Contribuição do hiperandrogenismo para o desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica em mulheres obesas com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição do hiperandrogenismo para o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica (SM) em mulheres obesas com ou sem Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo no qual foram incluídas 60 mulheres obesas com fenótipo clássico da SOP - Consenso de Rotterdam - e 70 obesas sem SOP. A SM foi diagnosticada pelos critérios do NCEP-ATP III. A obesidade foi definida pelo índice de massa corpórea e o hirsutismo, pelo Índice de Ferriman-Gallwey (IFG). As dosagens realizadas foram: testosterona total, sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (SDHEA), insulina e glicose, colesterol total, HDL e triglicerídios. A resistência insulínica (RI) foi avaliada pelo HOMA-IR e pelo índice de sensibilidade à insulina de Matsuda e De Fronzo. A analise estatística foi realizada com o teste t de Student, teste do χ² e análise de regressão logística multivariada (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As obesas com SOP apresentaram significativamente maiores valores de IFG (15,4±6,1), circunferência da cintura (105,6±11,4 cm), testosterona (135,8±71,4 ng/dL), SDHEA (200,8±109,2 µg/dL), HOMA-IR (8,4±8,5) e menores valores de ISI (2,0±1,8) quando comparadas às obesas não SOP (3,2±2,1; 101,4±9,2 cm; 50,0±18,2 ng/dL; 155,0±92,7 µg/dL; 5,1±4,7; 3,3±2,7, respectivamente) (p<0,05). A frequência de SM foi significativamente maior nas obesas com SOP (75%) do que nas obesas não SOP (52,8%) (p=0,01). A análise multivariada não demonstrou contribuição das variávies IFG, testoterona total e SDHEA para o desenvolvimento da SM (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres obesas com SOP apresentam maior frequência de SM quando comparadas às obesas não SOP. O hiperandrogenismo não mostrou influência nesse grupo de mulheres estudadas.

Função sexual e fatores associados à disfunção sexual em mulheres no climatério

OBJETIVO:Avaliar a função sexual e os fatores associados à disfunção sexual de mulheres no período do climatério.MÉTODOS:Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal incluindo 173 mulheres, na faixa etária de 35 a 65 anos, com parceiro fixo nos últimos 6 meses, alfabetizadas, sem comprometimento cognitivo e com atividade sexual há pelo menos 6 meses. O instrumento utilizado para avaliar o desempenho sexual foi o Quociente Sexual, versão feminina. A associação entre disfunção sexual e dados sociodemográficos, antecedentes pessoais e obstétricos e história sexual foi realizada por meio do teste do χ2 de Pearson e da força de associação, por meio do odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%).RESULTADOS:Neste estudo, 46,2% das mulheres apresentaram disfunção sexual. Houve uma diminuição da chance de disfunção sexual para a faixa etária entre 35 e 49 anos (OR=0,3; IC95% 0,2–0,6) e para as mulheres que se sentiam à vontade para falar sobre sexo (OR=0,5; IC95% 0,2–0,8). Entretanto, presença de osteoporose (OR=3,3; IC95% 1,5–7,6), incontinência urinária (OR=2,0; IC95% 1,1–3,7) e correções cirúrgicas do assoalho pélvico (OR=2,2; IC95% 1,1–4,5) elevaram essa chance.CONCLUSÕES:A frequência de disfunção sexual em mulheres na faixa etária entre 35 e 65 anos foi 46,2% e fatores como osteoporose, incontinência urinária e correções cirúrgicas do assoalho pélvico aumentaram a chance de disfunção sexual.

Quality Indicators of Cervical Cytopathology Tests in the Public Service in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Objective The objective of this study is to assess the performance of cytopathology laboratories providing services to the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods This descriptive study uses data obtained from the Cervical Cancer Information System from January to December 2012. Three quality indicators were analyzed to assess the quality of cervical cytopathology tests: positivity index, percentage of atypical squamous cells (ASCs) in abnormal tests, and percentage of tests compatiblewith high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Laboratories were classified according to their production scale in tests per year≤5,000; from 5,001 to 10,000; from 10,001 to 15,000; and 15,001. Based on the collection of variables and the classification of laboratories according to production scale, we created and analyzed a database using Microsoft Office Excel 97-2003. Results In the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, 146 laboratories provided services to the SUS in 2012 by performing a total of 1,277,018 cervical cytopathology tests. Half of these laboratories had production scales≤5,000 tests/year and accounted for 13.1% of all tests performed in the entire state; in turn, 13.7% of these laboratories presented production scales of > 15,001 tests/year and accounted for 49.2% of the total of tests performed in the entire state. The positivity indexes of most laboratories providing services to the SUS in 2012, regardless of production scale, were below or well below recommended limits. Of the 20 laboratories that performed more than 15,001 tests per year, only three presented percentages of tests compatible with HSILs above the lower limit recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Conclusion The majority of laboratories providing services to the SUS in Minas Gerais presented quality indicators outside the range recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Estudo longitudinal da infecção por enteropatógenos em bezerros neonatos, com diarreia, sob diferentes estratégias de aleitamento

Foram utilizados 17 bezerros, recém nascidos, da raça Holandesa, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do volume de sucedâneo nos principais patógenos causadores de diarreia neonatal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, 8 bezerros do grupo 1 e 9 bezerros do grupo 2. Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia totalizando 4 litros de sucedâneo diários para o grupo 1 e 6 litros para o grupo 2. A partir do 1° dia de chegada dos bezerros foram avaliadas as fezes diariamente após o aleitamento da manhã para a classificação das fezes em diarreicas ou não diarreicas. Do primeiro dia de diarreia até o sétimo dia, as fezes foram coletadas em dias alternados (1º, 3º, 5º e 7° dia) diretamente da ampola retal para avaliação dos enteropatógenos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos bezerros com cinco dias de idade para dosagem da proteína total. A média da proteína total foi 6,33 e 6,21g/dL nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. O grupo 2 apresentou tendência (p<0,1) de maior consumo de sucedâneo no período avaliado. A quantidade de sucedâneo oferecida aos animais não influenciou a incidência de diarreia e sua etiologia, ou seja, não foi observada diferença (p>0,05) na frequência das amostras positivas para cada agente entre os grupos. A frequência dos enteropatógenos nas amostras foi de 100 e 75% para Cryptosporidium spp.; 28,5 e 43,7% para Salmonella spp.; 28,5 e 15,6% para patotipos de E. coli; 3,5 e 6,2% para Rotavírus e 10,7 e 9,4% para Giardia sp. nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. Foram encontrados os sorotipos de Salmonella infantis e muenster. Os patotipos de E. coli isolados foram classificados como E. coli enterohemorrágica, enteropatogênica, enterotoxigênica e produtoras de toxinas Shiga 1 e 2. Foi observada associação entre o Cryptosporidium spp. e os patotipos de E. coli em 30% das amostras do grupo 1 e Cryptosporidium spp. e Salmonella spp. em 45,5% no grupo 2. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstraram que o fornecimento de diferentes volumes de sucedâneo não apresentou influência sobre a incidência e etiologia da diarreia neonatal. A avaliação longitudinal dos enteropatógenos durante o período de patência da diarreia demonstrou que a associação entre eles ocorre a partir do primeiro dia da doença e destacou a importância da infecção pelo Cryptosporidium spp. agente encontrado em todos os momentos e animais.

Eficácia de herbicidas graminicidas aplicados em pré-emergência no sistema de semeadura direta do milho

A produtividade do milho tem sido diminuida pela interferência com plantas daninhas durante o período crítico de prevenção da interferência (PCPI). Foi desenvolvido um experimento na EEA/UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul, RS, na safra de 1998/99, com objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas graminicidas, aplicados em pré-emergência, no controle de Brachiaria plantaginea (BRAPL) no sistema de semeadura direta do milho. O híbrido utilizado foi AG 5011 numa população de 70.000 plantas/ha. Os tratamentos foram 5 herbicidas com 2 doses, além de testemunha capinada e testemunha sem controle. Os herbicidas com as respectivas doses (kg i. a. ha-1) foram, acetochlor (3,0 e 4,0), metolachlor (2,5 e 3,0), trifluralin (3,0 e 4,0), pendimethalin (2,5 e 3,0) e isoxaflutole (0,06 e 0,07 g i. a. ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições. Avaliou-se o nível de controle, população e produção de matéria seca das plantas de BRAPL e rendimento de grãos do milho. A infestação de 117 plantas/m2 de BRAPL reduziu em 80 % o rendimento de grãos do milho. Quanto maior a produção de matéria seca da BRAPL, durante o PCPI, mais intenso foi seu efeito sobre o rendimento da cultura. Os herbicidas reduziram a infestação e aumentaram o rendimento do milho em relação à testemunha sem controle. Os melhores controles de BRAPL foram obtidos com isoxaflutole e, de modo geral, com a dose mais elevada. O rendimento do milho foi negativamente correlacionado com a população e produção de matéria seca das plantas daninhas, indicando que redução no número de plantas de BRAPL, aumentam o rendimento do milho.

Multispecies weed competition and their economic threshold on the wheat crop

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of multispecies weed competition on wheat grain yield and to determine their economic threshold on the crop. The experiments were conducted in 2002, on two sites in Iran: at the Agricultural Research Station on Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (E1) and on the fields of Shirvan's Agricultural College (E2). A 15 x 50 m area of a 15 ha wheat field in E1 and a 15 x 50 m area of a 28 ha wheat field in E2 were selected as experimental sites. These areas were managed like other parts of the fields, except for the use of herbicides. At the beginning of the shooting stage, 30 points were randomly selected by dropping a 50 x 50 cm square marker on each site. The weeds present in E1 were: Avena ludoviciana, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Stellaria holostea, Convolvulus spp., Fumaria spp., Sonchus spp., and Polygonum aviculare. In E2 the weeds were A. ludoviciana, Erysimum sp., P. aviculare, Rapistrum rugosum, C. album, Salsola kali, and Sonchus sp. The data obtained within the sampled squares were submitted to regression equations and weeds densities were calculated in terms of TCL (Total Competitive Load). The regression analysis model indicated that only A. ludoviciana, Convolvulus spp. and C. album, in E1; and A. ludoviciana, S. kali, and R. rugosum, in E2 had a significant effect on the wheat yield reduction. Weed economic thresholds were 5.23 TCL in E1 and 6.16 TCL in E2; which were equivalent to 5 plants m-2 of A. ludoviciana or 12 plants m-2 of Convolvulus spp. or 19 plants m-2 of C. album in E1; and 6 plants m-2 A. ludoviciana, 13 plants m-2 S. kali and 27 plants m-2 R. rugosum in E2. Simulations of economic weed thresholds using several wheat grain prices and weed control costs allowed a better comparison of the experiments, suggesting that a more competitive crop at location E1 than at E2 was the cause of a lower weed competitive ability at the first location.

Efeito alelopático do fruto de Sapindus saponaria na germinação e na morfologia de plântulas daninhas e de hortaliças

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de frutos de Sapindus saponaria (sabão-de-soldado) na germinação de diásporos e na morfologia de plântulas de Lactuca sativa (alface), Allium cepa (cebola), Echinochloa crus-galli (capim-arroz) e Ipomoea grandifolia (corda-de-viola). O extrato aquoso dos frutos foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal fresco para 1.000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se a concentração de 10%. A partir dele, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5, 5,0 e 2,5%. O extrato do fruto Sapindus saponaria evidenciou potencialidades alelopáticas tanto sobre as espécies de hortaliças quanto sobre as de plantas daninhas. O efeito inibitório sobre o processo de germinação dos diásporos e morfologia das plântulas de alface, cebola, capim-arroz e corda-de-viola foi dependente da concentração. Os resultados mostram o potencial do extrato proveniente dos frutos de Sapindus saponaria como um herbicida a ser utilizado em práticas de agricultura sustentável.

Effect of Serjania lethalis ethanolic extract on weed control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Serjania lethalis leaves and stems on the diaspore germination and seedling growth of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The crude ethanolic extract was prepared from 100 g of dry plant material dissolved in 500 ml of ethanol. The extracts were solubilized in a buffer solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations of 10.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5 mg mL-1. The effect of these extracts was compared with herbicide oxyfluorfen in bioassays. The ethanolic extracts of S. lethalis leaves and stems inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass and wild poinsettia in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in the root length of E. heterophylla seedlings might be attributed to the reduced elongation of metaxylem cells. The phytotoxicity of the extracts ranged according to the receptor species, and for some variables, the inhibitory effect was similar, and even superior, to that of the commercial herbicide. Thus, S. lethalis extracts might be a promising alternative for sustainable weed management.

Sunflower response to repeated foliar applications of Paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a well-known growth retardant of the triazole family, is mostly used for controlling plant size and growth, resulting in more desirable compact plants for floricultural purposes; however, limited experimental data are available for use of PBZ in field sunflower. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated foliar applications of PBZ at rates of 50 + 50 g ha-1(double application) and 50 + 50 + 50 g ha-1 (triple application) on sunflower morphology and productivity. PBZ applications corresponded to growth stages of four to five, five to six, and six to eight true leaves of sunflower plants, respectively. The double foliar application of PBZ reduced sunflower plant height at maturity by 4.4% (or by 11.7 cm). The triple foliar application of PBZ reduced sunflower plant height at maturity by 14.4% (or by 49.2 cm). However, PBZ either in the double or the triple application reduced achene yield per plant by 25.6% and 22.5% and the 100-achene weight by 11.4% and 25.0%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. Overall, the repeated foliar applications of PBZ at the rates tested in this study, apart from providing a reduction of sunflower plant height, had major adverse effects on achene yield and weight. Thus, different application schemes of PBZ or perhaps different growth regulators should be investigated to control plant height in sunflower.

Assessing the Potential of the Water Soluble Allelopaths of Marsilea minuta in Rice and Wheat

To investigate the allelopathic effect of Marsilea minuta against the germination and seedling growths of rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), germination bioassays were conducted in both Petri dish and soil cultures in laboratory conditions. Rice and wheat seeds were allowed to germinate in a 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% (w/v) aqueous extract of whole plant and 2, 4, 6, and 8% (w/w) plant residue-incorporated soils of M. minuta. In Petri dish experiments, 5% (w/v) an aqueous extract of M. mimuta showed significantly lower germination percentages (18.8% and 56.3%), root lengths (0.9 and 4.5 cm), shoot lengths (3.3 and 12.4 cm), seedling lengths (4.1 and 25.0 cm), root dry weights (1.4 and 5.6 g), shoot dry weights (1.1 and 9.0 g), seedling biomasses (2.5 and 14.6 g), and seedling vigor indices (77.4 and 957.3) in rice and wheat, respectively. In pot experiments, the M. minuta residue infested soil, with 8% concentration, produced significantly lower germination percentages (25.3 and 37.5%), root lengths (2.7 and 6.1 cm), shoot lengths (6.2 and 16.5 cm), seedling lengths (8.9 and 22.6 cm), root dry weights (2.4 and 5.5 g), shoot dry weights (4.0 and 2.8 g), seedling biomasses (6.4 and 8.3 g), and seedling vigor indices (224.1 and 855.3) in rice and wheat, respectively. The highest phytotoxic action of 5% aqueous whole plant extract of M. minuta against test crops seem to be due to the presence of two potent phenolic compounds, namely p-coumaric acid (2.91 mg L-1) and m-coumaric acid (1.59 mg L-1) as determined by HPLC analysis.

Florística e estrutura de três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Ouro Preto, MG

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três trechos de floresta semidecídua, que no passado tiveram usos diferenciados, localizados na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí (EET), Ouro Preto (MG), objetivando verificar as variações qualitativas e equantitativas das espécies arbóreas. As áreas 1 (A1) e 2 (A2) representam os trechos mais preservados da floresta, não havendo relatos de perturbação, como fogo ou retirada de madeira, nos últimos 30 anos. A área 3 (A3) representa o trecho sucessional mais jovem da floresta, onde houve uma antiga plantação de chá preto, abandonada há 40 anos. Foram demarcadas, em cada trecho, três parcelas de 10 x 30 m, onde foram amostrados todos os indivíduos vivos com perímetro a altura do peito (PAP) 3 5 cm. Os solos na EET foram considerados estruturalmente jovens e de baixa fertilidade. Encontrou-se um total de 68 espécies, pertencentes a 42 gêneros, representando 25 famílias. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Myrtaceae (13), Lauraceae (9), Fabaceae (5), Flacourtiaceae (5) e Rubiaceae (5). Nos trechos de floresta A1 e A2, a distribuição em classes de PAP e de altura foram significativamente diferentes da verificada no trecho A3. O índice de Shannon foi maior em A1 (3,15), seguido de A3 (3,00) e de A2 (2,36). Observou-se uma baixa similaridade florística, pelo índice de Sorensen, entre os três trechos estudados. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais encontradas devem-se, principalmente, às diferentes intensidades de pressão antrópica a que os trechos foram submetidos no passado.

Synergistic effect of glucose and prolactin on GLUT2 expression in cultured neonatal rat islets

We studied the synergistic effect of glucose and prolactin (PRL) on insulin secretion and GLUT2 expression in cultured neonatal rat islets. After 7 days in culture, basal insulin secretion (2.8 mM glucose) was similar in control and PRL-treated islets (1.84 ± 0.06% and 2.08 ± 0.07% of the islet insulin content, respectively). At 5.6 and 22 mM glucose, insulin secretion was significantly higher in PRL-treated than in control islets, achieving 1.38 ± 0.15% and 3.09 ± 0.21% of the islet insulin content in control and 2.43 ± 0.16% and 4.31 ± 0.24% of the islet insulin content in PRL-treated islets, respectively. The expression of the glucose transporter GLUT2 in B-cell membranes was dose-dependently increased by exposure of the islet to increasing glucose concentrations. This effect was potentiated in islets cultured for 7 days in the presence of 2 µg/ml PRL. At 5.6 and 10 mM glucose, the increase in GLUT2 expression in PRL-treated islets was 75% and 150% higher than that registered in the respective control. The data presented here indicate that insulin secretion, induced by different concentrations of glucose, correlates well with the expression of the B-cell-specific glucose transporter GLUT2 in pancreatic islets

Partially folded intermediates during trypsinogen denaturation

The equilibrium unfolding of bovine trypsinogen was studied by circular dichroism, differential spectra and size exclusion HPLC. The change in free energy of denaturation was = 6.99 ± 1.40 kcal/mol for guanidine hydrochloride and = 6.37 ± 0.57 kcal/mol for urea. Satisfactory fits of equilibrium unfolding transitions required a three-state model involving an intermediate in addition to the native and unfolded forms. Size exclusion HPLC allowed the detection of an intermediate population of trypsinogen whose Stokes radii varied from 24.1 ± 0.4 Å to 26.0 ± 0.3 Å for 1.5 M and 2.5 M guanidine hydrochloride, respectively. During urea denaturation, the range of Stokes radii varied from 23.9 ± 0.3 Å to 25.7 ± 0.6 Å for 4.0 M and 6.0 M urea, respectively. Maximal intrinsic fluorescence was observed at about 3.8 M urea with 8-aniline-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) binding. These experimental data indicate that the unfolding of bovine trypsinogen is not a simple transition and suggest that the equilibrium intermediate population comprises one intermediate that may be characterized as a molten globule. To obtain further insight by studying intermediates representing different stages of unfolding, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complex interrelations between protein conformation and energetics.

Weight of preterm newborns during the first twelve weeks of life

A longitudinal and prospective study was carried out at two state-operated maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte during 1996 in order to assess the weight of preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns during the first twelve weeks of life. Two hundred and sixty appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm infants with birth weight <2500 g were evaluated weekly. The infants were divided into groups based on birth weight at 250-g intervals. Using weight means, somatic growth curves were constructed and adjusted to Count's model. Absolute (g/day) and relative (g kg-1 day-1) velocity curves were obtained from a derivative of this model. The growth curve was characterized by weight loss during the 1st week (4-6 days) ranging from 5.9 to 13.3% (the greater the percentage, the lower the birth weight), recovery of birth weight within 17 and 21 days, and increasingly higher rates of weight gain after the 3rd week. These rates were proportional to birth weight when expressed as g/day (the lowest and the highest birth weight neonates gained 15.9 and 30.1 g/day, respectively). However, if expressed as g kg-1 day-1, the rates were inversely proportional to birth weight (during the 3rd week, the lowest and the highest weight newborns gained 18.0 and 11.5 g kg-1 day-1, respectively). During the 12th week the rates were similar for all groups (7.5 to 10.2 g kg-1 day-1). The relative velocity accurately reflects weight gain of preterm infants who are appropriate for gestational age and, in the present study, it was inversely proportional to birth weight, with a peak during the 3rd week of life, and a homogeneous behavior during the 12th week for all weight groups.

Effect of the establishment of dominance relationships on cortisol and other metabolic parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of the establishment of dominance relationships and social stress on plasma cortisol and metabolite levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). During the 30-day experiment, the fish weighing 236 ± 29 g were kept in individual aquaria, except for two pairings lasting 6 h each. Blood samples were taken from the animals before and after pairing. Display, approach, attack, rebuff, chase flight, and coloration were carried out on days 16 and 30. Activities and behaviors characteristic of the establishment of dominance relationships were described. It was possible to classify all experimental fish (N = 30) as dominant or subordinate. No differences were detected between dominant (N = 15) and subordinate (N = 15) fish during isolation or after pairing in cortisol (isolated: 5.76 ± 0.98 vs 5.42 ± 0.63; paired: 10.94 ± 1.62 vs 11.21 ± 2.45 µg/dl), glucose (isolated: 60.02 ± 4.9 vs 67.85 ± 16.16; paired: 110.44 ± 15.72 vs 136.26 ± 22.46 mg/dl), triglyceride (isolated: 167.87 ± 5.06 vs 185.68 ± 7.24; paired: 210.85 ± 13.40 vs 221.82 ± 12.70 mg/dl) or total protein levels (isolated: 7.01 ± 0.42 vs 6.69 ± 0.59; paired: 9.21 ± 0.62 vs 9.51 ± 0.66 g/dl). However, when isolated (N = 30) and paired (N = 30) tilapia were compared, there were significant differences in cortisol and metabolite levels. The similar response presented by dominant and subordinate tilapia indicates that establishment of dominance relationships was a stressor for both groups.