practical issues, allowing efficient estimation as well as goodness-of-fit tests and comparisons between some kinetic models.

Removal of Pb(II) ions and malachite green dye from wastewater by activated carbon produced from lemon peel

In the present study, a high-surface area activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation of lemon peel with H3PO4 as the active agent. Then, the adsorption behavior of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions on the produced activated carbon was studied. Batch process was employed for sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies. Experimental data were fitted to various isotherm models. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions were found to be 66.67 and 90.91 mg g-1, respectively, at room temperature. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption process followed a pseudo second-order rate model. The sorption kinetics were controlled by intra-particle diffusion. The results indicated that the produced activated carbon can be economically and effectively used as an adsorbent for the removal of Malachite green dye and Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.

Preparation and evaluation of magnetic chitosan particles modified with ethylenediamine and Fe(III) for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

The adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution by magnetic particles of crosslinked chitosan-ethylenediamine-Fe(III) (MPCh-EDA-FeCL) was studied in a batch system. Fe3+ in the MPCh-EDA-FeCL permitted that adsorption of Cr(VI) occurred with maximum efficiency between pH 3 and 11. The maximum adsorption capacity at pH 7.0 was 81.04 mg g-1 at 25 ºC. The adsorption kinetic process was described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous, exothermic and chemical adsorption nature. The adsorbent was successively regenerated using a 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution. Results were satisfactory for treatment of wastewater from the electroplating industry.

MICROEMULSÕES: COMPONENTES, CARACTERÍSTICAS, POTENCIALIDADES EM QUÍMICA DE ALIMENTOS E OUTRAS APLICAÇÕES

Microemulsions (MEs) are thermodynamically stable systems consisting of nanosized droplets dispersed in a solvent continuous medium (known as pseudo-phase), which is immiscible with the dispersed phase. These systems consist of water, a hydrophobic solvent called "oil," an amphiphile and often, a co-surfactant that is normally a medium chain alcohol. A large number of publications describe the importance of MEs in many branches of chemistry, and there is an intensive search for new applications. In addition, MEs have been applied in many areas, including oil extraction, removal of environmental pollutants from soils and effluents, dissolution of additives in lubricants and cutting oils, cleaning processes, dyeing and textile finishing, as nanoreactors to obtain nanoparticles of metals, semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic and photographic materials, and latex. However, only some studies indicate the potential applications of MEs in food and even fewer evaluate their chemical behavior. Potential applications of MEs in food comprise dissolution of lipophilic additives, stabilization of nutrients and biologically active compounds, using as an antimicrobial agent and to maximize the efficiency of food preservatives. This work consists of a literature review focusing on composition and physical and chemical characteristics of microemulsions. Despite the small number of studies on the subject reported in the literature, we demonstrate some potential applications of MEs in food chemistry.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA TÉCNICA ULTRASSÔNICA PARA AVALIAR TEORES DE ÓLEO E GRAXA EM EFLUENTES DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS

Ultrasound as a metrology tool has many applications in health care, industrial, and chemical analyses. Ultrasonic techniques are rapid, low-cost, non-invasive, and highly repeatable. Although ultrasound can be used to measure emulsions, no effort had been made thus far to optimize its sensitivity for metrological analysis. In this work, a technique for analyzing oil in water was validated. The wave velocity and attenuation were chosen as the ultrasonic parameters. The technique was implemented in the boundary region established by law for effluents from industrial plants involved with biofuel manufacturing. A technical effort of this study was to establish stable emulsions in concentrations close to the desired limit of study. The phase behaviours of pseudo-ternary oil, sodium chloride, and sodium lauryl sulphate were studied. The composition in the widest region of the diagram allowed for the formation of a stable emulsion, from which the ultrasound measurement was carried out. An analytical curve was obtained using ultrasonic attenuation to determine the content of oils and greases in wastewater ranging 15–240 ppm. The speed of sound did not appear to be an applicable parameter for this application. The technique was demonstrated to be an important alternative solution for the continuous monitoring of wastewater with regard to oil concentrations.

Clivagem dos ciclopaladados diméricos [Pd(dmba)(m-X)]2 (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina; X = Cl, N3, NCO) por tiouréia

Ciclopaladados diméricos do tipo [Pd(dmba)(m-X)]2 (dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina; X = Cl, N3, NCO) reagem com tiouréia (tu), à temperatura ambiente, resultando espécies mononucleares do tipo [Pd(dmba)(X)(tu)]. Todos os compostos foram caracterizados por análise elementar, espectroscopias no IV e de RMN de ¹H e com base nessas técnicas as estruturas, desses compostos, foram propostas. Os espectros de absorção no infravermelho mostraram que a coordenação da tiouréia, ao paládio, ocorre através do átomo de enxofre. O anel ciclometalado foi confirmado através da espectroscopia de RMN de ¹H.

Sorption kinetics and intrapaticulate diffusivity of As(III) bioremediation from aqueous solution, using modified and unmodified coconut fiber

The pollution and toxicity problems posed by arsenic in the environment have long been established. Hence, the removal and recovery remedies have been sought, bearing in mind the efficiency, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness of the methods employed. The sorption kinetics and intraparticulate diffusivity of As (III) bioremediation from aqueous solution using modified and unmodified coconut fiber was investigated. The amount adsorbed increased as time increased, reaching equilibrium at about 60 minutes. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption rates could be described by both pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order process with the later showing a better fit with a value of rate constant of 1.16 x 10-4 min-1 for the three adsorbent types. The mechanism of sorption was found to be particle diffusion controlled. The diffusion and boundary layer effects were also investigation. Therefore, the results show that coconut fiber, both modified and unmodified is an efficient sorbent for the removal of As (III) from industrial effluents with particle diffusion as the predominant mechanism.

Efeitos de oxidantes e sais inorgânicos na degradação fotocatalítica do herbicida imazetapir mediada por dióxido de titânio

A degradação fotocatalítica de imazetapir, um herbicida da família das imidazolinonas, em suspensão aquosa de dióxido titânio foi investigada na presença de dois receptores de elétrons como persulfato de potássio e periodato de sódio, assim como na presença de dois sais inorgânicos como sulfato de sódio e dihidrogenofosfato de sódio a 30ºC. O modelo cinético de pseudo-primeira ordem foi empregado para discutir os resultados. O desaparecimento de imazetapir em função do tempo de irradiação foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Entre os dois oxidantes estudados a degradação foi mais rápida quando se adicionou o periodato de sódio, enquanto a presença do sulfato de sódio retarda a degradação de imazetapir mais que o dihidrogenofosfato na suspensão de TiO2.

Determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos de decomposição térmica para propelentes BS e BD

O propósito deste trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros cinéticos de decomposição térmica para uma amostra de propelente base simples e base dupla. Os dados obtidos pela calorimetria exploratória diferencial foram ajustados para o modelo cinético de pseudo-primeira ordem de Flynn, Wall e Ozawa. Os respectivos parâmetros obtidos foram: BS REX 1200 (Ea) (2,3 ± 0,2) 10² kJ mol-1 e (A) 1,34 10(25) min-1; BD-111 (Ea) (1,6 ± 0,1) 10² kJ mol-1 e (A) 3,31 10(17) min-1. O espectro de infravermelho da amostra de propelente base dupla indicou a presença de salicilato, justificando o comportamento de decomposição observado na respectiva curva térmica.