Estudos morfológicos de frutos, sementes e plântulas de Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. (orelha-de-macaco) é uma árvore de interesse madeireiro que possui potencial para plantios florestais em áreas degradadas, por ser heliófila e nodulífera. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar morfologicamente os frutos, sementes e plântulas e definir o estádio de desenvolvimento da "plântula normal" de E. schomburgkii, visando fornecer informações valiosas para a padronização dos estudos de propagação da espécie na área de tecnologia de sementes. O fruto é um legume nucóide, sublenhoso, polispérmico, auriculiforme e circular, com as dimensões de 21,2 × 3,2 cm para o legume estendido; e 6,2 ×5,9 ×0,5 cm para o fruto na forma original. O peso fresco de um fruto foi de 6,7 g, com 16,1 sementes sadias por fruto, sendo necessários 62 frutos para obter 1.000 sementes sadias. O número de sementes por quilograma foi de 18.749 e o peso de mil sementes foi de 53,6 g. A semente é elipsóide, de superfície lisa, brilhosa, marrom-amarelo escuro, com as dimensões de 8,0 ×3,9 ×2,6 mm e peso de 0,054 g. O eixo embrionário é reto e visível, com plúmula bem desenvolvida. Observou-se que a germinação é do tipo epígea fanerocotiledonar, com cotilédones foliáceos. A protrusão da raiz primária foi de 95,7%, e para a formação de plântulas normais foi de 80,2%. A "plântula normal" foi formada entre 7 e 15 dias após a semeadura, possuindo raiz primária bem desenvolvida, raízes secundárias curtas, hipocótilo alongado, cotilédones semi-abertos e primeiros eofilos visíveis, com o mesmo comprimento dos cotilédones.

Patterns of litter production in a secondary alluvial Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil

Above-ground litter production is one of the most accessible ways to estimate ecosystem productivity, nutrient fluxes and carbon transfers. Phenological patterns and climatic conditions are still not fully explained well for tropical and subtropical forests under less pronounced dry season and non-seasonal climates, as well as the interaction of these patterns with successional dynamics. Monthly litterfall was estimated for two years in a 9 to 10 year old secondary alluvial Atlantic Rain forest. Total litterfall was higher in the site with more developed vegetation (6.4 ± 1.2 ton ha-1 year-1; 95% confidence interval) as compared to the site with less developed vegetation (3.0 ± 1.0 ton ha-1 year-1). The monthly production of 11 litter fractions (eight fractions comprising the leaf litter of the seven main species of the community and other species; reproductive parts, twigs £ 2 cm diameter, and miscellaneous material) were correlated with meteorological variables making possible to identify three patterns of deposition. The main pattern, dominated by leaf-exchanging species, consisted of a cycle with the highest litterfall at the beginning of the rainy season, preceding by basically three months the peaks of the annual cycles of rainfall and temperatures. Other two patterns, dominated by brevi-deciduous species, peaked at the end of the rainy season and at the end of the non-rainy season. Tropical and subtropical dry forests that present the highest leaf fall gradually earlier than rain forests (as the studied sites) are possibly related to the start of senescence process. It seems that such process is triggered earlier by a more severe hydric stress, besides other factors linked to a minor physiological activity of plants that result in abscission.

Gender effects on esophageal motility

It has been suggested that there are no gender effects on esophageal motility. However, in previous studies the subjects did not perform multiple swallows and the quantitative features of esophageal contractions were not evaluated. In order to investigate the gender effects on esophageal motility we studied 40 healthy normal volunteers, 20 men aged 37 ± 15 years (mean ± SD), and 20 women aged 38 ± 14 years. We used the manometric method with an eight-lumen polyvinyl catheter and continuous perfusion. The upper and lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured by the rapid pull-through method. With the catheter positioned with one lumen opening in the lower esophageal sphincter, and the others at 5, 10 and 15 cm above the sphincter, ten swallows of a 5-ml water bolus alternated with ten dry swallows were performed. Statistical analysis was done by the Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Gender differences (P<0.05) were observed for wet swallows in the duration of contractions 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 3.7 ± 0.2 s, women: 4.5 ± 0.3 s, mean ± SEM), and in the velocity of contractions from 15 to 10 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 4.7 ± 0.3 cm/s, women: 3.5 ± 0.2 cm/s). There was no difference (P>0.05) in sphincter pressure, duration and percentage of complete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, amplitude of contractions, or in the number of failed, multipeaked and synchronous contractions. We conclude that gender may cause some differences in esophageal motility which, though of no clinical significance, should be taken into consideration when interpreting esophageal motility tests.

Leptin is not associated independently with hypertension in Japanese-Brazilian women

We evaluated the relationship of leptin with hypertension adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and/or waist circumference in a population of Japanese-Brazilian women aged > or = 30 years with centrally distributed adiposity. After excluding diabetic subjects, the study subjects - who participated in a population-based study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome - showed prevalence rates of obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m²) and central adiposity (waist > or = 80 cm) of 32.0 and 37.8%, respectively. The hypertensive group (N = 162) was older, had higher BMI (24.9 ± 4.2 vs 23.3 ± 3.4 kg/m², P < 0.001), waist circumference (81.1 ± 10.1 vs 76.3 ± 8.2 cm, P < 0.001) and insulin levels (8.0 ± 6.2 vs 7.1 ± 4.9 µU/mL, P < 0.05) than the normotensive group (N = 322) and showed an unfavorable metabolic profile (higher 2-h plasma glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol levels). Leptin did not differ between groups (8.2 ± 6.8 vs 7.2 ± 6.6 ng/mL, P = 0.09, for hypertensive vs normotensive, respectively) and its levels correlated significantly with anthropometric variables but not with blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age and waist were independently associated with hypertension but not with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance or leptin levels. The lack of an independent association of hypertension with metabolic parameters (2-h glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol) after adjustment for central adiposity suggested that visceral fat deposition may be the common mediator of the disturbances of the metabolic syndrome. Our data indicate that age and waist are major determinants of hypertension in this population of centrally obese (waist > or = 80 cm) Japanese-Brazilian women, but do not support a role for leptin in the elevation of blood pressure.

Mechanical cardiac remodeling and new-onset atrial fibrillation in long-term follow-up of subjects with chronic Chagas' disease

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects subjects with Chagas' disease and is an indicator of poor prognosis. We investigated clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic variables of Chagas' disease in a long-term longitudinal study as predictors of a new-onset AF episode lasting >24 h, nonfatal embolic stroke and cardiac death. Fifty adult outpatients (34 to 74 years old, 62% females) staged according to the Los Andes classification were enrolled. During a follow-up of (mean ± SD) 84.2 ± 39.0 months, 9 subjects developed AF (incidence: 3.3 ± 1.0%/year), 5 had nonfatal stroke (incidence: 1.3 ± 1.0%/year), and nine died (mortality rate: 2.3 ± 0.8%/year). The progression rate of left ventricular mass and left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly greater in subjects who experienced AF (16.4 ± 20.0 g/year and -8.6 ± 7.6%/year, respectively) than in those who did not (8.2 ± 8.4 g/year; P = 0.03, and -3.0 ± 2.5%/year; P = 0.04, respectively). In univariate analysis, left atrial diameter ≥3.2 cm (P = 0.002), pulmonary arterial hypertension (P = 0.035), frequent premature supraventricular and ventricular contraction counts/24 h (P = 0.005 and P = 0.007, respectively), ventricular couplets/24 h (P = 0.002), and ventricular tachycardia (P = 0.004) were long-term predictors of AF. P-wave signal-averaged ECG revealed a limited long-term predictive value for AF. In chronic Chagas' disease, large left atrial diameter, pulmonary arterial hypertension, frequent supraventricular and ventricular premature beats, and ventricular tachycardia are long-term predictors of AF. The rate of left ventricular mass enlargement and systolic function deterioration impact AF incidence in this population.

Does hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis exist in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients?

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often arising in histologically advanced disease when steatohepatitis is not active (cryptogenic cirrhosis). Our objective was to characterize patients with HCC and active, histologically defined steatohepatitis. Among 394 patients with HCC detected by ultrasound imaging over 8 years and staged by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) criteria, we identified 7 cases (1.7%) with HCC occurring in the setting of active biopsy-proven NASH. All were negative for other liver diseases such as hepatitis C, hepatitis B, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson disease, and hemochromatosis. The patients (4 males and 3 females, age 63 ± 13 years) were either overweight (4) or obese (3); 57% were diabetic and 28.5% had dyslipidemia. Cirrhosis was present in 6 of 7 patients, but 1 patient had well-differentiated HCC in the setting of NASH without cirrhosis (fibrosis stage 1) based on repeated liver biopsies, the absence of portal hypertension by clinical and radiographic evaluations and by direct surgical inspection. Among the cirrhotic patients, 71.4% were clinically staged as Child A and 14.2% as Child B. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 5.2 cm and 5 of 7 patients were classified as early stage; 46% of all nodules were hyper-echoic and 57% were <3 cm. HCC was well differentiated in 1/6 and moderately differentiated in 5/6. Alpha-fetoprotein was <100 ng/mL in all patients. HCC in patients with active steatohepatitis is often multifocal, may precede clinically advanced disease and occurs without diagnostic levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Importantly, HCC may occur in NASH in the absence of cirrhosis. More aggressive screening of NASH patients may be warranted.

Do whole-body vibration exercise and resistance exercise modify concentrations of salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A?

A single bout of resistance exercise (RE) induces hormonal and immune responses, playing an important role in a long-term adaptive process. Whole-body vibration (WBV) has also been shown to affect hormonal responses. Evidence suggests that combining WBV with RE may amplify hormonal and immune responses due to the increased neuromuscular load. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol (Scortisol) and salivary IgA (SIgA) concentrations following a RE session combined or not with WBV. Nine university students (22.9 ± 5.1 years, 175.8 ± 5.2 cm, and 69.2 ± 7.3 kg) performed five sets of squat exercise (70% one-repetition-maximum) combined (R+V30) or not (R) with WBV at 30 Hz. Saliva samples were obtained before and after exercise. Subjects also rated their effort according to the Borg CR-10 scale (RPE). Data were analyzed by a mixed model. RPE was higher after R+V30 (8.3 ± 0.7) compared to R (6.2 ± 0.7). However, Scortisol (pre: 10.6 ± 7.6 and 11.7 ± 7.6, post: 8.3 ± 6.3 and 10.2 ± 7.2 ng/mL for R and R+V30, respectively) and SIgA concentrations (pre: 98.3 ± 22.6 and 116.1 ± 51.2, post: 116.6 ± 64.7 and 143.6 ± 80.5 µg/mL for R and R+V30, respectively) were unaffected. No significant correlations were observed between Scortisol and RPE (r = 0.45, P = 0.22; r = 0.30, P = 0.42, for R and R+V30, respectively). On the basis of these data, neither protocol modified salivary cortisol or IgA, although RPE was higher after R+V30 than R.

Stretch-induced nerve injury: a proposed technique for the study of nerve regeneration and evaluation of the influence of gabapentin on this model

The rat models currently employed for studies of nerve regeneration present distinct disadvantages. We propose a new technique of stretch-induced nerve injury, used here to evaluate the influence of gabapentin (GBP) on nerve regeneration. Male Wistar rats (300 g; n=36) underwent surgery and exposure of the median nerve in the right forelimbs, either with or without nerve injury. The technique was performed using distal and proximal clamps separated by a distance of 2 cm and a sliding distance of 3 mm. The nerve was compressed and stretched for 5 s until the bands of Fontana disappeared. The animals were evaluated in relation to functional, biochemical and histological parameters. Stretching of the median nerve led to complete loss of motor function up to 12 days after the lesion (P<0.001), compared to non-injured nerves, as assessed in the grasping test. Grasping force in the nerve-injured animals did not return to control values up to 30 days after surgery (P<0.05). Nerve injury also caused an increase in the time of sensory recovery, as well as in the electrical and mechanical stimulation tests. Treatment of the animals with GBP promoted an improvement in the morphometric analysis of median nerve cross-sections compared with the operated vehicle group, as observed in the area of myelinated fibers or connective tissue (P<0.001), in the density of myelinated fibers/mm2 (P<0.05) and in the degeneration fragments (P<0.01). Stretch-induced nerve injury seems to be a simple and relevant model for evaluating nerve regeneration.

Effects of disturbed blood flow during exercise on endothelial function: a time course analysis

This study aimed to examine the time course of endothelial function after a single handgrip exercise session combined with blood flow restriction in healthy young men. Nine participants (28±5.8 years) completed a single session of bilateral dynamic handgrip exercise (20 min with 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction). To induce blood flow restriction, a cuff was placed 2 cm below the antecubital fossa in the experimental arm. This cuff was inflated to 80 mmHg before initiation of exercise and maintained through the duration of the protocol. The experimental arm and control arm were randomly selected for all subjects. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood flow velocity profiles were assessed using Doppler ultrasonography before initiation of the exercise, and at 15 and 60 min after its cessation. Blood flow velocity profiles were also assessed during exercise. There was a significant increase in FMD 15 min after exercise in the control arm compared with before exercise (64.09%±16.59%, P=0.001), but there was no change in the experimental arm (-12.48%±12.64%, P=0.252). FMD values at 15 min post-exercise were significantly higher for the control arm in comparison to the experimental arm (P=0.004). FMD returned to near baseline values at 60 min after exercise, with no significant difference between arms (P=0.424). A single handgrip exercise bout provoked an acute increase in FMD 15 min after exercise, returning to near baseline values at 60 min. This response was blunted by the addition of an inflated pneumatic cuff to the exercising arm.

Estudo da vida-de-prateleira de fruta estruturada e desidratada obtida de polpa concentrada de mamão

A fruta estruturada contendo polpa concentrada de mamão (700 g/kg), sacarose (340 g/kg), alginato de sódio (7 g/kg), pectina de baixa metoxilação (7 g/kg) e glicerol (50 g/kg), cortada no formato cilindro sólido (vol. aprox. 2 cm³), desidratada (12% umidade), com cobertura de açúcar impalpável, foi utilizada no estudo de vida-de-prateleira. Foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas no produto devidamente acondicionado em sacos de filme multilaminado, para acompanhar a evolução da perda de qualidade do produto armazenado a 0, 25 e 35 °C, durante 120 dias. Os resultados mostraram que a firmeza objetiva e as avaliações subjetivas da textura e qualidade global, foram as que melhor identificaram a queda na qualidade da fruta estruturada durante a estocagem. Na condição acelerada (35 °C), o produto foi considerado próprio para consumo até 56 dias de armazenamento, quando atingiu a nota 4,5 (não gostei/nem desgostei) da escala de qualidade global do teste sensorial. Os dados cinéticos, Ea = 19,89 kcal/mol e Q10 = 3, estabelecidos no teste acelerado, permitiram estimar o limite da vida útil em 168 dias para o produto armazenado a 25 °C. Em condições normais de armazenamento, estimam-se 154 dias de vida útil com base na equação da qualidade global dos resultados sensoriais.

Efeito da escarificação ácida e de diferentes temperaturas na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Strelitzia reginae

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Strelitzia reginae e de verificar o efeito da escarificação ácida e de diferentes temperaturas na sua germinação, foi conduzido este experimento. As sementes foram escarificadas com ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 0, 3, 5, 7 e 9 minutos. Em laboratório, as sementes foram colocadas em rolo de papel toalha e levadas para o germinador regulado às temperaturas de 25º, 20-30º e 30ºC. No teste de germinação, aos 30 dias, foram avaliadas a percentagem de plântulas normais (germinação), de plântulas anormais, de sementes mortas e de sementes duras. Para determinação do vigor, foram avaliados a primeira contagem da germinação aos 20 dias, o comprimento de radícula e a velocidade de emergência. Em casa de vegetação, à temperatura ambiente, as sementes foram semeadas em leito de areia lavada e esterilizada com brometo de metila, à profundidade de 2 cm. Foram avaliados a percentagem de germinação e o número médio de dias para a emergência das plântulas. Maiores percentagens de germinação e melhor expressão de vigor das sementes foram obtidas à 25ºC. A escarificação com ácido sulfúrico concentrado favoreceu a emergência das plântulas em casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, os melhores resultados de germinação e vigor ocorreram em sementes escarificadas no ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 9 minutos. No entanto, o número de sementes duras obtidas no final do teste justifica a busca de outros tratamentos adicionais para a superação da dormência.

Tegumento e profundidade de semeadura na emergência de plântulas e no desenvolvimento do porta-enxerto Trifoliata

O objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar a emergência de plântulas e o desenvolvimento do porta-enxerto de citros Trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], por meio de tratamentos mecânicos do tegumento das sementes e da variação na profundidade de semeadura. O experimento foi realizado no período de junho a outubro de 2004, em casa-de-vegetação com temperatura controlada. A semeadura foi realizada em tubetes de plástico, contendo substrato comercial. Tegumento íntegro, tegumento com orifício no endosperma do lado oposto ao do embrião e sem tegumento foram as formas de tratar as sementes, semeadas em quatro profundidades (0,5; 1,0; 2,0; e 3,0 cm), sendo o experimento instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições, sendo as unidades experimentais constituídas por 48 tubetes com uma semente cada. Verificou-se que a remoção do tegumento propicia maior porcentagem final de emergência (90%), em relação à realização de um orifício no endosperma (83%) e à manutenção do tegumento (73%). O desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos é maior quando utilizadas sementes sem tegumento ou com orifício no endosperma. As profundidades de semeadura de 1 e 2 cm são as recomendadas para o porta-enxerto Trifoliata.