Child-care attendance and common morbidity: evidence of association in the literature and questions of design

Papers on child-care attendance as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections and diarrhea were reviewed. There was great variety among the studies with regard to the design, definition of exposure and definition of outcomes. All the traditional epidemiological study designs have been used. The studies varied in terms of how child-care attendance in general was defined, and for different settings. These definitions differed especially in relation to the minimum time of attendance required. The outcomes were also defined and measured in several different ways. The analyses performed were not always appropriate, leading to sets of results of uneven quality, and composed of different measures of association relating different exposures and outcomes, that made summarizing difficult. Despite that, the results reported were remarkably consistent. Only two of the papers reviewed failed to show some association between child-care attendance and increased acute respiratory infections, or diarrhea. On the other hand, the magnitude of the associations reported varied widely, especially for lower respiratory infections. Taken together, the studies so far published provide evidence that children attending child-care centers, especially those under three years of age, are at a higher risk of upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhea. The studies were not consistent, however, in relation to attendance at child-care homes. Children in such settings were sometimes similar to those in child-care centers, sometimes similar to those cared for at home, and sometimes presented an intermediate risk.

BASS 4: a software system for ergonomic design and evaluation of working hours

OBJECTIVE: To extend an existing computer programme for the evaluation and design of shift schedules (BASS 3) by integrating workload as well as economic aspects. METHODS: The redesigned prototype BASS 4 includes a new module with a suitable and easily applicable screening method (EBA) for the assessment of the intensity of physical, emotional and cognitive workload components and their temporal patterns. Specified criterion functions based on these ratings allow for an adjustment of shift and rest duration according to the intensity of physical and mental workload. Furthermore, with regard to interactive effects both workload and temporal conditions, e.g. time of day, are taken into account. In a second new module, important economic aspects and criteria have been implemented. Different ergonomic solutions for scheduling problems can now also be evaluated with regard to their economic costs. RESULTS: The new version of the computer programme (BASS 4) can now simultaneously take into account numerous ergonomic, legal, agreed and economic criteria for the design and evaluation of working hours. CONCLUSIONS: BASS 4 can now be used as an instrument for the design and the evaluation of working hours with regard to legal, ergonomic and economic aspects at the shop floor as well as in administrative (e.g. health and safety inspection) and research problems.

Publicações científicas e as relações Norte-Sul: racismo editorial?

O objetivo do estudo foi comentar a possível existência de preconceito editorial entre editores de revistas científicas de países do Norte contra autores do Sul. Destacou-se que em estudo por métodos bibliométricos ficou evidenciada a existência de um importante desequilíbrio entre a produção científica de pesquisadores de países de alta renda ("Norte") e daqueles trabalhando em instituições de países de renda média ou baixa ("Sul"). Há uma percepção generalizada entre autores brasileiros de que, em parte, isso seria devido a preconceito de editores de revistas internacionais contra autores do Sul - 75% de uma amostra de 244 autores que responderam a inquérito acreditam que exista preconceito. Essa impressão é reforçada pela observação de uma minoria dos membros de conselhos editoriais das principais revistas na área de saúde proveniente do Sul. Embora o preconceito possa explicar parte do problema, há também questões especificas e remediáveis que podem aumentar a probabilidade de publicar no exterior. Essas incluem investir na qualidade do texto e da redação, e mostrar empatia com editores e leitores, sinalizando claramente a contribuição que o artigo pode trazer para a literatura internacional. Finalmente, é abordada a questão de onde publicar: em periódicos nacionais ou internacionais. Foram propostos seis tópicos que devem ser levados em conta nessa opção: idioma e público-alvo; tipo de contribuição ao conhecimento; capacidade de generalização; índice de citações; velocidade de publicação; e acesso livre. O aumento rápido de publicações brasileiras em periódicos internacionais mostra que o preconceito editorial, embora existente, pode ser efetivamente vencido por trabalhos com metodologia sólida e apresentação de qualidade.