Ankle-Brachial Index: Nurses Strategy To Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Identification

Elevated risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events is associated with high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease, with assessment through the ankle-brachial index (ABI). This study aimed to demonstrate that the ABI and the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire are tools to be used by nurses in prevention and/or treatment of CVD (cardiovascular disease). A cross-sectional study was carried out with patients from a cardiovascular clinic. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire was applied and the ABI was measured with the formula (ABI= Blood Pressure Ankle/Blood Pressure Brachial). A total of 115 patients were included, most were females (57.4%), aged 60.6 ± 12.5 years. The most prevalent risk factors were hypertension (64.3%), physical inactivity (48.7%) and family history (58.3%). The study showed that abnormal ABI was frequently found and 42.6% of the patients with abnormal ABI showed intermittent claudication. The method to evaluate the ABI associated to the Edinburg Claudication Questionnaire, can be easily used by nurses in the clinical evaluation of asymptomatic and symptomatic CVD patients.

Prevalence of nursing diagnosis of fluid volume excess in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Objective: To identify the prevalence of nursing diagnosis of fluid volume excess and their defining characteristics in hemodialysis patients and the association between them. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted in two steps. We interviewed 100 patients between the months of December 2012 and April 2013 in a teaching hospital and one hemodialysis clinic. The inference was performed by diagnostician nurses between July and September 2013. Results: The diagnostic studied was identified in 82% of patients. The characteristics that were statistically associated: bounding pulses, pulmonary congestion, jugular vein distention, edema, change in electrolytes, weight gain, intake greater than output and abnormal breath sounds. Among these, edema and weight gain had the highest chances for the development of this diagnostic. Conclusion: The analyzed diagnostic is prevalent in this population and eight characteristics presented significant association.


New enigmatic Andean bee species of Protandrena (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Panurginae)

Panurgine bees are diverse and abundant in temperate areas of the Americas but poorly represented to nearly absent in the tropics. We describe and illustrate five distinctive new species of the genus Protandrena that occur at high altitudes (2000-3400 m) in the Andes, from Venezuela to Ecuador. The species are also described to make the names available in forthcoming papers on their biology. These Andean species resemble some members of the subgenus Heterosarus but differ from it, as well as from any other subgenera of Protandrena, primarily in characters of the male genitalia and hidden sterna. The South American Protandrena s. l. are morphologically highly diverse and a complete study of the group is needed before supraspecific names are proposed for unusual species. Thus, to avoid further nomenclatural changes, we decided not to place these species in a new subgenus or any of the available subgenera. We also provide notes on the biology for some of the species.

Transformação da matéria orgânica e do nitrogênio durante a compostagem da fração sólida do chorume bovino

A fração sólida do chorume (FSC) de duas explorações de pecuária leiteira intensiva (FSC1 e FSC2, recolhidas em fossa aberta e fechada, respectivamente) foi compostada com e sem adição de palha, em pilhas estáticas e em pilhas com revolvimento. A temperatura aumentou rapidamente na FSC1, que foi recolhida mais lentamente, até a máxima diária de 68 °C, registrada na pilha estática com palha. No entanto, a FSC2 não alcançou temperatura superior a 51 °C em qualquer uma das pilhas. A mistura de palha com a FSC aumentou a temperatura no início da compostagem em todas as pilhas, mas as taxas de mineralização da matéria orgânica (MO) não aumentaram. Nas pilhas com revolvimento, a MO potencialmente mineralizável aumentou em comparação com as pilhas estáticas, mas a concentração de N nos compostos finais foi mais elevada nas pilhas sem revolvimento, sugerindo que o revolvimento pode ter aumentado as perdas de N. A relação C/N da FSC diminuiu de forma semelhante em todas as pilhas, desde um valor inicial de 27 ou superior até o valor de 11 a 13 no final da compostagem. A baixa temperatura, a baixa relação C/N e a baixa concentração de NH4+ em combinação com o aumento da concentração de NO3- dos compostos finais indicaram que estes estavam estabilizados. A elevada concentração de MO (720-820 g kg-1) e de N total (30-44 g kg-1) e a baixa condutividade elétrica (inferior a 100 mS m-1) sugerem que os compostos da FSC podem ser utilizados como corretivos orgânicos do solo com benefícios agronômicos e ambientais. No entanto, é necessário continuar a investigar para garantir a higienização do composto, porque a FSC2 não alcançou temperaturas termófilas durante a compostagem.

Carbon dioxide efflux in a rhodic hapludox as affected by tillage systems in southern Brazil

Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of atmospheric C, according to the soil management. This long-term experiment (22 years) was evaluated during 30 days in autumn, to quantify the effect of tillage systems (conventional tillage-CT and no-till-NT) on the soil CO2-C flux in a Rhodic Hapludox in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A closed-dynamic system (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor) and a static system (alkali absorption) were used to measure soil CO2-C flux immediately after soybean harvest. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously with CO2-C flux, by Licor-6400 soil temperature probe and manual TDR, respectively. During the entire month, a CO2-C emission of less than 30 % of the C input through soybean crop residues was estimated. In the mean of a 30 day period, the CO2-C flux in NT soil was similar to CT, independent of the chamber type used for measurements. Differences in tillage systems with dynamic chamber were verified only in short term (daily evaluation), where NT had higher CO2-C flux than CT at the beginning of the evaluation period and lower flux at the end. The dynamic chamber was more efficient than the static chamber in capturing variations in CO2-C flux as a function of abiotic factors. In this chamber, the soil temperature and the water-filled pore space (WFPS), in the NT soil, explained 83 and 62 % of CO2-C flux, respectively. The Q10 factor, which evaluates CO2-C flux dependence on soil temperature, was estimated as 3.93, suggesting a high sensitivity of the biological activity to changes in soil temperature during fall season. The CO2-C flux measured in a closed dynamic chamber was correlated with the static alkali adsorption chamber only in the NT system, although the values were underestimated in comparison to the other, particularly in the case of high flux values. At low soil temperature and WFPS conditions, soil tillage caused a limited increase in soil CO2-C flux.

Postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical oxisol as influenced by summer crop residues and their management

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the most important non-CO2 greenhouse gas and soil management systems should be evaluated for their N2O mitigation potential. This research evaluated a long-term (22 years) experiment testing the effect of soil management systems on N2O emissions in the postharvest period (autumn) from a subtropical Rhodic Hapludox at the research center FUNDACEP, in Cruz Alta, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Three treatments were evaluated, one under conventional tillage with soybean residues (CTsoybean) and two under no-tillage with soybean (NTsoybean) and maize residues (NTmaize). N2O emissions were measured eight times within 24 days (May 2007) using closed static chambers. Gas flows were obtained based on the relations between gas concentrations in the chamber at regular intervals (0, 15, 30, 45 min) analyzed by gas chromatography. After soybean harvest, accumulated N2O emissions in the period were approximately three times higher in the untilled soil (164 mg m-2 N) than under CT (51 mg m-2 N), with a short-lived N2O peak of 670 mg m-2 h-1 N. In contrast, soil N2O emissions in NT were lower after maize than after soybean, with a N2O peak of 127 g m-2 h-1 N. The multivariate analysis of N2O fluxes and soil variables, which were determined simultaneously with air sampling, demonstrated that the main driving variables of soil N2O emissions were soil microbial activity, temperature, water-filled pore space, and NO3- content. To replace soybean monoculture, crop rotation including maize must be considered as a strategy to decrease soil N2O emissions from NT soils in Southern Brazil in a Autumn.

Valores de referência de qualidade para metais pesados em solos no Estado do Espírito Santo

Valores de referência de qualidade (VRQ) para metais pesados em solos, em âmbito mundial, são bastante heterogêneos. No Brasil, poucos estudos para estabelecer esses valores foram concluídos. Na ausência de VRQ para metais pesados em solos, estabelecidos para as condições do Estado do Espírito Santo, utilizam-se valores genéricos internacionais ou desenvolvidos para outros Estados. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que o uso desses valores pode levar a avaliações inadequadas, já que existem diferenças nas condições técnicas e variáveis ambientais de cada região, em especial das condições geológicas, hídricas e pedológicas. Essas diferenças justificam o desenvolvimento de uma tabela própria com VRQ para metais pesados em solos, adequada às condições do Estado do Espírito Santo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo buscou obter os teores naturais de 10 metais pesados e verificar a distribuição desses elementos nos solos das bacias hidrográficas Riacho, Reis Magos e Santa Maria da Vitória, no Estado do Espírito Santo, tendo em vista o estabelecimento de Valores de Referência de Qualidade (VRQ). Para isso, foram determinados os teores totais por ataque ácido, com digestão em forno micro-ondas, conforme o método SW-846 3052 da Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) e dosagem por espectrofotometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido (ICP- OES). Os teores totais extraídos nos solos dessas bacias hidrográficas são relativamente baixos e inferiores aos reportados para solos de regiões brasileiras e de outros países. Os teores de cádmio ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção (LD) do método para todas as amostras. Em consequência, os VRQ obtidos para 12 metais pesados no Estado do Espírito Santo foram semelhantes ou inferiores aos obtidos para outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo. Os VRQ obtidos a partir do percentil 75 (quartil superior) para As (< 12,83), Cd (< 0,13), Co (10,21), Cr (54,13), Cu (5,91), Mn (137,80), Mo (1,74), Ni (9,17), Pb (< 4,54), V (109,96) e Zn (29,87), em mg kg-1; encontram-se próximos ou abaixo daqueles obtidos para o Estado de São Paulo e para solos brasileiros, de modo geral.

Use of steel slag to neutralize acid mine drainage (AMD) in sulfidic material from a uranium mine

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the main environmental impacts caused by mining. Thus, innovative mitigation strategies should be exploited, to neutralize acidity and prevent mobilization of trace elements in AMD. The use of industrial byproducts has been considered an economically and environmentally effective alternative to remediate acid mine drainage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of steel slag to mitigate acid mine drainage in a sulfidic material from a uranium mine, as an alternative to the use of limestone. Thus, increasing doses of two neutralizing agents were applied to a sulfidic material from the uranium mine Osamu Utsumi in Caldas, Minas Gerais State. A steel slag from the company ArcelorMittal Tubarão and a commercial limestone were used as neutralizing agents. The experiment was conducted in leaching columns, arranged in a completely randomized, [(2 x 3) + 1] factorial design, consisting of two neutralizing agents, three doses and one control, in three replications, totaling 21 experimental units. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and the concentrations of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, S, Se, and Zn were evaluated in the leached solutions. The trace element concentration was evaluated by ICP-OES. Furthermore, the CO2 emission was measured at the top of the leaching columns by capturing in NaOH solution and titration with HCl, in the presence of BaCl2. An increase in the pH of the leachate was observed for both neutralizing agents, with slightly higher values for steel slag. The EC was lower at the higher lime dose at an early stage of the experiment, and CO2 emission was greater with the use of limestone compared to steel slag. A decrease in trace element mobilization in the presence of both neutralizing agents was also observed. Therefore, the results showed that the use of steel slag is a suitable alternative to mitigate AMD, with the advantage of reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere compared to limestone.

¿ Cómo responden los estudios de bibliotecología de las universidades españolas a las nuevas demandas sociales?

El estudio se ha llevado a cabo mediante técnicas estadísticas multivariables, de las materias que se imparten en los estudios de Bibliotecología de las distintas universidades españolas, así como de las ofertas de trabajo o de las características profesionales que se demandan sobre este tipo de profesionales. Para ello, la metodología que se ha utilizado ha sido el Análisis Multivariante, que engloba los métodos y técnicas estadísticas que permiten estudiar y tratar, en bloque, un conjunto de variables observadas en una colección de datos. La utilización de este tipo de indicadores ha permitido la realización de un studio pormenorizado de todas las materias ofertadas por las facultades españolas de Bibliotecología, y su vinculación a distintas áreas del conocimiento. A partir de ello, se ha podido realizar un análisis de la interdisciplinariedad existente en estos estudios, que resulta ser muy elevada y que no tiene correspondencia en cuanto a la presencia de los conocimientos de Bibliotecología en otras disciplinas. Otro de los resultados del estudio es la representación gráfica de las distintas universidades donde se observa su proximidad o lejanía respecto a la formación que ofrecen a los estudiantes frente a las demandas sociales existentes.

Política de equidad en el acceso a la información: avanzando hacia un Chile digital

El mundo digital rompe completamente con la secuencia y linealidad característica en la lectura del texto impreso, incorporando además sonidos e imágenes. Chile, no ha quedado ajeno a este proceso de cambios. Es así como en el año 98' se inició con el trabajo de un grupo de expertos, la definición de políticas públicas asociadas con las nuevas tecnologías a objeto de impulsar la universalización del acceso, el desarrollo de nuevas capacidades competitivas y la modernización del Estado. Otro hito importante fue la elaboración de la denominada Agenda Digital que también fijó medidas concretas en esta materia para el bienio 2004-2006. Dentro de estos documentos, queremos destacar en especial la política de equidad en el acceso a la información. En la ejecución práctica se cita el caso BiblioRedes, programa que ofrece internet y capacitación gratis en 378 bibliotecas públicas distribuidas en todo Chile, cuyos resultados han sido reconocidos internacionalmente.

Predacion de semillas de Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. en un cultivo de soja: influencia del sistema de siembra

El objetivo fue evaluar las pérdidas del banco superficial de semillas de Amaranthus quitensis H.B.K. (yuyo colorado) debidas a la predación por insectos en un cultivo de soja y en el barbecho posterior, en dos sistemas de laboreo. Los experimentos se realizaron durante las campañas 94/95 y 95/96. Para calcular la tasa de predación se emplearon bandejas cubiertas con tejido para evitar el ingreso de roedores y con tela de tul en los tratamientos testigos; en cada una se sembraron 100 semillas de la maleza y cada 15 días se registró el número de semillas remanentes. Para determinar los insectos presentes y su abundancia se emplearon trampas "pitfall". Entre los insectos capturados se encontró el carábido Notiobia cupripennis, su mayor abundancia se registró en marzo (4,5 y 5,8 insectos/trampa en convencional y 2,7 y 3,3 insectos/trampa en siembra directa), coincidiendo con las tasas de predación más altas (5,6% y 8% en convencional y 2,7% y 3,8% en siembra directa); tanto en abundancia como en predación se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos sistemas. A partir de este mes, las diferencias no fueron significativas, el número de insectos y la tasa de predación disminuyeron. En ambos años existió una correlación positiva entre estas variables.

Decision criteria for optimizing postemergence johnsongrass control in soybean crops in Argentina

Field studies were established in Zavalla and Oliveros, Argentina, during four years in order to optimize Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) chemical control by means of the thermal calendar model in comparison with other criteria (weed height or days after sowing). The effect of three application dates of postemergence herbicides was determined by visual control, density of tillers originated from rhizome bud regrowth, and from crown and shoot bud regrowth, and soybean yield. Following the thermal calendar model criterion, applications during the second date afforded the best control. Weed height for the first date showed little variability between experiments but was highly variable in the second and third application dates, achieving in some cases values greater than 120 cm. For all years, no significant differences were detected for crop yield between the first and second application dates, and yields were always lower for the third date. The greatest rhizome bud regrowth was observed for the earliest application date and the highest crown and shoot bud regrowth was determined for the last application date. Parameters associated with control efficiency showed the best behaviour for the second date. However, plant height at this moment may interfere with herbicide application and the variability exhibited by this parameter highlights the risk of determining control timing using only one decision criterion.

Evaluación del consumo de semillas de malezas por Notiobia (Anisotarsus) cupripennis (Germ.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

En este trabajo se estimó la preferencia alimentaria de Notiobia cupripennis por semillas de ocho especies de malezas primavero-estivales (Pr-Es) y de seis especies otoño-invernales (Ot-In) más comunes en los agroecosistemas del Sur de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Las semillas de las especies de cada grupo fueron ofrecidas en conjunto y de a pares a adultos confinados individualmente. La relación (semillas dañadas/semillas disponibles) x 100 de cada especie fue considerada como índice de preferencia alimentaria. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante análisis de la variancia y test de rangos múltiples de Duncan y mediante un test de diferencia de medias, previa transformación arcoseno de los datos. Las semillas de las especies Ot-In fueron más dañadas (27,65%) que las Pr-Es (10,40%). Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en el porcentaje de semillas dañadas entre las diferentes especies; las dicotiledóneas fueron más preferidas que las gramíneas. El orden de preferencia alimentaria se mantuvo cuando los insectos fueron obligados a elegir entre semillas de dos especies de malezas. La preferencia alimentaria se atribuiría a diferencias en el tamaño, la consistencia del tegumento y la composición química de las semillas en relación con la habilidad de manipulación de las mismas y los requerimientos nutricionales del insecto.

Resistencia de Amaranthus quitensis a imazetapir y clorimurón-etil

El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la existencia de biotipos de A. quitensis H.B.K. resistentes a imazetapir y clorimurón-etil. Se utilizaron semillas recolectadas en las localidades de Zavalla, General Baldissera, Marcos Juárez y Las Rosas. Las dosis de herbicidas utilizadas fueron 1/8x, 1/4x, 1/2x, 1x, 5x, 10x y 20x de la dosis de uso recomendada. Se determinó la mortalidad y biomasa de las plantas tratadas. Se calcularon las dosis de herbicidas requeridas para reducir en un 50% la biomasa de las plantas de la maleza (GR50) y se estimó la relación entre GR50 del biotipo resistente y GR50 del susceptible (factor de resistencia). El biotipo Zavalla resultó muy susceptible; con la mitad de la dosis de uso de ambos herbicidas la mortalidad fue 95%. El biotipo General Baldissera presentó resistencia cruzada; con dosis 20 veces superiores a las recomendadas, la mortalidad fue 57,5% y 20% para imazetapir y clorimurón-etil, respectivamente. El factor de resistencia de este biotipo respecto a Zavalla fue 165 y 246 para imazetapir y clorimurón-etil, respectivamente. Los biotipos Las Rosas y Marcos Juárez fueron resistentes a imazetapir y sin embargo resultaron muy susceptibles a clorimurón-etil. Las diferencias en los patrones de resistencia estarían asociadas con distintos niveles de presión de selección en las poblaciones analizadas.

Genes do eixo somatotrófico e características de crescimento numa população F2 de bovinos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos dos genes bGH, IGF-1 e PIT-1 com características de peso e ganho de peso numa população F2 de bovinos (Gir x Holandês), pela técnica de PCR-RFLP. As freqüências alélicas A e B, do gene PIT-1, e dos genótipos AA, AB e BB, nas populações parentais foram semelhantes entre si, mas diferentes das freqüências nas populações cruzadas F1 e F2, para esse gene. Quanto ao gene bGH, os animais da raça Holandesa apresentaram freqüência de 100% para o alelo E e os animais da raça Gir, 92% para o alelo F, resultando em alta freqüência de indivíduos heterozigotos nas populações F1 e F2. Quanto ao gene IGF-1, todos os animais da raça Holandesa eram heterozigotos (AB) e, nos animais Gir, a maioria dos indivíduos foi de homozigotos (AA), o que resultou em alta freqüência do alelo A nas populações F1 e F2. Foram encontradas associações significativas do alelo A do gene PIT-1 com as características de peso aos 60, 205, 365 dias e ganho de peso do nascimento aos 60 dias. Em bGH, observou-se efeito significativo do alelo E para peso aos 365 dias e ganho de peso do nascimento aos 60 dias, enquanto o efeito do alelo A do IGF-1 foi significativo somente para peso ao nascimento. Os alelos identificados podem ser usados como marcadores no melhoramento animal.