Detection of coronary artery disease based on the calcification index obtained by helical computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between coronary artery disease and the calcification index on helical computed tomography. METHOD: We studied 22 patients (ages ranging from 40 to 70 years) who underwent coronary angiography because of chest pain suggestive of angina pectoris. Findings on coronary angiography were classified as follows: significant obstructive disease (stenosis > or = 50%), nonobstructive disease (stenosis <50%), and no disease. With no previous knowledge of the results of the coronary angiography and within 7 days, helical computed tomography of the chest was performed. Then, data of the coronary angiography were correlated with the calcification index obtained by helical computed tomography. RESULTS: The sensitivity of helical computed tomography to the presence of significant obstructive lesions on coronary angiography was 87.5%, specificity was 100%, and negative and positive predictive values were 75% and 100%, respectively. The mean calcification index was greater in patients with severe coronary lesions, mainly when involvement of 2 or 3 vessels occurred, than that in patients with no coronary artery disease or with nonobstructive coronary artery lesions (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Helical computed tomography is an effective method for detecting and quantifying coronary artery calcification, and it has proved to be sensitive to and specific for the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis.

Calcified aneurysms in coronary arteries of a 48-year-old patient

This is a case report of a 48-year-old female patient with a compatible history of Kawasaki disease during childhood, who was admitted to the emergency coronary unit with unstable angina pectoris. Coronary angiography identified two coronary aneurysms, one causing right coronary occlusion and the other causing severe obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary artery bypass surgery was indicated.

Transradial approach for coronary interventions

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of coronary interventions performed through the radial artery. METHODS: We studied 103 patients with ages from 38 to 86 years (57±8.7), 90 (87%) males, and: radial pulse with a good amplitude, presence of ulnar pulse, a good collateral flow through the palmar arch assessed with the Allen's test. RESULTS: The vascular approach was obtained in 97 (94%) patients, 88 (91%) treated electively and 9 (9%) during acute myocardial infarction, for primary angioplasty; 56 (64%) unstable angina; 22 (25%) stable angina; 10 (11%) were asymptomatic, 6 referred for recanalization of chronic occlusion and 4 silent ischemia in the first week after acute myocardial infarction. We approached 107 arteries: anterior descending artery, 49 (46%); right coronary artery, 27 (25%); circumflex artery, 25 (23%); diagonal artery, 6 (6%); and 2 saphenous vein bypass grafts. We treated 129 lesions: 80 (62%) B2 type; 23 (18%) B1 type; 17 (13%) C type; and 9 (7%). A type. There were 70 stents , and 59 balloon angioplasties performed. Thirty-two (33%) patients used GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The mean duration of the elective procedure was 42.3±12.8 min. Success, correct stent deployment and residual lesion <20%, was reached in 100% of the lesions treated with stent implantation; arterial dilation with residual lesion <50% was obtained in 96% of the lesions treated with transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA). Complications, were: 1 (1.0%) non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction; 2 (2%) hematomas in the forearm; and 2 losses of radial pulse. CONCLUSION: Radial artery aproach is practical and safe for percutaneous coronary interventions there was a low incidence of complications.

Plasma levels of immunoinflammatory markers in De Novo coronary atherosclerosis and coronary restenosis postangioplasty

OBJECTIVE: To compare circulating plasma levels of immunoinflammatory markers in patients with known de novo coronary artery disease and patients with postangioplasty restenosis. METHODS: Using enzymatic immunoabsorbent assay, we measured plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptosr, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and soluble tumor necrosis alpha receptors I and II in 11 patients with restenosis postcoronary angioplasty (restenosis group), in 10 patients with primary atherosclerosis (de novo group) who were referred for coronary angiography because of stable or unstable angina, and in 9 healthy volunteers (control group). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors were significantly higher in the de novo group compared with that in the restenosis and control groups. Levels were also higher in the restenosis group compared with that in the control group. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis alpha and receptor levels were significantly higher in the de novo group compared to with that in the restenosis and control groups, but levels in the restenosis group were not different from that in the controls. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery disease, either primary or secondary to restenosis, is associated with significant immunoinflammatory activity, which can be assessed by examining the extent of circulating plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Moreover, patients with de novo lesions appear to have increased inflammatory activity compared with patients with restenosis.

Acute Myocardial Infarction: The First Manifestation of Ischemic Heart Disease and Relation to Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between cardiovascular risk factors and acute myocardial infarction as the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease, correlating them with coronary angiographic findings. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 104 patients with previous acute myocardial infarction, who were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of angina prior to acute myocardial infarction. We assessed the presence of angina preceding acute myocardial infarction and risk factors, such as age >55 years, male sex, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, lipid profile, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and familial history of ischemic heart disease. On coronary angiography, the severity of coronary heart disease and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 104 patients studied, 72.1% were males, 90.4% were white, 73.1% were older than 55 years, and 53.8% were hypertensive. Acute myocardial infarction was the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease in 49% of the patients. The associated risk factors were systemic arterial hypertension (RR=0.19; 95% CI=0.06-0.59; P=0.04) and left ventricular hypertrophy (RR=0.27; 95% CI=0,.8-0.88; P=0.03). The remaining risk factors were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction as the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease is high, approximately 50%. Hypertensive individuals more frequently have symptoms preceding acute myocardial infarction, probably due to ventricular hypertrophy associated with high blood pressure levels.

Chest Pain Units: A Modern Way of Managing Patients with Chest Pain in the Emergency Department

It is estimated that 5 to 8 million individuals with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia are seen each year in emergency departments (ED) in the United States 1,2, which corresponds to 5 to 10% of all visits 3,4. Most of these patients are hospitalized for evaluation of possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This generates an estimated cost of 3 - 6 thousand dollars per patient 5,6. From this evaluation process, about 1.2 million patients receive the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and just about the same number have unstable angina. Therefore, about one half to two thirds of these patients with chest pain do not have a cardiac cause for their symptoms 2,3. Thus, the emergency physician is faced with the difficult challenge of identifying those with ACS - a life-threatening disease - to treat them properly, and to discharge the others to suitable outpatient investigation and management.

Prognostic value of technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography in the follow-up of patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of Technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in the follow-up of patients who had undergone their first myocardial revascularization. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study of 280 revascularized patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy under stress (exercise or pharmacological stress with dipyridamole) and at rest according to a 2-day protocol. A set of clinical, stress electrocardiographic and scintigraphic variables was assessed. Cardiac events were classified as "major" (death, infarction, unstable angina) and "any" (major event or coronary angioplasty or new myocardial revascularization surgery). RESULTS: Thirty-six major events occurred as follows: 3 deaths, 11 infarctions, and 22 unstable anginas. In regard to any event, 22 angioplasties and 7 new surgeries occurred in addition to major events, resulting a total of 65 events. The sensitivity of scintigraphy in prognosticating a major event or any event was, respectively, 55% and 58%, showing a negative predictive value of 90% and 83%, respectively. Diabetes mellitus, inconclusive stress electrocardiography, and a scintigraphic visualization of left ventricular enlargement were significant variables for the occurrence of a major event. On multivariate analysis, abnormal myocardial scintigraphy was a predictor of any event. CONCLUSION: Myocardial perfusion tomography with Technetium-99m may be used to identify high-risk patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery.

Can patients with left main coronary artery disease wait for myocardial revascularization surgery?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of cardiac events in patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease on diagnostic cardiac catheterization and waiting for myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease (stenosis > or = 50%) consecutively identified on diagnostic cardiac catheterization during an 8-month period were selected for the study. The group comprised 56 patients (40 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 61±10 years. The cardiac events included death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, acute left ventricular failure, unstable angina, and emergency surgery. RESULTS: While waiting for surgery, patients experienced the following cardiac events: 7 acute myocardial infarctions and 1 death. All events occurred within the first 60 days after the diagnostic cardiac catheterization. More patients, whose indication for diagnostic cardiac catheterization was unstable angina, experienced events as compared with those with other indications [p=0.03, relative risk (RR) = 5.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.47 - 18.7]. In the multivariate analysis of logistic regression, unstable angina was also the only factor that independently contributed to a greater number of events (p = 0.02, OR = 8.43, 95% CI =1.37 - 51.7). CONCLUSION: Unstable angina in patients with left main coronary artery disease acts as a high risk factor for cardiac events, emergency surgery being recommended in these cases.

Safety, feasibility, and results of exercise testing for stratifying patients with chest pain in the emergency room

OBJECTIVE: To assess safety, feasibility, and the results of early exercise testing in patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit, in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out. METHODS: A study including 1060 consecutive patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit was carried out. Of them, 677 (64%) patients were eligible for exercise testing, but only 268 (40%) underwent the test. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients studied was 51.7±12.1 years, and 188 (70%) were males. Twenty-eight (10%) patients had a previous history of coronary artery disease, 244 (91%) had a normal or unspecific electrocardiogram, and 150 (56%) underwent exercise testing within a 12-hour interval. The results of the exercise test in the latter group were as follows: 34 (13%) were positive, 191 (71%) were negative, and 43 (16%) were inconclusive. In the group of patients with a positive exercise test, 21 (62%) underwent coronary angiography, 11 underwent angioplasty, and 2 underwent myocardial revascularization. In a univariate analysis, type A/B chest pain (definitely/probably anginal) (p<0.0001), previous coronary artery disease (p<0.0001), and route 2 (patients at higher risk) correlated with a positive or inconclusive test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain and in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out, the exercise test proved to be feasible, safe, and well tolerated.

Radioterapia mediastínica e lesão ostial de tronco de coronária esquerda

Doença cardíaca isquêmica é uma complicação rara e, só recentemente reconhecida, de irradiação mediastínica para tratamento de tumores nesta região. É relatado caso de uma mulher de 51 anos com angina do peito, rapidamente progressiva, em que o achado angiográfico foi representado por lesão suboclusiva ostial de tronco de coronária esquerda. A história pregressa era marcada por uso de radioterapia para tratamento de linfoma Hodgkin mediastínico, com íntima relação com ventrículo direito, ressecado cirurgicamente e tratado em seqüência com irradiação e quimioterapia, dois anos antes. A indução de estenoses coronarianas nesses pacientes pode ser dependente ou não de aterosclerose focal e é mediada, principalmente, por espessamento intimal decorrente de fibrose tissular, sem que haja alteração na camada média e com predileção pelas porções proximais (ostiais) das artérias principais. O reconhecimento desta condição (radioterapia torácica), como fator isolado e independente para doença coronariana, deve ser considerada na programação de medidas para prevenção, detecção e tratamento precoce.

O uso do ultra-som intracoronariano na tomada de decisão para o tratamento das lesões coronarianas moderadas

OBJETIVO: Investigar o critério ultra-sonográfico de área mínima da luz (AML), com valor de corte igual a 4,0 mm² na tentativa de diferençar as lesões que devem ou não ser tratadas. MÉTODOS: Incluímos 173 pacientes consecutivos com lesões angiograficamente moderadas (porcentual de estenose entre 40 e 70) submetidos à realização de ultra-som, divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 clínico (AML > 4,0 mm²) e grupo 2 revascularização (AML < 4,0 mm²), que foram acompanhados para determinar as taxas de eventos cardíacos maiores (ECM) em dois anos, a necessidade de revascularização da lesão-alvo e identificar os preditores clínicos, angiográficos e ultra-sonográficos dos eventos. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram AML > 4,0 mm² 75 (43%) pacientes, mantidos clinicamente e 98 (57%) pacientes AML < 4,0 mm², tratados com stents coronarianos. Pela angiografia coronariana quantitativa não houve diferença significante entre o porcentual de estenose do vaso [grupo 1: 48% vs grupo 2: 53%; p=0,06]. Ao contrário das mensurações ultra-sonográficas, pois a AML mostrou-se significativamente maior no grupo 1 quando comparada ao grupo 2 [4,54 mm² vs 2,45 mm²; p<0,001)]. O impacto clínico da tomada de decisão foi favorável, não verificando-se diferença na ocorrência de eventos cardíacos maiores: [grupo 1: 5 (7%) vs grupo 2: 14 (15%); p= 0,09]. A necessidade de revascularização da lesão-alvo também não diferiu (grupo 1: 3 (4%) vs grupo 2: 11 (12%); p=0,07). As variáveis preditoras para os ECM foram: diabetes, angina CFIII pré-hospitalização e a AML avaliada pelo ultra-som. CONCLUSÃO: A estratégia de decisão de tratamento assegura baixas taxas de ECM em ambos os grupos no seguimento de 24 meses, garantindo reduzidas taxas de revascularização, sendo as variáveis preditoras de eventos cardíacos maiores: diabetes melito, angina classe funcional III e a AML ao ultra-som intracoronariano.

Avaliação comparativa do valor prognóstico de quatro marcadores bioquímicos de lesão miocárdica pós intervenções percutâneas utilizando stents coronarianos

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito prognóstico das alterações de quatro marcadores de lesão miocárdica (CKMB atividade/massa e troponinas T e I) pós- stent em relação à ocorrência de morte, infarto e novos procedimentos de revascularização em um ano e determinar a incidência e as variáveis preditoras de suas elevações. MÉTODOS: Em 199 pacientes tratados por stents em artérias naturais foram mensurados os quatro marcadores em três períodos: pré-procedimento, 6-8h e 14-18h pós-stent. Curvas de sobrevivência e a regressão logística de Cox determinaram o impacto prognóstico das alterações na ocorrência de eventos cardíacos em um ano. RESULTADOS: A incidência das alterações dos 4 marcadores pós-stent é relativamente freqüente (6,1% a 32,8%), associa-se à maior complexidade das lesões tratadas (longas e angulações >45º) e ao desenvolvimento de intercorrências durante o procedimento (oclusão de ramos secundários, presença de angina e alterações eletrocardiográficas). A sobrevivência livre de infarto e nova revascularização foi significativamente menor somente nos pacientes com elevação da CKMB atividade pós-procedimento em comparação àqueles sem esta alteração (60% x 85,08%, p=0,025). Influenciaram a sobrevivência livre de eventos o diabetes mellitus (OR: 2,27, p=0,0256), pré-dilatação com balão (OR: 3,16, p=0,0082) e elevação da CKMB atividade pós-procedimento (OR: 3,64, p=0,0162). CONCLUSÃO: A recomendação da monitoração sistemática da CKMB atividade pós-stent coronário baseia-se na compreensão do seu comportamento clínico e laboratorial, nos resultados dos estudos que relacionam a elevação de seus níveis pós-procedimento à pior evolução tardia e ao baixo custo do exame.

Prevalência da doença arterial coronariana em diabéticos tipo 1 candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e pâncreas)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) em população de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1, nefropatas, em programa de diálise e candidatos a transplante duplo (rim e pâncreas). MÉTODOS: De janeiro/2000 a julho/2002, foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, como protocolo de avaliação para transplante duplo, 58 pacientes diabéticos tipo 1. Doença arterial coronariana foi definida como qualquer irregularidade nas artérias coronárias, e classificada, de acordo com a grau de estenose luminal, em leve (<30%), moderada (>30 a 70%) e grave (>70%). RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes foi 34 ± 12 anos, sendo que 32 (55%) eram homens. Nenhum paciente tinha história de angina ou infarto agudo do miocárdio. Os principais fatores de risco para a doença foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em 93%, dislipidemia em 38%, historia familiar em 25% e tabagismo 20%. O tempo médio de duração do diabetes foi 20,8 ± 9 anos, o tempo de diálise de 26 ± 9 meses. A coronariografia revelou doença arterial coronariana em 42 (72%) pacientes, sendo 20 (34%) discreta, 9 (16%) moderada e 13 (22%) grave. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 em programa de diálise e candidatos a transplante duplo têm elevada prevalência de doença arterial coronariana, tornando-se marcante a observação de que esses pacientes não apresentavam sintomas da doença.

Estudo comparativo dos resultados da intervenção cirúrgica e da angioplastia na revascularização do miocárdio em portadores de comprometimento multiarterial equivalente

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relativa eficácia de estratégias terapêuticas em pacientes com doença coronariana multiarterial sintomática, com função ventricular preservada. Os objetivos primários foram definidos com a combinação de: morte por origem cardíaca, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) ou angina refratária que necessitasse de revascularização e, os secundários, estado anginoso e isquemia esforço-induzida. MÉTODOS: De 20.769 pacientes avaliados por cineangiocoronariografia no InCor, 210 foram escolhidos para o estudo e randomizados para revascularização miocárdica (RCM) (n=105) e angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) (n=105). RESULTADOS: Média de 3,2±0,8 vasos receberam anastomoses e 2,1±0,8 foram dilatados com sucesso nos grupos RCM e ATC, respectivamente. Em cinco anos de seguimento as respectivas taxas de eventos para RCM e ATC foram: 9,52% e 12,38% para mortalidade, 2,85% e 8,57% (p=0,0668) para IAM, 2,85% e 24,76% (p< 0,001) para uma intervenção adicional; a taxa de sobrevivência de 88,39% para RCM e de 84,93% para ATC; os respectivos porcentuais livres de IAM, 84,40 e 77,40%. Os pacientes estavam livres de angina em 62% do RCM e 60% do grupo ATC e os testes de esforço foram considerados não-isquêmicos em 62,5% e 62,1%, nos grupos cirúrgico e angioplastia. CONCLUSÃO: Comparada com a angioplastia para pacientes multivasculares, a revascularização miocárdica foi associada a uma baixa incidência de eventos a longo prazo e reduzida necessidade de novas intervenções (p=0,001).

Análise comparativa dos fluxos da artéria torácica interna esquerda dissecada na forma pediculada versus a forma esqueletizada em cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Comparar os fluxos livres, os calibres e os comprimentos da artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) pediculada (P) e esqueletizada (E) no transoperatório antes e depois da aplicação do vasodilatador tópico (VT). MÉTODOS: Em ensaio clínico randomizado e cego foram estudados 50 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica eletivas quanto ao emprego da ATIE in situ nas formas P ou E. Dos 25 pacientes no grupo pediculada (GP), 16 eram do sexo masculino, apresentando angina classe II e III (NYHA) e fração de ejeção (FE) de 50,8 ± 9,2%. No grupo esqueletizada (GE), 19 pacientes eram do sexo masculino, possuindo angina classe II e FE de 46,8 ± 9,3%. As medidas foram realizadas pré-circulação extracorpórea e divididas em duas fases: fase 1 (antes) e fase 2 (após 15 min da aplicação da papaverina tópica a 2,5 mg/ml a 37ºC). Durante as aferições, eram monitoradas a pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central e freqüência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: O GP apresentou fluxo de 46±16 e 77±28 ml/min e calibre de 1,4±0,1 e 1,7±0,1 mm nas fases 1 e 2, e o GE, 57±27 e 97±35 ml/min de fluxo e 1,4±0,1 e 1,8±0,2 mm de calibre, respectivamente, não havendo diferenças significativas no desfecho comprimento. CONCLUSÃO: ATIE E demonstrou um aumento significativo no fluxo e calibre, após o uso de VT com p=0,03 e p=0,01 respectivamente, comparados com a ATIE P.