Acolhimento e características maternas associados à oferta de líquidos a lactentes

OBJETIVO: Identificar características maternas e ações de acolhimento às mães de crianças menores de seis meses associadas à oferta precoce de líquidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 2007 com amostra representativa de mães de crianças menores de seis meses (n = 1.057) usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Para estimar a associação entre as variáveis explicativas e a oferta de líquidos utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística multivariado com ponderação, efeito de desenho e controlado pela idade da criança. RESULTADOS: Das mães, 32% não recebeu o cartão de acolhimento na maternidade, 47% não recebeu orientação sobre amamentação na primeira ida à UBS após o parto e 55% relatou a oferta de líquidos aos lactentes. Mulheres sem experiência pregressa em amamentar por pelo menos seis meses apresentaram chance de oferta de líquidos maior que aquelas com experiência (OR = 1,57; IC 95%: 1,16;2,13). As que não receberam orientação sobre amamentação na primeira ida à UBS após o parto tiveram chance 58% maior de oferecer líquidos que aquelas que receberam orientação. A oferta de líquidos mostrou-se positivamente associada com a adolescência entre mulheres com companheiro (OR = 2,17; IC 95%: 1,10;4,30) e negativamente associada com a adolescência entre aquelas sem companheiro (OR = 0,31; IC95%: 0,11;0,85). Entre mulheres com menos de oito anos de estudo, as que não receberam orientação sobre amamentação após o nascimento da criança apresentaram chance de oferta de líquidos 1,8 vez maior que aquelas que receberam orientação. CONCLUSÕES: Idade, situação conjugal e experiência pregressa em amamentar são características maternas associadas à oferta de líquidos para crianças menores de seis meses. O recebimento de orientação precoce sobre aleitamento materno pode reduzir o oferecimento de líquidos aos lactentes.

Consumo de macronutrientes e ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes em adultos

OBJETIVO: Estimar o consumo de energia e nutrientes e a prevalência de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2008-2009. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por dois dias de registro alimentar não consecutivos. Um total de 21.003 indivíduos (52,5% mulheres) entre 20 e 59 anos de idade participou do estudo. A ingestão usual de nutrientes foi estimada pelo método proposto pelo National Cancer Institute. As prevalências de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes foram obtidas pelo método da necessidade média estimada (EAR) como ponto de corte. Para manganês e potássio, a Ingestão Adequada (AI) foi usada como ponto de corte. A ingestão de sódio foi comparada com o nível de ingestão máximo tolerável (UL). A prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de ferro foi determinada por abordagem probabilística. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a localização do domicílio (área urbana ou rural) e as macrorregiões do país. RESULTADOS: A média do consumo energético foi de 2.083 kcal entre os homens e 1.698 kcal entre as mulheres. Prevalências de inadequação maiores ou iguais a 70% foram observadas para cálcio entre os homens e magnésio, vitamina A, sódio em ambos os sexos. Prevalências maiores ou iguais a 90% foram encontradas para cálcio entre as mulheres e vitaminas D e E em ambos os sexos. Prevalências menores que 5% foram encontradas para ferro entre os homens e niacina para homens e mulheres. No geral, a prevalência de ingestão inadequada foi mais acentuada na área rural e na região Nordeste. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de energia é maior entre indivíduos residentes em áreas urbanas e da região Norte. Os grupos com maior risco de ingestão inadequada de micronutrientes são as mulheres e os que residem na área rural e na região Nordeste.

Profile and follow-up of patients with tuberculosis in a priority city in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the cases of tuberculosis and the impact of direct follow-up on the assessment of treatment outcomes.METHODS This open prospective cohort study evaluated 504 cases of tuberculosis reported in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN – Notifiable Diseases Information System) in Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeastern Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. The incidence of treatment outcomes was compared between a group of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and directly followed up by monthly consultations during return visits (287) and a patient group for which the information was indirectly collected (217) through the city’s surveillance system. The Chi-square test was used to compare the percentages, with a significance level of 0.05. The relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the differences in the incidence rate of each type of treatment outcome between the two groups.RESULTS Of the outcomes directly and indirectly evaluated, 18.5% and 3.2% corresponded to treatment default and 3.8% and 0.5% corresponded to treatment failure, respectively. The incidence of treatment default and failure was higher in the group with direct follow-up (p < 0.05) (RR = 5.72, 95%CI 2.65;12.34, and RR = 8.31, 95%CI 1.08;63.92, respectively).CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of treatment default and failure was observed in the directly followed up group, and most of these cases were neglected by the disease reporting system. Therefore, effective measures are needed to improve the control of tuberculosis and data quality.

Prevalence of self-medication in the adult population of Brazil: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of self-medication in Brazil’s adult population.METHODS Systematic review of cross-sectional population-based studies. The following databases were used: Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, CRD, Lilacs, SciELO, the Banco de teses brasileiras(Brazilian theses database) (Capes) and files from the Portal Domínio Público (Brazilian Public Domain). In addition, the reference lists from relevant studies were examined to identify potentially eligible articles. There were no applied restrictions in terms of the publication date, language or publication status. Data related to publication, population, methods and prevalence of self-medication were extracted by three independent researchers. Methodological quality was assessed following eight criteria related to sampling, measurement and presentation of results. The prevalences were measured from participants who used at least one medication during the recall period of the studies.RESULTS The literature screening identified 2,778 records, from which 12 were included for analysis. Most studies were conducted in the Southeastern region of Brazil, after 2000 and with a 15-day recall period. Only five studies achieved high methodological quality, of which one study had a 7-day recall period, in which the prevalence of self-medication was 22.9% (95%CI 14.6;33.9). The prevalence of self-medication in three studies of high methodological quality with a 15-day recall period was 35.0% (95%CI 29.0;40.0, I2 = 83.9%) in the adult Brazilian population.CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in the methodologies of the included studies, the results of this systematic review indicate that a significant proportion of the adult Brazilian population self-medicates. It is suggested that future research projects that assess self-medication in Brazil standardize their methods.

Paracoccidioidomicose subaguda progressiva: tratamento de um doente com anfotericina B e nutrição parenteral

Os Autores descrevem um caso de paracoccidioidomicose subaguda progressiva, com quadro clínico sugestivo de síndrome de má absorção, em que o doente não se beneficiara apenas com o tratamento antifúngico convencional. Ao se introduzir como medida auxiliar a nutrição parenteral houve evidente melhora clínica e laboratorial. Desta maneira os Autores propõe o uso associado da nutrição parenteral no tratamento de doentes com esta forma clínica de paracoccidioidomicose.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo (São Paulo, Brazil) where the Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host: I - Prevalence in human population (

Due to the scarce information about the epidemiological features of schistosomiasis in which the vector is Biomphalaria tenagophila, an investigation was carried in Pedro de Toledo in 1980 where such peculiarity is observed. Stool examinations (Kato-Katz method) were performed in 4,741 individuals (22.8% positive to Schistosoma mansoni eggs) of this 583 had previously received chemoterapy and 4,158 remainders, untreated. The schistosomiasis prevalence in those two groups where respectively 31.7% and 21.6%. Epidemiological investigation showed that 83.6% were autochthonous cases from the studied area: the autochthonous prevalence rate, and the intensity of infection in the untreated autochthonous cases were higher in males than in females; the intensity in the latter untreated group was low, 58.5 eggs/g feces (geometric mean). Moreover, according to the age groups the intensity of infections correlated well (r s = 0.745) with the prevalence rates. Schistosomiasis was verified to occur mostly during the leisure time and by the use of water streams for housework in rural zone. Only 0.4% out of 1,137 snails was positive for S. mansoni cercariae, apparently unchanged from the 1978 study when the human prevalence was 12.0%. The studied area presented differences and similarities in relation to the other Brazilian areas were the main intermediate host is B. glabrata.

A serological investigation of rotavirus infections in a shanty town population in Rio de Janeiro

The presence of antibodies against rotavirus was investigated by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two distinct groups of children living in a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro. One hundred and thirty six plasma samples were randomly collected from children of 0 to 33 months (first group) and 255 serum samples were collected from other 85 children at ages of 2, 6 and 9 months (second group). A high percentage of antibodies were found in the newborn children and this rate decreased progressively until the age of 11 months, after which it increased again. At the age of 7 months, geometric mean antibody titers increased indicating that infection had occurred.

Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana: 9. Prevalência/incidência da infecção humana nos municípios de Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu, São Paulo, Brasil

Este trabalho apresenta aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar nos municípios de Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu, região do Vale do Ribeira, estado de São Paulo, referente ao período 1973-1984. Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva de 108 e 65 casos humanos, respectivamente, para os dois municípios acima. Outro estudo prospectivo foi realizado através do exame clínico e testes de Montenegro, imunofluorescência indireta (IF) e hemaglutinação passiva (HA). Duzentos e setenta e três pessoas foram examinadas, sendo que 22 tinham leishmaniose clínica; 10,2 e 12,8% foram soropositivos à IF e HA, respectivamente. O teste de Montenegro foi aplicado em 154 indivíduos residentes em Pedra do Largo, com prevalência de 25,5% de infecção humana. Destes, 5,8% eram crianças com idade entre 0 e 9 anos. A morbidade mostrou-se variável no tempo, manifestada sob a forma de surtos epidêmicos explosivos e sugerindo feição cíclica ainda mal definida. Notou-se tendência para incidência nula em período subseqüente a cada surto. O aspecto epidemiológico geral mostra uma leishmaniose tegumentar com baixa endemicidade. O padrão de transmissão pareceu não depender do contato do homem com a floresta e a infecção humana sem distinção entre crianças e adultos

The prolonged use of niclosamide as a molluscicide for the control of Schistosoma mansoni

Applications of niclosamide at three-monthly intervals were undertaken for 14 years in foci of Biomphalaria glabrata in the water sources of Peri-Peri (Capim Branco, MG). All the residents of the area were submitted to an annual fecal examination (Kato/Katz) and those individuals eliminating Schistosoma mansoni eggs were treated with oxamniquine. A malacological survey was undertaken at three-monthly intervals by means of ten scoops with a perforated ladle each ten metres along the two banks of the ditches and streams of the region. Where snails were found, molluscicide was applied by means of dripping or aspersion using a 3 ppm aqueous suspension of niclosamide. Initially, a mean of 14.3% of snails in the region were found to be eliminating cercariae. Following the first four applications of molluscicide, this was reduced to 0.0% and maintained at about 1.5% throughout the program. Thus, there was a continued possibility of schistosomiasis transmission in the area and it was observed that the population of snails reestablished itself within three months of molluscicide application. The results obtained in this study do not encourage the continual use of niclosamide as the only method of control of schistosomiasis.

O uso da casca da castanha do caju, Anacardium occidentale, como moluscicida alternativo

Bioensaios usando extratos hexânicos de cascas da castanha do caju, Anacardium occidentale, coletadas no Ceará em 1972 (amostra 1) e em 1987 (amostra 2) foram feitos sobre moluscos adultos e desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila e B. straminea, no laboratório e no campo. As cascas, 18,5 g, sem triturar amostra 1, também foram testadas sobre moluscos adultos e desovas das três espécies. A toxidez do extrato foi testada ainda sobre peixes (Poecilia reticulata) e girinos. As concentrações letais CL90, amostra 1, foram de 2,0 a 2,2 ppm para os moluscos das três espécies. Para B. glabrata adultos, recém-eclodidos e desovas as CL90, amostra 2, foram de 2,0, 0,5 e 30,0 ppm respectivamente. As cascas causaram mortalidade de 40 a 80% dos moluscos e de 22 a 35% dos embriões, ocasionando redução de 40 a 55% na oviposição das três espécies. O extrato hexânico, amostra 2, foi inócuo para girinos e peixes até 2 ppm. No campo, em poços com água parada, tratados com 20 ppm do extrato, amostra 1, ocorreu 97,1% de mortalidade de B. straminea e 100% de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila. Com a niclosamida a 3 ppm ocorreu 100% de mortalidade das três espécies.

Schistosoma mansoni: the effect of dexamethasone on the cercaria-schistosomulum transformation, in vivo

Treatment with dexamethasone (DMS) in the early phases of the experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection causes an indirect effect on the cercaria-schistosomulum transformation process. This is observed when naive albino mice are treated with that drug (50 mg/Kg, subcutaneously) and infected intraperitonealy 01 hour later with about 500 S. mansoni cercariae (LE strain). An inhibition in the host cell adhesion to the larvae, with a simultaneous delay in the cercaria-schistosomulum transformation, is observed. This effect is probably due to a blockade of the neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity of mice, by an impairment of the release of chemotactic substances. Such delay probably favors the killing of S. mansoni larvae, still in the transformation process, by the vertebrate host defenses, as the complement system.

Human parvovirus B19 infection: clinical and epidemiological study of 24 cases

From March 1994 to November 1995 24 cases of human parvovirus B19 infection were seen at the Infectious Diseases Department of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói - RJ. Serum samples for IgM detection (capture enzyme immunoassay) were positive from the 1st to the 27th day after the onset of the exathema. The classical features of erythema infectiosum (slapped cheecked syndrome) were observed in 8 (33.3%) cases all of them children. Eight patients (6 adults and 2 children) presented a symmetrical polyartropathy, seen more frequently in women. These results show that B19 infection diagnosis is difficult when the disease does not present the classical features and because of the frequent involvement of the joints this infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis.

Onychomycosis caused by Scytalidium dimidiatum. Report of two cases. Review of the taxonomy of the synanamorph and anamorph forms of this coelomycete

The authors report two cases of onychomycosis in the dystrophic form, one of them involving an HIV-positive patient, provoked by Scytalidium dimidiatum, previously called Scytalidium lignicola. The subject is reviewed from the taxonomic viewpoint, considering the anamorph Hendersonula toruloidea as a synonym of Nattrassia mangiferae, and having Scytalidium dimidiatum as the major synanamorph. According to many mycologists, Scytalidium hyalinum may be a separate species or a hyaline mutant of Scytalidium dimidiatum. Scytalidium lignicola Pesante 1957 was considered to be the type-species of the genus by ELLIS (1971)13 and later to be a "conidial state" of Hendersonula toruloidea by the same author, today known as Nattrassia mangiferae. The microorganism lives only on the roots of certain plants (mainly Platanus and Pinus). It produces pycnidia and is not considered to be a pathogen, although it is considered as a possible emerging agent capable of provoking opportunistic fungal lesions. The importance of this topic as one of the most outstanding in fungal taxonomy, so likely to be modified over time, as well as its interest in the field of dermatologic mycology, are emphasized.

Randomized, double-blind trial comparing indinavir alone, zidovudine alone and indinavir plus zidovudine in antiretroviral therapy-naive hiv-infected individuals with CD4 cell counts between 50 and 250/mm3

Treatment with indinavir has been shown to result in marked decreases in viral load and increases in CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. A randomized double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of indinavir alone (800 mg q8h), zidovidine alone (200 mg q8h) or the combination was performed to evaluate progression to AIDS. 996 antiretroviral therapy-naive patients with CD4 cell counts of 50-250/mm3 were allocated to treatment. During the trial the protocol was amended to add lamivudine to the zidovudine-containing arms. The primary endpoint was time to development of an AIDS-defining illness or death. The study was terminated after a protocol-defined interim analysis demonstrated highly significant reductions in progression to a clinical event in the indinavir-containing arms, compared to the zidovudine arm (p<0.0001). Over a median follow-up of 52 weeks (up to 99 weeks), percent reductions in hazards for the indinavir plus zidovudine and indinavir groups compared to the zidovudine group were 70% and 61%, respectively. Significant reductions in HIV RNA and increases in CD4 cell counts were also seen in the indinavir-containing groups compared to the zidovudine group. Improvement in both CD4 cell count and HIV RNA were associated with reduced risk of disease progression. All three regimens were generally well tolerated.

St. Louis encephalitis vírus: first isolation from a human in São Paulo state, Brasil

This paper reports the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in São Pedro, São Paulo State. A MAC-ELISA done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected IgG antibody for flaviviruses. An indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the C6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. RNA extracted from the infected cell culture supernatant was amplified by RT-PCR in the presence of NS5 universal flavivirus primers and directly sequenced. Results of BLAST search indicated that this sequence shares 93% nucleotide similarity with the sequence of SLEV (strain-MSI.7), confirmed by RT-PCR performed with SLEV specific primers. Since SLEV was identified as the cause of human disease, it is necessary to improve surveillance in order to achieve early detection of this agent in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil. This finding is also an alert to health professionals about the need for more complete clinical and epidemiological investigations of febrile illnesses as in the reported case. SLEV infections can be unrecognized or confused with other ones caused by an arbovirus, such as dengue.