Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of black, brown and red rice varieties of northern Thailand

Rice, the seed of Oryza species, is the major cereal crop in most of the developing countries. Nearly 95% of global rice production is done in Asian countries, and about half of the world’s population consumes it. Some speciality rices are not commonly consumed. Colored rice is one of such variety. In these varieties, high amounts of anthocyanin pigment are deposited in the rice coat to form its black (also known as purple), brown and red colors. Minimum studies are there to explain the properties of these rice varieties of Thailand. Thus, the current study was aimed to assess the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of three rice varieties (Chiang Mai Black rice, Mali Red rice and Suphanburi-1 Brown rice) of different cultivars of northern Thailand. Rice bran extracts of these three cultivars were prepared with different solvents (polar and non-polar) for the evaluation of total phytochemical content and anti-oxidant free-radical-scavenging properties. Chiang Mai Black rice contained higher concentration of phenolic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins (Cyanidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin chloride). Chiang Mai Black rice is richer in free-radical-scavenging compounds and activities than the other tested varieties. Polar extractions of rice bran are high in anti-oxidative compounds and activities than non-polar extractions.

Modificações na condição física das sementes de cenoura em equipamento de recobrimento

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar equipamento desenvolvido para o recobrimento de sementes e seu efeito na qualidade física de sementes de cenoura em função da aderência de diversos materiais inertes em diferentes proporções: aglomerante (vermiculita) nas proporções 2:1 e 3:1; adesivo (acetato de polivinil) e o polímero + corante "Color coat"®, bem como a adição do fungicida Thiram + Carbendazin (250ml para cada 100kg de semente). Foram obtidas informações quanto à modificação do tamanho, forma, peso e teor de água das sementes da cultivar Tropical. Mediante a utilização de peneiras detectou-se que as sementes mantiveram-se individualizadas, com modificação de tamanho, peso e forma. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o equipamento de recobrimento de sementes mostra-se funcional na aderência das diferentes camadas e o polímero associado ao corante fornece aparência satisfatória às sementes de cenoura recobertas; o equipamento de recobrimento de sementes é eficiente na modificação do tamanho, forma e do peso das sementes de cenoura; o acetato de polivinil é eficiente adesivo no recobrimento de sementes de cenoura e as sementes de cenoura absorvem água após o recobrimento, devendo sofrer secagem artificial antes do armazenamento.

Recobrimento de sementes de cenoura com aglomerante em diversas proporções e fungicida

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cenoura após o recobrimento com aglomerante (vermiculita) nas proporções 2:1 e 3:1 e a adição do fungicida Thiram + Carbendazin. Também foram utilizados adesivo (acetato de polivinil) e corante "color coat". A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de cenoura (Daucus carota L.), cv. Tropical, recobertas foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, velocidade e porcentagem de emergência em casa de vegetação e em campo. O recobrimento de sementes de cenoura com fungicida Thiram 600g + Carbendazin 200g, com uma concentração de 0,25% (250mL de fungicida para cada 100kg de semente), aglomerante na proporção 3:1 e corante color coat não afeta a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O recobrimento de sementes de cenoura aumenta o teor de água das sementes em aproximadamente 16 pontos percentuais, por isso devem ser secadas imediatamente.

Methods for overcoming dormancy in Dinizia excelsa Ducke seeds

The impermeability of seed coat to water is common mechanism in Fabaceae seeds. Treatments to overcome hardseededness include scarification with sulphuric acid, scarification on abrasive surface and soaking in water among others. The objective of this study was to identify an effective method to overcome dormancy in Dinizia excelsa seeds. A pre-test (untreated seed) and three experiments were carried out: immersion of seeds in acid sulphuric for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60min (experiment 1); scarification on abrasive surface at the positions distal end, near of the mycrophyle and on the lateral tissue and tegument clipping at 1mm of the distal end, near of the mycrophyle and on the lateral tissue (experiment 2); scarification on abrasive surface and immersion in water for 0, 12, 24 and 48h (experiment 3). The experimental design was completely with four replications of 50 seeds for each treatment. The statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA and regression analysis. Seedlings emergence on untreated seeds started on the 8th day after sowing and reached 52.5% on the 1,709th day. In general, the treatments to overcome dormancy increase emergence. Emergence was higher for seeds treated with sulphuric acid for 20 and 30min with emergence of 93.6% and 86.6%, respectively. For seeds scarified on abrasive surface higher emergences were recorded for scarification on distal end, near of the mycrophyle and on the lateral, 82.7%, 74.3% and 75.7%, respectively. Seeds scarified manually showed higher emergence when not immersed in water (75%), or when immersed for 12 and 24h (75%, 73.6% and 65.6%, respectively). Immersion seeds in sulphuric acid for 20 and 30min and scarification on abrasive surface of distal end are effective to overcome dormancy in D. excelsa.

Physiological quality of soybean and wheat seeds produced with alternative potassium sources

The use of unconventional sources of K for plants has been widely studied, but the effects of alternative materials on physiological seed quality are still relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean and wheat seeds after using different potassium sources in a crop succession. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with four replications. Treatments consisted of three K sources (KCl, alkaline rock and ground phonolite, with 58%, 11% and 8.42% of K2O, respectively) applied in four doses (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg K2O ha-1). Potassium doses were applied in soybean and their residual effects were evaluated on the following wheat crop. Soybean and wheat seeds were evaluated immediately after harvesting by tests for moisture content, seed weight, germination, first count, electrical conductivity, seedling length and seedling dry matter. Soybean plants fertilized with alternative sources of K produced heavier seeds with a lower coat permeability compared to KCl; the physiological quality of soybean seeds and the weight of wheat seeds increase due to higher K2O doses, independently of their source.

Floral biology and characterization of seed germination in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

The objective of this study was to characterize morphologically the seed germination and floral biology of Jatropha curcas grown in Viçosa, Minas Gerais state. The floral biology study was made on fresh inflorescences of 20 plants. For the post-seminal development study, the seeds were submitted to laboratory and greenhouse germination test. J. curcas has flowers of both sexes within the same inflorescence, with each inflorescence having an average of 131 flowers, being 120 male and 10.5 female flowers. Low numbers of hermaphrodite flowers were also found, ranging from 0 to 6 flowers per inflorescence. The germination of J. curcas begins on the third day with radicle protrusion in the hilum region. The primary root is cylindrical, thick, glabrous and branches rapidly, with about 4-5 branches three days after protrusion, when the emergence of the secondary roots begins. Seed coat removal occurs around the 8th day, when the endosperm is almost totally degraded and offers no resistance to the cotyledons that expand between the 10th and 12th day. A normal seedling has a long greenish hypocotyl, two cotyledons, a robust primary root and several lateral roots. On the 12th day after sowing, the normal seedling is characterized as phanerocotylar and germination is epigeal.