Establishment of a new genus for Parastenocaris itica (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from El Salvador, Central America, with discussion of the Parastenocaris fontinalis and P. proserpina groups

A new genus of Parastenocarididae is described from the Neotropical region. Iticocaris gen. nov. is established to include Parastenocaris itica Noodt, 1962. Iticocaris gen. nov. is defined by the following characters: 1) male leg 3 with 2-segmented exopod; 2) first exopodal segment short and rectangular; 3) thumb hypertrophic, longer than the second exopodal segment and inserted on the distal edge of exopod segment 1, occupying the whole distal margin; 4) exopod 2 or apophysis strongly sclerotized, articulated with the exopod segment 1 on its inner margin and curved against the thumb, forming a strong forceps; 5) leg 4 endopod without dimorphism in shape and size vs. minor dimorphism in ornamentation; 6) leg 5 with three setae and 7) lack of the anterolateral furcal seta II. The new genus is monotypic, represented by Iticocaris itica (Noodt, 1962) comb. nov., from El Salvador, Central America. A close relationship is hypothesized between I. itica and the genus Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972, the males of which both share the forceps-like elongated apophysis.

A new species of Phrixotrichus (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from southwestern Argentina and new distributional data for P. vulpinus

ABSTRACT A new species of Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male from Pucará river, Neuquén province, Argentina. Male can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of a long strong spine on inner face of prolateral branch of tibial apophysis; also, it differs from P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) and P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) by a serrated prolateral keel of the male palpal bulb. Male resembles P. jara Perafán & Pérez-Miles, 2014 but can be distinguished by the uniform color on dorsal cephalothorax and by the palpal organ morphology being wider on the bulb base and embolus shorter and thicker, with the tip of embolus not so directed retrolaterally and prolateral keel bearing a serrated edge with three teeth. Additionally, P. vulpinus is reported for the first time for Argentina along with new distributional data.

A vegetação no município de Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia: I - estudo sinecológico das áreas de pesquisas sôbre a febre amarela silvestre realizado pelo S. E. P. F. A

I - Methods. II - Phytogeographic aspects. III - The communities and botanical associations: a) The lava Pés-Castelo Novo study area. b) The study area at the Pirataquissé farm. c) The Ribeirão da Fortuna study area. IV - Conclusions.

Observações histológicas na musculatura de Phlebotomus na Renei e P. Longipalpis

Descrevem-se 4 tipos histológicos diferentes de músculos em Phlebotomus renei, sendo êstes comparados com os correspondentes de Phlebotomus longipalpis. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados: 1. De uma forma primitiva embriogenética, cujos feixes de fibrilas se agrupam em fitas radiais e cuja massa sarcoplasmática é muito elevada em comparação com os elementos contráteis, desenvolveu-se um músculo, pobre em sarcoplasma, que funciona como músculo direto do vôo, condicionado para contrações fortes, modificando a posição das partes da articulação das asas para a orientação do vôo. 2. O tipo que se assemelha mais à forma primitiva, é o músculo do tipo lamelar que se encontra em tôdas as partes do corpo e que efetua os movimentos gerais. 3. Por meio de desintegração das fitas de feixes fibrilares resulta um músculo, rico em sarcoplasma, com número reduzido de elementos contráteis. 4. O último tipo é considerado como sendo um músculo que exerce contraturas "tônicas" de ação lenta, porém persistentes. Encontra-se no basipodito do aparelho de cópula do macho e em outras regiões do corpo onde são necessárias contraturas prolongadas. 5. É de supor que o músculo indireto do vôo se formou, por meio de desintegração progressiva dos seus elementos contráteis, sendo o mesmo também rico em sarcoplasma. 6. A estriação transversal do músculo indireto do vôo é de interêsse especial, porque a linha K (de contração) desenvolve-se, aparentemente, na altura da zona h. 7. Observa-se que diferentes regiões do músculo indireto do vôo mostram ondas de contração intermitentes; dêste fato conclui-se que, por meio de entradas e saídas aceleradas, de ondas de contração, é favorecida a alta freqüência das asas.

Influência do BCG no controle da imunodeficiência humoral induzida pelo mastocitoma P-815

O BCG, em solução lipídica, injetado por via intravenosa, foi capaz de reverter a imunosupressão humoral provocada pelo mastocitoma P-815, em camundongos singênicos DBA/2, aumentando tanto o número de células formadoras de placas hemolíticas quanto os títulos de anticorpos hemaglutinantes do soro. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos títulos de anticorpos hemaglutinantes da classe IgG. Nenhum efeito bloqueador pôde ser notado na progressão normal do tumor.

Prevalence and levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in blood donors from Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon

Antibodies of IgG and IgM isotopes reacting with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax thick-smear antigens were searched for by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in a random sample of 230 blood donors at the transfusion centre of Porto Velho (HEMERON), Rondônia State, western Brazilian Amazon. A high prevalence of IgG seropositivity (32% against P. falciparum, 24% against P. vivax and 37% against either P. falciparum or P. vivax antigens) was detected among them, despite the fact that candidates reporting recent (<12 months) malaria attacks were not elegible. Only a small proportion of them had also detectable IgM antibodies to these antigens. These data suggest an intense, relatively recent exposure to malaria in such an urban population sample. However, parasitaemia (as detected by microscopical examination of Giemsa-stained thick smears) was patent in only one prospective donor. The antibody profile of blood donors was compared with that of healthy subjects of all age groups, living in a close endemic area (Candeias village, 21 km east of Porto Velho). The villagers were classified into two groups according to their history of a recent (<12 months) or a remote (>12 months) past malaria attack due to either P. falciparum or P. vivax. Extensive overlapping was observed when the distribution of antibody titres of healthy subjects from Candeias village with a recent and remote malaria history was compared. In conclusion, subjects with a recent or a remote malaria history could not be distinguished by sorological criteria alone.

Antibodies anti Bloodstream and Circumsporozoite Antigens (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae/P. brasilianum) in Areas of Very Low Malaria Endemicity in Brazil

During 1992-1994, 33 malaria cases were reported in two regions in Brazil where few sporadic atypical cases occur, most of them in home owners, who are weekenders, while home caretakers live there permanently. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT), with Plasmodium vivax, and Enzime Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with repeat peptides of the circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of the 3 known P. vivax variants and P. malarie/P. brasilianum, were performed on 277 sera, obtained within a 5 to 10 km range of malaria cases. Very rarely did any of these donors recall typical malaria episodes. Blood smears of all but 5 were negative. One of the 5 malaria cases included in our serology was of a home owner, 1 of a permanent resident, 3 from Superintendência de Controle de Endemias employees who went there to capture mosquitoes. In Region 1 the prevalence of IFAT positive sera was 73% and 28% among caretakers, 18% and 9.6% among home owners. In Region 2 (3 localities) no distinction was possible between caretakers and home owners, IFAT positivity being 38%, 28% and 7%. The relative percentage of positive anti-CS repeats ELISA, differed for each of the peptides among localities. Dwellings are in the vicinity of woods, where monkeys are frequently seen. The origin of these malaria cases, geographical differences and high seropositivity is discussed

Detection and Characterization of Rotavirus G and P Types from Children Participating in a Rotavirus Vaccine Trial in Belém, Brazil

This study sought the characterization of rotaviruses in a trial with a tetravalent rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine in Belém, Brazil in children who received three doses of vaccine or placebo in the 1st, 3rd and 5th months of life. Rotavirus electropherotypes, subgroups, G serotypes, G, [P] and [P],G genotypes were determined in 93.3%, 95.9%, 93.3%, 73.3%, 95.5% and 92.2% of isolates, respectively. Serotypes G1, G2 and G4 were detected in 58.9%, 30% and 4.4% of the cases, respectively. Rotavirus genotype G5 was detected for the first time in Northern region in 4.4% of the infections. Rotavirus genotypes P[8], P[4], P[6] and P[8+6] were detected in 54.5%, 26.7%, 12.2%, and 2.2% of the cases, respectively. The predominant genotypes were P[8],G1 and P[4],G2 with 53% and 26.6% of the infections, respectively. Unusual strains accounted for 20.5% including P[4],G1, P[6],G1, P[6],G4, P[6],G5, P[8],G2, P[8],G5. Mixed infections involving P[8+6],G2 and P[8+6],G1 were also noted. The neonatal P[6] strains associated with diarrhea were detected among children aged 9-24 months. To our knowledge, this study represents the first in Brazil to analyse, on molecular basis, rotavirus genotypes from children participating in a rotavirus vaccine trial. These results are of potential importance regarding future rotavirus vaccination strategies in Brazil.