Internato regional e formação médica: percepção da primeira turma pós-reforma curricular

As escolas médicas brasileiras priorizam o ambiente hospitalar para o ensino e acabam formando profissionais carentes de compromisso social. O curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria implantou, em 2004, um novo currículo que inclui o Internato Regional (IR), em que o interno permanece dois meses em município conveniado, atuando em atenção primária em saúde. Este estudo transversal e quanti-qualitativo teve por objetivo conhecer a percepção dos acadêmicos da primeira turma que realizou o IR sobre o impacto desse modelo de estágio em sua formação, mediante a aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado. Mais de 75% das respostas apontaram ter havido contribuição para maior conhecimento da realidade social e profissional, aprimoramento da relação médico-paciente e desenvolvimento de autoconfiança no exercício da profissão. O principal ponto negativo ressaltado foi o despreparo dos médicos-preceptores para atuar como docentes. No atual contexto de mudanças, o IR surge como uma proposta satisfatória de ampliação dos cenários de prática-ensino-aprendizagem e contribui com a formação humana e pessoal dos futuros médicos, apesar de ainda carecer de preceptoria qualificada.

Estágio supervisionado regional: visão do aluno

O curso de Medicina da Uniderp/Anhanguera busca graduar um médico apto a desenvolver ações condizentes com os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para isto, é necessário que o aluno realize as atividades práticas do quinto e sexto anos nos três níveis de atenção à saúde e em diferentes cenários do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Para alcançar tais objetivos, foi idealizado o Estágio Supervisionado Regional (ESR), em que os alunos do sexto ano desenvolvem atividades práticas em alguns municípios do Estado. Semanalmente, via Nead, os alunos enviam relatório em que descrevem as atividades, demonstram seus conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, fazem autoavaliação conforme o Plano de Ensino, organizam as atividades teóricas e tecem críticas sobre o funcionamento do estágio. Estes relatórios são arquivados no Nead. Foram buscados os conteúdos referentes aos depoimentos e críticas, para fazer um relato da visão do aluno nesse momento de aprendizado extramuros da academia.

Estrutura da vegetação de um cerradão e a heterogeneidade regional do Cerrado no Maranhão, Brasil

A estrutura de um Cerradão no nordeste do Maranhão foi avaliada visando contribuir para a caracterização da heterogeneidade da vegetação no Estado. O método de quadrantes foi utilizado na amostragem de 399 pontos em três transectos paralelos, distribuídos sistematicamente a cada 200 m. O ponto de início do primeiro transecto foi sorteado. O critério de inclusão mínimo foi de 1 cm de diâmetro ao nível do solo. Os 1.596 indivíduos amostrados representaram 69 espécies e 32 famílias. Plathymenia reticulata (Candeia) foi a espécie com maior Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI), diferindo de outras regiões maranhenses. A diversidade (H'= 3,31) e a eqüabilidade (J= 0,78) foram altas e estão dentro da variação conhecida nos Cerrados do Maranhão. A comparação florística entre sete áreas de Cerrado no Estado mostrou elevada heterogeneidade e baixa similaridade. As localidades com maior proximidade geográfica apresentaram maior similaridade florística apenas nas análises com valores de abundância das espécies.

Variabilidade local e regional da evapotranspiração estimada pelo algoritmo SEBAL

Em face da importância em conhecer a evapotranspiração (ET) para uso racional da água na irrigação no contexto atual de escassez desse recurso, algoritmos de estimativa da ET a nível regional foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se de ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto. Este estudo objetivou aplicar o algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) em três imagens do satélite Landsat 5, do segundo semestre de 2006. As imagens correspondem a áreas irrigadas, floresta nativa densa e a Caatinga do Estado do Ceará (Baixo Acaraú, Chapada do Apodi e Chapada do Araripe). Este algoritmo calcula a evapotranspiração horária a partir do fluxo de calor latente, estimado como resíduo do balanço de energia na superfície. Os valores de ET obtidos nas três regiões foram superiores a 0,60 mm h-1 nas áreas irrigadas ou de vegetação nativa densa. As áreas de vegetação nativa menos densa apresentaram taxa da ET horária de 0,35 a 0,60 mm h-1, e valores quase nulos em áreas degradadas. A análise das médias de evapotranspiração horária pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade permitiu evidenciar uma variabilidade significativa local, bem como regional no Estado do Ceará.

Ovo recepção: perfil das pacientes em lista de espera no programa do Hospital Regional da Asa Sul, Brasília, Distrito Federal

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil epidemiológico das pacientes inscritas em lista de espera e principais indicações para o programa de ovo recepção do Hospital Regional da Asa Sul (HRAS) em Brasília, Distrito Federal. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo prospectivo em que foram pesquisadas 330 mulheres inscritas na lista de espera do programa, das quais foram incluídas 67 mulheres independente do fator de infertilidade e que ainda não tinham sido contempladas com o tratamento. Foram excluídas 30 mulheres que moravam em outras cidades, 50 pacientes com idade superior ou igual a 50 anos, 24 pacientes que não desejavam participar do trabalho, nove pacientes que pediram exclusão do programa e 150 pacientes não localizadas por contato telefônico. As pacientes incluídas foram chamadas a responder a um questionário e tiveram seus prontuários recuperados para confirmar a realização da propedêutica necessária, a fim de estabelecer a causa da infertilidade. Os dados foram registrados e analisados pelo programa SPSS versão 12.0. RESULTADOS: o perfil epidemiológico das pacientes inclui faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (82%), não brancas (77,6%), católicas (71,6%), casadas (59,7%), com escolaridade de primeiro ou segundo grau (76,1%), com infertilidade secundária (53,6%) por laqueadura tubária (40,3%) e que começaram a tentar engravidar até 35 anos (91%). Para estas mulheres, a principal indicação para ovo recepção foi idade no momento da inscrição no programa, seguida por baixa reserva ovariana. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados encontrados demonstram a realização indiscriminada de laqueadura tubária. O programa de ovo recepção beneficia mulheres com prognóstico reprodutivo reservado.

Validation of transit-time flowmetry for chronic measurements of regional blood flow in resting and exercising rats

The objective of the present study was to validate the transit-time technique for long-term measurements of iliac and renal blood flow in rats. Flow measured with ultrasonic probes was confirmed ex vivo using excised arteries perfused at varying flow rates. An implanted 1-mm probe reproduced with accuracy different patterns of flow relative to pressure in freely moving rats and accurately quantitated the resting iliac flow value (on average 10.43 ± 0.99 ml/min or 2.78 ± 0.3 ml min-1 100 g body weight-1). The measurements were stable over an experimental period of one week but were affected by probe size (resting flows were underestimated by 57% with a 2-mm probe when compared with a 1-mm probe) and by anesthesia (in the same rats, iliac flow was reduced by 50-60% when compared to the conscious state). Instantaneous changes of iliac and renal flow during exercise and recovery were accurately measured by the transit-time technique. Iliac flow increased instantaneously at the beginning of mild exercise (from 12.03 ± 1.06 to 25.55 ± 3.89 ml/min at 15 s) and showed a smaller increase when exercise intensity increased further, reaching a plateau of 38.43 ± 1.92 ml/min at the 4th min of moderate exercise intensity. In contrast, exercise-induced reduction of renal flow was smaller and slower, with 18% and 25% decreases at mild and moderate exercise intensities. Our data indicate that transit-time flowmetry is a reliable method for long-term and continuous measurements of regional blood flow at rest and can be used to quantitate the dynamic flow changes that characterize exercise and recovery

Autoradiography reveals regional metabolic differences in the endometrium of pregnant and nonpregnant mice

The rodent endometrium undergoes remarkable modifications during pregnancy, resulting from a redifferentiation of its fibroblasts. During this modification (decidualization), the fibroblasts transform into large, polyhedral cells that establish intercellular junctions. Decidualization proceeds from the subepithelial stroma towards the deep stroma situated next to the myometrium and creates regions composed of cells in different stages of differentiation. We studied by autoradiography whether cells of these different regions have different levels of macromolecular synthesis. Radioactive amino acids or radioactive sulfate were administered to mice during estrus or on different days of pregnancy. The animals were killed 30 min after injection of the precursors and the uteri were processed for light microscope autoradiography. Silver grains were counted over cells of different regions of the endometrium and are reported as the number of silver grains per area. Higher levels of incorporation of amino acids were found in pregnant animals as compared to animals in estrus. In pregnant animals, the region of decidual cells or the region of fibroblasts transforming into decidual cells showed the highest levels of synthesis. Radioactive sulfate incorporation, on the other hand, was generally higher in nonpregnant animals. Animals without decidual cell transformation (nonpregnant and 4th day of pregnancy) showed a differential incorporation by subepithelial and deep stroma fibroblasts. This study shows that regional differences in synthetic activity exist in cells that are in different stages of transformation into decidual cells as well as in different regions of the endometrium of nonpregnant mice

Effect of a Brazilian regional basic diet on the prevalence of caries in rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a regional basic diet (RBD) on the prevalence of caries in the molar teeth of rats of both sexes aged 23 days. The animals were divided into six groups of 10 rats each receiving the following diets for 30 and 60 days after weaning: RBD, a cariogenic diet, and a commercial diet. The prevalence and penetration of caries in the molar teeth of the rats was then analyzed. The RBD produced caries in 37.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 days, and in 83.4% of animals fed 60 days, while the cariogenic diet produced caries in 72.5% and 77.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 and 60 days, respectively. Rats fed the RBD for 30 days had caries in the enamel in 38% of their teeth, 48% had superficial dentin caries, and 7.5% moderate dentin caries. The effect of the RBD did not differ significantly from that of the cariogenic diet in terms of the presence of caries in rats fed 60 days. The penetration depth of the caries produced by the RBD was the same as that produced by the cariogenic diet. Our results show that the RBD has the same cariogenic potential as the cariogenic diet. Since the RBD is the only option for the low-income population, there should be a study of how to compensate for the cariogenicity of this diet.

Short-lasting systemic and regional benefits of early crystalloid infusion after intravenous inoculation of dogs with live Escherichia coli

We investigated the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of early crystalloid infusion in an experimental model of septic shock induced by intravenous inoculation with live Escherichia coli. Anesthetized dogs received an intravenous infusion of 1.2 x 10(10) cfu/kg live E. coli in 30 min. After 30 min of observation, they were randomized to controls (no fluids; N = 7), or fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution, 16 ml/kg (N = 7) or 32 ml/kg (N = 7) over 30 min and followed for 120 min. Cardiac index, portal blood flow, mean arterial pressure, systemic and regional oxygen-derived variables, blood lactate, and gastric PCO2 were assessed. Rapid and progressive cardiovascular deterioration with reduction in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and portal blood flow (~50, ~25 and ~70%, respectively) was induced by the live bacteria challenge. Systemic and regional territories showed significant increases in oxygen extraction and in lactate levels. Significant increases in venous-arterial (~9.6 mmHg), portal-arterial (~12.1 mmHg) and gastric mucosal-arterial (~18.4 mmHg) PCO2 gradients were also observed. Early fluid replacement, especially with 32 ml/kg volumes of crystalloids, promoted only partial and transient benefits such as increases of ~76% in cardiac index, of ~50% in portal vein blood flow and decreases in venous-arterial, portal-arterial, gastric mucosal-arterial PCO2 gradients (7.2 ± 1.0, 7.2 ± 1.3 and 9.7 ± 2.5 mmHg, respectively). The fluid infusion promoted only modest and transient benefits, unable to restore the systemic and regional perfusional and metabolic changes in this hypodynamic septic shock model.

Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of enalaprilat infusion in experimental normotensive sepsis

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to improve splanchnic perfusion in distinct shock states. We hypothesized that enalaprilat potentiates the benefits of early fluid resuscitation in severe experimental sepsis, particularly in the splanchnic region. Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs received an intravenous infusion of live Escherichia coli over a period of 30 min. Thereafter, two interventions were performed: fluid infusion (normal saline, 32 mL/kg over 30 min) and enalaprilat infusion (0.02 mg kg-1 min-1 for 60 min) in randomized groups. The following groups were studied: controls (fluid infusion, N = 4), E1 (enalaprilat infusion followed by fluid infusion, N = 5) and E2 (fluid infusion followed by enalaprilat infusion, N = 5). All animals were observed for a 120 min after bacterial infusion. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (CO), portal vein blood flow (PVBF), systemic and regional oxygen-derived variables, and lactate levels were measured. Rapid and progressive reductions in CO and PVBF were induced by the infusion of live bacteria, while minor changes were observed in mean arterial pressure. Systemic and regional territories showed a significant increase in oxygen extraction and lactate levels. Widening venous-arterial and portal-arterial pCO2 gradients were also detected. Fluid replacement promoted transient benefits in CO and PVBF. Enalaprilat after fluid resuscitation did not affect systemic or regional hemodynamic variables. We conclude that in this model of normotensive sepsis inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme did not interfere with the course of systemic or regional hemodynamic and oxygen-derived variables.

Social inequality and perinatal health: comparison of three Brazilian cohorts

The objective of the present study was to estimate and compare social inequality in terms of three indicators, i.e., low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) birth, in three birth cohorts. Two cohorts were from the city of Ribeirão Preto, where data were collected for all 6748 live born singletons in 1978/79 and for one third of live born singletons (2846) in 1994. The third cohort consisted of 2443 singletons born in São Luís over a period of one year (1997/98). In Ribeirão Preto, LBW and PTB rates increased in all social strata from 1978/79 to 1994. Social inequalities regarding LBW and PTB disappeared since the increase in these rates was more accelerated in the groups with higher educational level. The percentage of SGA infants increased over the study period. Social inequality regarding SGA birth increased due to a more intense increase in SGA births in the strata with lower schooling. In São Luís, in 1997/98 there was no social inequality in LBW or PTB rates, whereas SGA birth rate was higher in mothers with less schooling. We speculate that the more accelerated increase in medical intervention, especially due to the increase in cesarean sections in the more privileged groups, could be the main factor explaining the unexpected increase in LBW and PTB rates in Ribeirão Preto and the decrease or disappearance of social inequality regarding these perinatal indicators in the two cities.

Intravenous regional block is similar to sympathetic ganglion block for pain management in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I

Sympathetic ganglion block (SGB) or intravenous regional block (IVRB) has been recommended for pain management in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I). Forty-five patients were initially selected but only 43 were accepted for the study. The present study evaluated the efficacy of IVRB produced by combining 70 mg lidocaine with 30 µg clonidine (14 patients, 1 male/13 females, age range: 27-50 years) versus SGB produced by the injection of 70 mg lidocaine alone (14 patients, 1 male/13 females, age range: 27-54 years) or combined with 30 µg clonidine (15 patients, 1 male/14 females, age range: 25-50 years) into the stellate ganglion for pain management in patients with upper extremity CRPS-I. Each procedure was repeated five times at 7-day intervals, and pain intensity and duration were measured using a visual analog scale immediately before each procedure. A progressive and significant reduction in pain scores and a significant increase in the duration of analgesia were observed in all groups following the first three blocks, but no further improvement was obtained following the last two blocks. Drowsiness, the most frequent side effect, and dry mouth occurred only in patients submitted to SGB with lidocaine combined with clonidine. The three methods were similar regarding changes in pain intensity and duration of analgesia. However, IVRB seems to be preferable to SGB due to its easier execution and lower risk of undesirable effects.

Processamento do queijo coalho regional empregando leite pasteurizado e cultura lática endógena

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma proposta para o processamento do queijo Coalho regional seguindo-se os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Empregou-se leite de vaca padronizado e pasteurizado e culturas láticas endógenas. Foram isoladas, identificadas e caracterizadas culturas láticas endógenas de leite de vaca cru e de queijos Coalho artesanais. Algumas culturas foram avaliadas para a fabricação do queijo Coalho, seguindo-se o fluxograma de fabricação estabelecido neste estudo. O produto final foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, teste de aceitação e teste de fritura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é viável a padronização do produto tradicional, proporcionando redução de custos, qualidade microbiológica e a manutenção das características sensoriais do queijo Coalho regional, com o uso de culturas láticas nacionais.

Para medir as desigualdades raciais no mercado de trabalho

Measuring racial inequalities in the labor market. How much racial inequality is there in Brazilian labor market? What has been the impact of the latest transformations in work relations on it? Can we compare the Brazilian situation to other countries? These questions don't have today an objective answer. This is due, mostly, to the absence of measures which could allow us to make long term and regional comparisons of different racial inequalities situations. Our proposal is to provide new indicators to evaluate racial inequalities in both the occupational and income structure in Brazil. Our results show that whites/non-whites gaps widened since the 1980s. They allow us to affirm, in addition, that racial inequalities are today worst in Brazil than in countries that adopted affirmative action laws to fight discrimination.