Responses and adaptations of collembolan communities (Hexapoda: Collembola) to flooding and hypoxic conditions

Standard ecological methods (pitfall traps, trunk eclectors and soil cores) were used to evaluate collembolan community responses to different flooding intensities. Three sites of a floodplain habitat near Mainz, Germany, with different flooding regimes were investigated. The structures of collembolan communities are markedly different depending on flooding intensity. Sites more affected by flooding are dominated by hygrophilic and hygrotolerant species, whereas the hardwood floodplain is dominated by mesophilic species. The survival strategies of the hygrophilic and hygrotolerant species include egg diapause and passive drifting. The physiological adaptations to hypoxic conditions of several collembolan species were analyzed using a microcalorimeter. The activities were tested under normoxic and hypoxic/anoxic conditions as well as during post-hypoxic recovery. Lactate was increased after hypoxic intervals in the species studied, suggesting that, in addition to a massive decrease in metabolic rate, a modest glycolytic activity may be involved in the tolerance to hypoxia.

Heliotropic responses of soybean cultivars at three phenological stages and under two water regimes

The objectives of this work were to determine the heliotropic movements of the upper trifoliates for two soybean cultivars, BR 16 and Embrapa 48, during a daily cycle, in three phenological stages and two water regimes, and to estimate the impact of irrigation and daily leaflet movements on agronomic characteristics and grain yield. Heliotropic movements were studied in three phenological stages: V4-V6, V7-V10, and R5 in irrigated and non-irrigated plots. For each stage, the leaflet elevation and azimuth were measured hourly. Under a low (V4-V6 stage) and mid (V7-V10 stage) leaf area index (LAI) the diaheliotropism was slightly more frequent and intensive in non-irrigated than in irrigated plants, only at early morning and late afternoon hours. At R5 stage (high LAI) the paraheliotropism of superior trifoliates was predominant and more intensive in non-irrigated plants. The heliotropic movements are correlated to carbon gain, but not to environment (light intensity or temperature), for measurements at 11h. 'Embrapa 48' expresses greater paraheliotropism than 'BR 16' at high LAI, while 'BR 16' displays lower heliotropic plasticity under irrigation. In spite of significant heliotropic differences, genotype and water availability treatments did not influence the final grain yield.

Salt tolerance and regulation of gas exchange and hormonal homeostasis by auxin-priming in wheat

The objective of this work was to assess the regulatory effects of auxin-priming on gas exchange and hormonal homeostasis in spring wheat subjected to saline conditions. Seeds of MH-97 (salt-intolerant) and Inqlab-91 (salt-tolerant) cultivars were subjected to 11 priming treatments (three hormones x three concentrations + two controls) and evaluated under saline (15 dS m-1) and nonsaline (2.84 dS m-1) conditions. The priming treatments consisted of: 5.71, 8.56, and 11.42 × 10-4 mol L-1 indoleacetic acid; 4.92, 7.38, and 9.84 × 10-4 mol L-1 indolebutyric acid; 4.89, 7.34, and 9.79 × 10-4 mol L-1 tryptophan; and a control with hydroprimed seeds. A negative control with nonprimed seeds was also evaluated. All priming agents diminished the effects of salinity on endogenous abscisic acid concentration in the salt-intolerant cultivar. Grain yield was positively correlated with net CO2 assimilation rate and endogenous indoleacetic acid concentration, and it was negatively correlated with abscisic acid and free polyamine concentrations. In general, the priming treatment with tryptophan at 4.89 × 10-4 mol L-1 was the most effective in minimizing yield losses and reductions in net CO2 assimilation rate, under salt stress conditions. Hormonal homeostasis increases net CO2 assimilation rate and confers tolerance to salinity on spring wheat.

Popping expansion and yield responses of popcorn cultivars under different row spacings and plant populations

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic traits and the popping expansion index of three Brazilian popcorn cultivars under different row spacings and plant populations. The trials were performed during two crop seasons, under field conditions. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block, in a split-split plot, with 27 treatments and four replicates. Treatments were represented in a triple factorial arrangement: three row spacings (0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 m), three plant populations (40,000, 60,000, and 80,000 plants per hectare), and three popcorn cultivars (IAC-TC 01, IAC 12, and Zelia). The increase in plant population causes a reduction in the number of grains per ear, lower prolificacy, and grain weight loss. Cultivar grain yield is affected by row spacing and popcorn plant population. Cultivar IAC 12 shows highest grain yield under row spacings of 0.40 and 0.60 m and plant population between 60,000 and 80,000 plants per hectare. The popping expansion index is not affected by row spacing or plant population.

Hormonal protocols for in vitro production of Zebu and taurine embryos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of hormonal synchronization protocols, associated or not with follicular development stimulation, on the recovery of oocytes and on in vitro production of Bos indicus and B. taurus embryos, in different seasons. Ultrasound-guided follicular aspirations (n=237) were performed without pre-treatment (G1, control group) and after follicular wave synchronization (G2), or after follicular wave synchronization and follicle growth induction (G3). Bos indicus produced more oocytes and embryos than B. taurus (18.7±0.9 vs. 11.9±0.6 oocytes and 4.8±0.3 vs. 2.1±0.2 embryos). On average, oocyte and embryo yields were higher in G3 than in G2, and both were greater than in G1, which lead to a higher conversion of oocytes to embryos in these treatments. The hot or the cold season did not affect the B. indicus outcomes, whereas, in B. taurus, both oocyte recovery and embryo production were higher in the cold season. Follicular wave synchronization improves ovum pick-up and in vitro production of embryos in both cattle subspecies evaluated.

Metabolic responses of guava trees irrigated withdifferent N and K levels in São Francisco Valley

The guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Paluma has been cultivated in São Francisco Valley, Northeastern of Brazil, for in natura consumption and processing purposes. In spite of its importance, there are few scientific knowledge regarding guava physiology, nutrition, irrigation and fertigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of weather conditions and different concentrations of N and K applied by fertigation in foliar contents of reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, sucrose, amino acids, and proteins. The field experiment was carried out at Bebedouro Experimental Field and the biochemical evaluations at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Physiology, both located at Embrapa Semi-Árido, Petrolina-PE. The doses of 200 g N and 100 g K2O; 400 g N and 200 g K2O; 600 g N and 300 g K2O; and 800 g N and 400 g K2O per plant were applied in an experiment field. The experimental design was totally randomized blocks, with four treatments and five blocks. The weather conditions influenced the plant photosynthesis, which affects the plants metabolism. Guava presented specific responses to N and K fertigation for each parameter evaluated. The weather conditions during the evaluation period influenced guava responses to N and K fertigation.

Differential responses of nematode communities to soybean genotypes resistant and susceptible to Heterodera glycines race 3

Heterodera glycines and Helicotylenchus dihystera were the two most abundant plant-parasitic nematodes found in two H. glycines race 3-infested fields, Chapadão do Céu, MS and Campo Alegre, MG. These fields had been planted with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) plants to cyst nematodes. In the first field, soybean (Glycine max) FT-Cristalina (S) was susceptible to H. glycines but resistant to H. dihystera, while GOBR93 122243 (R) was just the opposite. In the second field, M-Soy 8400 (R) was more resistant to the spiral nematode than M-Soy8411 (S), but the resistance to the cyst nematode was not different between the two genotypes. The total abundance of nematodes was not different between the susceptible and resistant plants in the two fields, suggesting that H. dihystera and/or bacterial feeders and other trophic groups replaced the reduced abundance of the cyst nematodes in resistant plants. Bacterial feeders acted as a compensatory factor to plant-parasitic nematodes in ecological function. The populations of fungal feeders were higher in GOBR93 122243 (R) than in susceptible FT-Cristalina (S) in Chapadão do Céu, but lower in M-Soy 8400 (R) than in M-Soy 8411 (S) in Campo Alegre. This is being attributed to the different periods of soil samplings that were made at the florescent period in the first field, and at the final growing cycle in the second field. Only four nematodes, H. glycines, H. dihystera, Acrobeles sp. and Panagrolaimus sp. dominated the nematode resistant community GOBR93 122243 (R) in Chapadão do Céu, but dominance was shared by ten genera in Campo Alegre, which explains why the five diversity indexes (S, d, Ds, H' and T) were higher in resistant plants than in susceptible plants in field two.

Induction of plant defense responses by Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) leaf extracts

Aqueous extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum at 10, 25, 40 and 50% (w/v) concentrations induced the production of phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons and sorghum mesocotyls. The aqueous extracts also induced systemic resistance in cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium, reflected by reduction in disease incidence and an increase in chitinase production. Modes of action and the existence of possible elicitors of defense response in O. gratissimum leaf extracts are discussed.

Contracepção Hormonal segundo a Ótica do Estudante de Medicina: Mais um Desafio para o Ensino Médico Brasileiro?

RESUMO Introdução Desde a década de 1960, vêm-se utilizando anticoncepcionais orais como forma efetiva de contracepção. De modo a uniformizar e guiar a prescrição de tais medicamentos em situações especiais, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) lançou o guia Critérios de elegibilidade para o uso de contraceptivos. Objetivo Este estudo objetiva avaliar os conhecimentos de internos de Medicina de uma universidade a respeito da prescrição de anticoncepcionais hormonais de acordo com o Guia da OMS. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo, com alunos do quinto e sexto anos de Medicina de uma universidade em Goiânia (GO) por meio da aplicação de um questionário com perguntas técnicas sobre indicações e contraindicações de determinados métodos contraceptivos em situações especiais. Foi realizada análise univariada, e os dados foram dispostos em tabelas de frequência. Resultados Responderam ao questionário 92% dos acadêmicos, dos quais 72% afirmaram se sentir aptos a prescrever anticoncepcionais hormonais (ACH). Os acertos variaram de 3%, na prescrição correta em hipertensas leves, a 27%, em mulheres com cefaleia leve sem sinais focais. Conclusão A maioria dos alunos se sentia apta a prescrever contraceptivos hormonais, mas grande parte deles apresenta conhecimento inconsistente quando colocada em situações especiais presentes na prática clínica. Considerando-se que o interno dentro em breve ingressará no mercado de trabalho, propõe-se uma revisão do plano de ensino de forma a dar mais ênfase ao tema em questão.

Evaluation of covering materials in individual shelters and its effects on physiological responses and performance of dairy calves

In Tropical regions, the animal performance is often affected by climate conditions. This study aimed to evaluate covering materials in individual shelters, normally used to house dairy calves, and its influence on the calves physiology and performance. The design used was completely randomized, with a 2x3 factorial arrangement to compare the averages of 5% through the Tukey's test, i.e., both genders- and three types of covering in the shelters (Z - zinc; AC - asbestos cement; and WPAC - white-painted asbestos cement). Parameters evaluated included daily weight gain (DWG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion (FC), rectal temperature (RT), and respiratory frequency (RF). Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among males (1.04kg/day) and females (0.74kg/day) for DWG and interaction between gender and treatment (P < 0.05) for zinc covering (0.562kg/day for females and 1.120kg/day for males). Significant differences were also observed in FI of animals housed under shelters with the covering of zinc (48.35kgDM/day for females and 96.91 kgDM/day for males). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the FC and the RT, and there were significant differences (P < 0.05) for RF in the Z treatments (56.9 mov.min-1), WPAC (62.2 mov.min-1) and FC (70.25 mov.min-1). It was concluded that different covering materials did not affect performance and dry matter intake of dairy calves. However, the animals' physiology of thermoregulation was altered by the different covering materials used in individual shelters.

Physiological responses of caprines raised under different types of covering

Thermal discomfort inside facilities is one of the factors responsible for low productivity of caprines in the Brazilian Northeast region, because inadequate weather conditions can cause elevated rectal temperature, increased respiratory rate, decreased food ingestion and reduced production. The present paper aimed to study the behavior of physiological thermoregulation of the animals (respiratory rate - RR and rectal temperature - RT) at four different times of the day (8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m. and 5 p.m.) and their relation to bioclimatic indexes (Temperature Humidity Index - THI, Black Globe Humidity Index - BGHI and Radiant Heat Load - RHL) in order to determine whether the type of covering used in the animals facilities (ceramic covering - CC, asbestos cement covering - AC and straw covering - SC) interferes with the physiology of thermoregulation. The time of data collection was related to the values of environmental and physiological variables. At 2 p.m. it was found the highest values of Radiant Heat Load on the three types of covering. The values of RT and RR were higher at 11 a.m. and 2 p.m., and the straw tile provided better thermal conditions of microclimate for the animals. The increased RR maintained the caprines homeothermy.

Operação do refluxo gastro-esofágico isolada ou associada à colecistectomia: avaliação do estresse cirúrgico pela dosagem hormonal e de citocinas

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar o estresse cirúrgico por meio de dosagens hormonais (ACTH e cortisol) e de citocinas (IL-4, IL-10, TNF-a, e IFN-g), em pacientes que foram submetidos somente à operação da transição esofagogástrica com aqueles submetidos à operação da transição esofagogástrica associada à colecistectomia. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 31 pacientes , sendo 19 submetidos à operação da transição esofagogástrica e 12, que apresentavam associação de colelitíase, foram submetidos à colecistectomia e à operação da transição esofagogástrica. A coleta do sangue foi realizada no pré operatório e às 24, 48 e 72 horas no período pós-operatório. Foram realizadas as dosagens de hormônios (ACTH e cortisol) e citocinas (IL-4, IL-10, TNF-a e IFN-g). As variáveis contínuas foram submetidas a teste de normalidade. Foram aplicados testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney, com significância estabelecida a p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao ACTH, os valores foram maiores no grupo 1, às 24 e 48 horas. Na análise do cortisol, TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-4 e IL-10, verificou-se que os valores foram maiores no grupo 2, às 24 e 48 horas. Não se verificou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em quaisquer dos tempos de análise. CONCLUSÕES: Com base neste material, pode-se inferir que associar a colecistectomia à operação da transição esofagogástrica não aumenta o stresse cirúrgico, mensurado pelo ACTH, cortisol e citocinas (TNF- a, INF-g, IL-4 e IL-10).

Avaliação hormonal e de marcadores séricos em pacientes com abortamento

Estudos têm demonstrado a utilização de glicoproteínas e hormônios para prognosticar a evolução de uma gravidez complicada por ameaça de abortamento. Entretanto, alguns resultados ainda são duvidosos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as dosagens de CA-125, CA-19.9, CA-15.3, beta-hCG, estradiol, progesterona, alfa-fetoproteína e antígeno cárcino-embrionário no sangue periférico de mulheres com abortamento inevitável (n=18) e com ameaça de abortamento que posteriormente evoluíram para o abortamento (n=6) no prazo de 1 a 26 dias. O grupo controle foi constituído de mulheres grávidas normais com idade gestacional semelhante (n=7). Todas as pacientes foram atendidas no Hospital Escola e/ou Ambulatório de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro. Os resultados demonstraram que as dosagens de CA-125 nos grupos controle, abortamento inevitável e ameaça de abortamento foram, respectivamente: 24,7 ± 13,4 UI/ml; 153,9 ± 43,3 UI/ml e 17,4 ± 2,6 UI/ml sendo estatisticamente significante a diferença entre o grupo com abortamento inevitável em comparação com os outros grupos. A dosagem de CA-19.9 foi significantemente menor no grupo com abortamento inevitável em relação ao grupo com ameaça de abortamento (6,6 ± 1,4 UI/ml versus 20,2 ± 11,4 UI/ml). A dosagem de estradiol foi significantemente menor no grupo com abortamento inevitável em comparação com o grupo controle (1.327 ± 1.015 ng/ml versus 10.774 ± 9.244 ng/ml). As pacientes com ameaça de abortamento e com abortamento inevitável apresentaram níveis mais baixos de progesterona que o grupo controle, respectivamente: 17,38 ± 9,4 ng/ml; 18,3 ± 8,9 ng/ml e 60,4 ± 26,8 ng/ml. Concluímos que as dosagens de progesterona, CA-19.9 e do beta-hCG podem servir como prognóstico de evolução de uma gravidez inicial complicada com ameaça de abortamento.

Variação da densidade mamográfica em usuárias e não-usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal

Objetivo: comparar, caso a caso, as mudanças de densidades mamográficas segundo a digitalização de imagens, em três avaliações consecutivas, em usuárias ou não de terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH). Métodos: avaliamos 59 mulheres na pós-menopausa, sendo 43 usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal (estro-progestino cíclico ou contínuo) e 16 não-usuárias. Os critérios de inclusão foram: amenorréia de pelo menos 12 meses e exame mamográfico normal, em duas incidências (médio-lateral e craniocaudal), no início da TRH ou do seguimento clínico para as pacientes sem TRH. Para a avaliação do comportamento da densidade mamária, foram usadas as seguintes variáveis: mudança inicial - diferença entre a primeira mamografia realizada em 12 ± 3 meses após início da TRH e a mamografia pré-TRH e mudança final - diferença entre a segunda mamografia realizada em 24 ± 3 meses após início da TRH e a mamografia pré-TRH. Os testes de Wilcoxon e de chi² foram aplicados para avaliar as diferenças de mudanças de densidades mamográficas. Resultados: nas usuárias de TRH, mais da metade das mulheres (56,3%) com aumento inicial da densidade mamográfica permaneceram com aumento após a avaliação final. Esse achado não foi significativo (p=0,617). Nesse mesmo grupo, a ausência de aumento da densidade na avaliação inicial esteve associada ao não aumento na avaliação final de forma significativa (p=0,017). Dentre as não-usuárias de TRH, todas as mamas, que não eram totalmente substituídas por gordura na avaliação inicial apresentaram diminuição da densidade mamográfica na avaliação final. Conclusões: a maioria das usuárias de TRH que apresentaram aumento da densidade mamográfica em uma primeira avaliação, após aproximadamente um ano de uso, permaneceram com aumento em uma segunda avaliação. Com o passar do tempo, as não-usuárias de TRH apresentaram tendência à diminuição da densidade mamográfica de forma significativa (p=0,003).

Estudo da atividade hormonal de mulheres tratadas com tamoxifeno no menacme

Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do tamoxifeno nos níveis séricos de progesterona, estradiol, prolactina, hormônio luteinizante (LH), hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH) e da globulina transportadora dos hormônios sexuais (SHBG), quando administrado a mulheres no menacme, nas doses de 10 e 20 mg/dia por 22 dias. Métodos: Estudo aleatório e duplo-cego. Foram incluídas 43 mulheres pré-menopausadas e eumenorréicas. Foram distribuídas em 3 grupos: A (N = 15; placebo), B (N = 15; 10 mg/dia) e C (N = 13; 20 mg/dia). Foram realizadas duas dosagens hormonais, sendo a primeira no 22º dia do ciclo menstrual que precedeu o uso da droga e a segunda após 22 dias de uso do medicamento. Utilizaram-se os testes de Levene e t-pareado para avaliar a homogeneidade da amostra e a variação das dosagens hormonais, respectivamente. Resultados: As concentrações séricas de estradiol, progesterona e SHBG aumentaram significantemente nos grupos B e C. No grupo C, observou-se ainda elevação no nível sérico de FSH (p < 0,0045) e queda dos valores de prolactina (p < 0,0055). Conclusões: O tamoxifeno promoveu aumento significante nas concentrações séricas de estradiol, progesterona e SHBG, tanto na dose de 10 como de 20 mg/dia. Porém, o aumento significante de FSH e a diminuição da prolactina foram obtidos apenas com a dose de 20 mg/dia.