Carga microbiana de trocartes reprocessáveis após laparoscopias ginecológicas

OBJETIVO: identificar a carga microbiana presente em trocartes reprocessáveis usados nas laparoscopias ginecológicas. MÉTODOS: estudo exploratório descritivo. Um total de 57 trocartes, sendo 30 com 10 mm de diâmetro e 27 com 5 mm, foram recolhidos na sala de operação, imediatamente após o ato cirúrgico, e colocados em recipiente esterilizado onde foram adicionados 250 mL de água destilada estéril. Foi feita agitação dos trocartes para desprendimento de partículas e obtenção do lavado a ser analisado. Realizou-se filtração por meio de membrana de celulose 0,22 µm, colocadas, com pinça esterilizada, em placas ágar sangue. Após incubação, foi feita a análise microbiológica para contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias e posterior identificação do micro-organismo, usando-se técnicas laboratoriais padronizadas. RESULTADOS: a carga microbiana foi recuperada em 47,4% dos trocartes analisados. Destes, 45,6% apresentou crescimento de 1 a 100 unidades formadoras de colônias. Foram identificados 14 tipos de micro-organismos, dentre os quais, Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (28%) e Bacillus sp (21%) foram isolados com maior frequência. Identificou-se também Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes sp, Candida parapsilosis e enterobactérias. CONCLUSÕES: o estudo demonstrou que o desafio microbiano enfrentado pelos operadores responsáveis pela limpeza e esterilização dos trocartes é baixo quando comparado com o desafio imposto pelos indicadores biológicos; no entanto, não se pode inferir que os riscos de complicações infecciosas sejam mínimos para pacientes.

Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 10(7.4) tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (10(7,6) TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m²), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

Efeitos do tratamento com closantel e ivermectina na carga parasitária, no perfil hematológico e bioquímico sérico e no grau Famacha de ovinos infectados com nematódeos

Apesar de sua conhecida resistência, os ovinos estão sujeitos as endoparasitoses, sendo este o principal fator limitante para a sua produção em todo o mundo, especialmente em regiões tropicais. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a carga parasitária, o perfil hematológico e bioquímico sérico, e o grau Famacha de ovinos sem padrão racial definido infectados e tratados com ivermectina e closantel. O trabalho foi realizado no mês de julho de 2010, numa propriedade rural no município de Mossoró-RN. Foram selecionados 41 animais, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: grupo I- controle (sem tratamento), grupo II- tratado com ivermectina (0,2mg/kg) e Grupo III- tratado com closantel (5mg/kg). As amostras de fezes foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14 e 21, pós-tratamento para análise quantita tiva (OPG) e para análise qualitativa (coprocultura), foram utilizadas amostras dos dias 0, 14 e 21. A primeira coleta de sangue se deu no dia 0, a segunda e a terceira 24 e 72 horas após a primeira, respectivamente, a quarta e a quinta 7 e 14 dias após a primeira, dos quais foram analisados o hemograma, os níveis séricos de proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas, e a relação albumina/globulinas. Foi determinado o grau Famacha de cada animal em todos os momentos de coleta de amostras. O tratamento com closantel foi eficaz no tratamento das helmintoses, principalmente Haemonchus contortus, nos ovinos avaliados. Por outro lado, houve resistência dos parasitas à ivermectina. Os dados de Famacha apresentaram correlação negativa com hematócrito, leucócitos, hemoglobina, albumina, proteínas totais, globulinas e relação albumina/globulinas. O hematócrito apresentou uma correlação forte e positiva com Hemoglobina, Albumina e Proteínas totais. Os tratamentos com closantel e ivermectina não foram responsáveis por alterações consideráveis nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos avaliados.

Numerical study on mixed convection in a horizontal flow past a square porous cavity using UNIFAES scheme

Mixed convection on the flow past a heated length and past a porous cavity located in a horizontal wall bounding a saturated porous medium is numerically simulated. The cavity is heated from below. The steady-state regime is studied for several intensities of the buoyancy effects due to temperature variations. The influences of Péclet and Rayleigh numbers on the flow pattern and the temperature distributions are examined. Local and global Nusselt numbers are reported for the heated surface. The convective-diffusive fluxes at the volume boundaries are represented using the UNIFAES, Unified Finite Approach Exponential-type Scheme, with the Power-Law approximation to reduce the computing time. The conditions established by Rivas for the quadratic order of accuracy of the central differencing to be maintained in irregular grids are shown to be extensible to other quadratic schemes, including UNIFAES, so that accuracy estimates could be obtained.

Bubble-Bubble Interaction in Horizontal Two-Phase Slug Flow

Modelling of the slug structure requires a new effort on fundamental research. To clarify some aspects of the horizontal slug flow, an experimental study of the behaviour of two isolated bubbles in a single-phase liquid flow was performed. This procedure was adopted to avoid the overlap of different phenomena induced by a train of long bubbles. The experimental facility consists of a 90-m horizontal PVC pipe with internal diameter of 0,053 m. The behaviour of two single air bubbles travelling in a water flow was studied. Focus was given on the influence of the distance between the bubbles on the velocity of the second bubble. This study allows the understanding of the mechanism of overtaking that takes place right after the slug formation and that precedes the coalescence of bubbles in a slug flow. The results show that bubbles placed behind a liquid slug smaller than a critical value move faster than the leading one. Otherwise, they move slower than the leading one.

Horizontal Slug Flow in a Large-Size Pipeline: Experimentation and Modeling

The knowledge of the slug flow characteristics is very important when designing pipelines and process equipment. When the intermittences typical in slug flow occurs, the fluctuations of the flow variables bring additional concern to the designer. Focusing on this subject the present work discloses the experimental data on slug flow characteristics occurring in a large-size, large-scale facility. The results were compared with data provided by mechanistic slug flow models in order to verify their reliability when modelling actual flow conditions. Experiments were done with natural gas and oil or water as the liquid phase. To compute the frequency and velocity of the slug cell and to calculate the length of the elongated bubble and liquid slug one used two pressure transducers measuring the pressure drop across the pipe diameter at different axial locations. A third pressure transducer measured the pressure drop between two axial location 200 m apart. The experimental data were compared with results of Camargo's1 algorithm (1991, 1993), which uses the basics of Dukler & Hubbard's (1975) slug flow model, and those calculated by the transient two-phase flow simulator OLGA.

Detection of Horizontal Two-Phase Flow Patterns Through a Neural Network Model

One of the main problems related to the transport and manipulation of multiphase fluids concerns the existence of characteristic flow patterns and its strong influence on important operation parameters. A good example of this occurs in gas-liquid chemical reactors in which maximum efficiencies can be achieved by maintaining a finely dispersed bubbly flow to maximize the total interfacial area. Thus, the ability to automatically detect flow patterns is of crucial importance, especially for the adequate operation of multiphase systems. This work describes the application of a neural model to process the signals delivered by a direct imaging probe to produce a diagnostic of the corresponding flow pattern. The neural model is constituted of six independent neural modules, each of which trained to detect one of the main horizontal flow patterns, and a last winner-take-all layer responsible for resolving when two or more patterns are simultaneously detected. Experimental signals representing different bubbly, intermittent, annular and stratified flow patterns were used to validate the neural model.

Horizontal and vertical tree community structure in a lowland atlantic rain forest, southeastern Brazil

The horizontal and vertical tree community structure in a lowland Atlantic Rain Forest was investigated through a phytosociological survey in two 0.99 ha plots in the Intervales State Park, São Paulo State. All trees > 5 cm diameter at breast height were recorded. 3,078 individuals belonging to 172 species were identified and recorded. The Shannon diversity index was H' = 3.85 nat.ind.-1. The Myrtaceae family showed the greatest floristic richness (38 species) and the highest density (745 individuals) in the stand. Euterpe edulis Mart. had the highest importance value (33.98%) accounting for 21.8% of all individuals recorded. The quantitative similarity index was higher than the qualitative index, showing little structural variation between plots. However, the large number of uncommon species resulted in pronounced floristic differences. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) generated three arbitrary vertical strata. Stratum A (> 26 m), where Sloanea guianensis (Aubl.) Benth. and Virola bicuhyba (Schott. ex A.DC.) Warb. were predominant showed the lowest density. Stratum B (8 m < h < 26 m) had the greatest richness and diversity, and stratum C (< 8 m) showed the highest density. Euterpe edulis, Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz, Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi, and Eugenia mosenii (Kausel) Sobral were abundant in strata B and C. The occurrence of strata in tropical forests is discussed and we recommend the use of DCA for others studies of the vertical distribution of tropical forest tree communities.

Horizontal projections of area 17 in Cebus monkeys: metric features, and modular and laminar distribution

Metric features and modular and laminar distributions of intrinsic projections of area 17 were studied in Cebus apella. Anterogradely and retrogradely labeled cell appendages were obtained using both saturated pellets and iontophoretic injections of biocytin into the operculum. Laminar and modular distributions of the labeled processes were analyzed using Nissl counterstaining, and/or cytochrome oxidase and/or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. We distinguished three labeled cell types: pyramidal, star pyramidal and stellate cells located in supragranular cortical layers (principally in layers IIIa, IIIb a, IIIb ß and IIIc). Three distinct axon terminal morphologies were found, i.e., Ia, Ib and II located in granular and supragranular layers. Both complete and partial segregation of group I axon terminals relative to the limits of the blobs of V1 were found. The results are compatible with recent evidence of incomplete segregation of visual information flow in V1 of Old and New World primates

Effects of mercury intoxication on the response of horizontal cells of the retina of thraira fish (Hoplias malabaricus)

Methyl mercury (MeHg) is highly neurotoxic, affecting visual function in addition to other central nervous system functions. The effect of mercury intoxication on the amplitude of horizontal cell responses to light was studied in the retina of the fish Hoplias malabaricus. Intracellular responses were recorded from horizontal cells of fish previously intoxicated with MeHg by intraperitoneal injection (IP group) or by trophic exposure (T group). Only one retina per fish was used. The doses of MeHg chloride administered to the IP group were 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 6.0 mg/kg. The amplitudes of the horizontal cell responses were lower than control in individuals exposed to 0.01 (N = 4 retinas), 0.05 (N = 2 retinas) and 0.1 mg/kg (N = 1 retina), whereas no responses were recorded in the 1.0, 2.0, and 6.0 mg/kg groups. T group individuals were fed young specimens of Astyanax sp previously injected with MeHg corresponding to 0.75 (N = 1 retina), 0.075 (N = 8 retinas) or 0.0075 (N = 4 retinas) mg/kg fish body weight. After 14 doses, one every 5 days, the amplitude of the horizontal cell response was higher than control in individuals exposed to 0.075 and 0.0075 mg/kg, and lower in individuals exposed to 0.75 mg/kg. We conclude that intoxication with MeHg affects the electrophysiological response of the horizontal cells in the retina, either reducing or increasing its amplitude compared to control, and that these effects are related to the dose and/or to the mode of administration.

Radiação gama na redução da carga microbiana de filés de frango

Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito da radiação gama na destruição dos microrganismos presentes em filés de frango armazenados sob refrigeração. Um dos possíveis fatores de deterioração da carne de frango é a atividade microbiana. A irradiação é um processo de conservação de alimentos através da eliminação de microrganismos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 5 fatores (períodos de armazenamento) e 5 níveis (doses de radiação), com 3 repetições por tratamento. As amostras de filé de frango foram irradiadas com doses de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0kGy e em seguida armazenadas sob refrigeração (± 5ºC) por 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. A contagem total dos microrganismos foi realizada por plaqueamento em profundidade em meio de cultivo PCA. As amostras não irradiadas permitiram um acréscimo de dois ciclos logarítmicos na contagem microbiana ao longo dos vinte e oito dias de armazenamento (de 10(5) para 10(7)UFC/g). As amostras irradiadas com dose de 2,0kGy permitiram acréscimo de um ciclo logarítmico durante os vinte e oito dias de armazenamento (de 10³ para 10(4)UFC/g). As doses de radiação de 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0kGy reduziram a população microbiana a níveis de 10²UFC/g no vigésimo primeiro dia e 10¹UFC/g no vigésimo oitavo dia de armazenamento. A irradiação pode ser um processo eficiente para a redução da carga microbiana de filés de frango porque a dose de radiação de 4,0kGy foi suficiente para manter os filés de frango refrigerados com uma população microbiana de 10¹UFC/g até vinte e oito dias de armazenamento.

Amido resistente, a última geração no controle de energia e digestão saudável

Estudos clínicos demonstraram que amido resistente tem propriedades semelhantes a fibras e mostra benefícios fisiológicos em humanos, podendo resultar em prevenção de doenças. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que cerca de 55% da energia ingerida seja proveniente de carboidratos. A preocupação com o tipo de carboidrato ingerido é importante, pois há fibras, por exemplo, que devem ser ingeridas de 25-30 g/dia/pessoa, e normalmente não o são. Por ser um alimento resistente à digestão e fermentado no intestino grosso, principalmente pelas bifidobactérias, o amido resistente é um alimento prebiótico. Durante a fermentação ocorre a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, principalmente o butirato, que contribui muito para a saúde do cólon, inibindo o crescimento de células cancerígenas devido à redução do pH no intestino grosso. Além disso, contribui para a produção da energia difusa progressiva (EDP), que é a energia liberada ao longo do tempo de uma digestão lenta, e para a queda do índice glicêmico dos alimentos, proporcionando uma menor resposta glicêmica e, conseqüentemente, uma resposta insulínica mais adequada, auxiliando no tratamento da diabete, principalmente do tipo 2 e mantendo o indivíduo com sensação de saciedade por um período maior de tempo. A National Starch Food Innovation possui o Hi-Maize 260 como amido resistente que, quando comparado com as fibras convencionais, apresenta muitas vantagens. É branco e possui sabor brando, tamanho pequeno de partícula e baixa capacidade de retenção de água, praticamente não altera a textura de produtos de baixa umidade como pães, macarrão, barrinha de cereais, etc, ao contrário das fibras convencionais, o que permite formular produtos com alto teor de fibras e ainda ser rotulado como simplesmente "amido de milho". Também apresenta teor calórico reduzido e pode ser usado como agente de corpo complementar em formulações com valor reduzido ou sem gordura.

Qual a sensibilidade dos investimentos privados a aumentos na carga tributária brasileira? Uma investigação econométrica

This article aims to offer three contributions to the debate on the recent performance of the Brazilian economy. First, it presents approximate quarterly figures for the Brazilian private investment beginning in 1995. Second, it presents estimates of the Brazilian "investment function" which are robust to the presence of structural breaks. Third, it discusses the sensitivity of private investment to increases in the gross aggregate tax rate. Estimates based on national accounting data prior to march 2007 seem to indicate that an increase of 1% of GDP in the tax rate is associated with a reduction of 1% in private investment.