A absorção de ferro pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

A absorção do cobre pela cana de açúcar Co 419 em função da idade

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

Absorção de molibdênio pela cana de açúcar variedade Co 419, em função da idade

In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

Influência da porcentagem de areia no solo e Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid e White) Chitwood sobre a incidência de murcha de algodoeiro causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atk) Snyder e Hansen

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade estudar o efeito das diferentes porcentagens de areia, em substratos artificiais sobre a severidade de murcha do algodoeiro. Para êste fim foram utilizados substratos artificiais com quantidades variáveis de areia. Como inóculo foram utilizados suspensões de Meloidogyne, Fusarium e Fusarium mais Meloidogyne. Os três inóculos foram testados em duas; variedades de algodão. Os resultados obtidos com a variedade RM2 no 1.° ensaio mostraram uma maior incidência de murcha nos substratos, com maior porcentagem de areia, isto é, 90% e 60%. Quanto ao inóculo utilizado, a maior incidência da doença ocorreu nos tratamentos que receberam inoculação conjunta de Fusarium mais Meloidogyne. No segundo ensaio, utilizando-se a variedade RM4 não foram obtidos dados que mostrassem diferenças significativas entre substratos. Isto provavelmente se deve a um aumento no potencial de inóculo e uma melhor distribuição do mesmo. No entanto, houve uma diferença significativa para os tipos de inóculo utilizados, sendo que a maior severidade de doença ocorreu quando o inóculo era constituído de fungo e de nematóide, seguindo-se o tratamento cujo inóculo era constituido só de fungo No ensaio feito com variedade RM4 foi obtida significância para a interação tipos de inóculo versus substratos. A interação mostrou que o inóculo constituído só de Fusarium comportou-se diferentemente nos diferentes, tipos de substratos, utilizados. Tendo a maior severidade da doença ocorrido no substrato contendo a maior porcentagem de areia. No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas para a severidade da doença causada pelo inóculo constituido do fungo mais nematóides nos diferentes substratos, o que mostra efeito do inóculo de Meloidogyne sôbre o inóculo em potencial de Fusarium. Os diferentes tipos de inóculo comportaram-se de modo diferentes nos substratos de terra roxa, e nos substratos contendo 60% e 90% de areia, sendo que a maior coloração dos vasos foi obtida nos tratamentos que receberam os inóculos de Fusarium e Fusarium mais Meloidogyne.

Calliphorid fly (Diptera, Calliphoridae) attraction to different colored traps in the Tingua Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The present study intended to analyze calliphorid attraction to traps painted in a variety of colors and the calliphorid constancy index in the Tingua Biological Reserve, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The Diptera were collected monthly in the Reserve, between 2002 and 2005, totaling 24 samplings. Four traps containing sardines as bait were painted olive green, blood red, black, or white and exposed for 48 h at four equidistant points, 50 m from each other. To determine the calliphorid species constancy, the Bodenheirmer constancy index was used throughout the study. To analyze differences in the total abundance between species and in their color selection, an ANCOVA test with a significance level of 5 % and a Tukey post-test were used, considering the categories species and color as cofactors and climatic variables as co-variables (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation), since the samples were collected over two years. 10,444 insects were captured. Of these, 56 % belonged to the Calliphoridae family, totaling 13 species, with the most frequent species being Laneela nigripes (28.5 %), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (17 %), and Mesembrinella sp. (16.4 %). The other species had frequencies lower than 12 %. Nine species were considered constant, two accessories, and two accidental. The data indicated that the most frequent species presented significant differences between themselves concerning abundance over the captured months, however, the Tukey post-test indicated differences only between a few of them. The black trap presented the higher relative calliphorid frequency (27.34 %), followed by green (25 %), red (24.0 %), and white (23.7 %), although the species abundance in the different colored traps did not differ significantly among themselves. Therefore, there was no Calliphorid flies preference for any of the tested colors.

Use of tree species by White-throated treerunner (Pygarrhichas albogularis King) in a secondary native forest of southern Chile

ABSTRACT In forest ecosystems, numerous species of insectivorous birds use certain tree species as feeding and nesting substrates. Between 2009 and 2010, the use of different floristic components as feeding substrate by the Pygarrhichas albogularis King, 1831 was evaluated in a southern Chilean secondary native forest. From a total of 13 trees and bush species, six tree species were used by P. albogularis as a feeding substrate. Tree use was limited to intermediate heights (11-20 m) and, mainly, to the trunk (40% of observations) and secondary branches (26%). Pygarrhichas albogularis showed a disproportionated use of N. dombeyi and an important use of trees with a greater age structure (DBH 81-100 cm). Nothofagus dombeyi presented a significantly greater tree bark crevice depth than E. cordifolia. In turn, covariance between crevice depth and invertebrate supply in tree bark was positive and significant. We consider bark depth and invertebrate supply to be the proximate causes explaining P. albogularis disproportionated use of Nothofagus dombeyi.

Comentario ao esquema de classificação das Salmonellas de Kauffmann-White

The classification of salmonellae in accordance with the Kauffmann-White schema accepted by the Committee> presents various inconveniences and difficulties to application. Among these is the necessity of preparing, dosing and preserving a considerable number of specific sera whose validity as is well known, is limited. The criterion of Kauffmann’s classification is exclusively, for it abandoned cultural tests, leaving therefore only a unilateral criterion. By following it one might include Chromobacterium typhi-flavum in the Salmonella genus as well as other bacteria which differ completely from the Salmonella, as long as they are antigenically related. On the other hand, the chart approximates or separates in the different groups of antigen O species or types of salmonellae which are biologically close or almost indistinguishable. The chart has given rise to an excessive number of species and lypes of salmonellae which from 44 in the chart approved by the Committee> in 1934 rose ro 60 in Bergey’s Manual and everything leads one to believe that the end is not yet for every day new lypes or species are found. And perforce this must be so for new antigenic factors have been found which give rise to new structural combinations. Applying the formula of combinations (formule) to the factors already known, there are probable possibilities of having 260 different antigenic combinations in group A, or 3260 lypes or species if all the flagellate antigens of the other groups should be found, in it combined 2 and 2. Futher applying the formula of combinations to the other groups there would be possibility of so many combinations that the number of salmonellae would exceed the number of known bacterian species or perhaps the number of those existing on earth. Undoubledly Kauffmann-White’s chart is an improvement, but the bacterian analysis made with it was exaggerated and exceeded the limit of the present possibilities of the realities of life. It revealed interesting aspects of the somatic complexity of bacteria but seems untenable because of its use in pratical sense.

Alterações cutâneas do cão no Kala-Azar sul-americano

According to E. Chagas (1938), South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland). Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland). A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil), Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine), and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia). A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937). Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938) in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil) gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937) to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi). Latter CUNHA (1938) state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940) found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933). Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911) in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928) in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929) and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929) in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931) in Greece. Depilation is signaled by YAKIMOFF & KOHL-YAKIMOFF (1911) in Tunis, by YAKIMOFF (1915) in Turkestan. Eczematous areas or a condition described as "eczema furfurace" is sometimes noted in the areas of depilation (DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD). The skin changes noticed by ADLER & THEODOR (1932) in dogs naturally infected with Mediterranean Kala Azar can be briefly summarized as a selective infiltration of macrophages around hair follicles including the sebaceous glands and the presence of infected macrophages in normal dermis. The latter phenomenon in the complete absence of secondary infiltration of round cells and plasma cells is the most striking characteristic of canine Kala Azar and differentiates it from L. tropica. In the more advanced stages the dermis is more cellular than that of normal dogs and may even contain a few small dense areas of infiltration with macrophages and some round cells and polymorphs. The external changes, i. e., seborrhea and depilation are roughly proportional to the number of affected hair follicles. In dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar the parasites were regularly found in blocks of skin removed from the living animal every fortnight (CUNHA, 1938). The changes noticed by CUNHA, besides the presence of Leishmania, were perivascular and diffuse infiltration of the cutis with mononuclears sometimes more marked near hair follicles, as well as depilation, seborrhea and ulceration. The parasites were first discovered and very numerous in the paws. Our material was obtained from dogs experimentally infected by Dr. A. MARQUES DA CUNHA< and they were the subject of a previous paper by CUNHA (1938). In this study, however, several animals were discarded as it was found that they did develop a superimposed infection by Demodex canis. This paper deals with the changes found in 88 blocks of skin removed from five dogs, two infected with two different canine strains, and three with two distinct human strains of South-American Kala Azar. CUNHA'S valuable material affords serial observations of the cutaneous changes in Kala Azar as most of the blocks of skin were taken every fortnight. The following conclusions were drawn after a careful microscopic study. (1) Skin changes directly induced in the dog by the parasites of South-American Kala Azar may b described as an infiltration of the corium (pars papillaris and upper portion of the reticular layer) by histocytes. Parasites are scanty, at first, latter becoming very numerous in the cytoplasm of such cells. Sometimes the histocytes either embedding or not leishman bodies appear as distinct nodes of infiltration or cell aggregations (histocytic granuloma, Figs. 8 and 22) having a perivascular distribution. The capillary loops in the papillae, the vessels of the sweat glands, the subpapillary plexus, the vertical twigs connecting the superficial and deep plexuses are the ordinary seats of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (2) Some of the cutaneous changes are transient, and show spontaneous tendency to heal. A gradual transformation of the histocytes either containing or not leishman bodies into fixed connective tissue cells or fibroblasts occut and accounts for the natural regression just mentioned. Figs. 3, 5, 18, 19 and 20 are good illustrations of such fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (3) Skin changes induced by the causative organism of South-American Kala Azar are neither uniform nor simultaneous. The same stage may be found in the same dog in different periods of the disease, and not the same changes take place when pieces from several regions are examined in the same moment. The fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic granulomata marking the beginning of the process of repair, e. g., was recognised in dog C, in the 196th as well as in the 213rd (Fig. 18) and 231st (Fig. 19) days after the inoculation. (4) The connective tissue of the skin in dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar is overflowed by blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) besides the proliferation in situ of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. A marked increase in the number of cells specially the "ruhende Wanderzellen" (Figs. 4 and 15) is noticed even during the first weeks after inoculation (prodomal stage) when no leishman bodies are yet found in the skin. Latter a massive infiltration by amoeboid wandering cells similar to typical blood monocytes (Fig. 21) associated to a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Figs. 9, 17, 21, and 24) indicates that the emigration of blood cells...

A atitude do cão na micção e os hormônios sexuais

Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência dos hormônios sexuais sôbre a atitude do cão no ato de urinar. Enquanto nos machos castrados depois de quarto mês de idade não é evitado o aparecimento da atitude característica de elevação de uma das patas traseiras durante a emissão da urina, os castrados antes de segundo mês, em regra, conversam na idade adultao tipo infantil, isto é, afastamento das patas posteriores e leve abaixamento da bacia. A castração precoce, entretanto, não impede as tentativas copulatórias como a monta e os movimentos pélvicos. Cães castrados na infância e mantendo na idade afulta o comportamento infantil de micção começam a elevar uma das patas trazeiras depois do tratamento pela testosterona. O tratamento de machos castrados com estrogênicos não provocou o aparecimento da atitude urinária feminina, que é caracterizada pela flexão das patas traseiras, e abaixamento muito acentuado do trem posterior. Também a administração de testosterona a cadelas normais ou castradas, em regra, não fez, com que elas exibissem a postura masculina, esboçada apenas num único caso. A importância dos fatôres hormonais e nervosos envolvidos no mecanismo regulador foi comentada e discutida. Do exposto, pode-se concluir que o dimorfismo postural do cão no ato de urinar é um caráter sexual secundário e, pelo menos no macho, dependente da testosterona.

Ação do tártaro emético sôbre o coração isolado do cão

Em 1944, MAGALHÃES & DIAS estudaram, no cão e no homem, a ação do tártaro emético, em doses tóxicas e terapêuticas, respectivamente, sôbre o eletrocardiograma. Concluiram que havia sinais de sofrimento miocárdico, que "deviam relacionar-se a um "deficit" de oxigenação, determinado pela diminuição do sangue circulante. Êste, por sua vez, deve estar ligado à estase, função da vaso-dilatação". O presente trabalho é um complemento do anterior. Empregaram-se nas experiências corações isolados de cães em aparelho de Hérlitzka, sôbre os quais passavam soluções de tártaro emético em concentrações variadas. Mostrou o tártaro emético ter as seguintes ações: I - Diminúe a contrabilidade. II - Diminúe a condutividade. III - Aumenta a excitabilidade. IV - Produz a síncope imediata, reversivel, expontânea. V - Êstes fenômenos tóxicos são reversíveis, depois de substituir a solução de tártaro emético em Locke, por Locke puro.

O eletrocardiograma na fase crônica da doença de Chagas experimental no cão

O Autor estudou o eletrocardiograma de 6 cães adultos antes e após a inoculação, nestes animais, de uma amostra de Schizotrypanum cruzi obtida de um caso humano de miocardite chagásica com bloqueio aurículo-ventricular total. A fase aguda da moléstia nos cães foi seguida por frequentes exames de sangue a fresco, entre lãmina e lamínula, para a pesquisa do flagelado. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos antes da inoculação e até 320 dias após a mesma. Além das derivações periféricas, em alguns cães, registrou também as derivações precordiais. A interpretação dos eletrocardiogramas seriados foi feita levando-se em conta a variabilidade dos traçados em série observada em cães normais. Em todos os 6 cães estudados houve uma diminuição muito acentuada da voltagem dos complexos ventriculares, denotando lesão miocárdica. A diminuição da voltagem de QRs já se evidencia na fase aguda e de transição da moléstia, tornando-se máxima logo no inicio da fase crônica. Em dois cães, paralelamente com a diminuição da voltagem, houve uma rotação do eixo elétrico para a esquerda. Em um cão foram observadas extrasístoles ventriculares e, em dois, extrasístoles auriculares. Somente em um cão observou alterações significativas da onda P. constituidas por alargamento e entalhe da mesma. O Autor salienta e discute o fato de não ter encontrado alterações na condução (não houve aumento de Pr e somente em um caso houve alargamento significativo de QRS). As pesquizas ainda continuam sendo apenas parciais os resultados apresentados. Agradecemos ao Prof. AMERICANO FREIRE pelas sugestões e ao Sr. KURT BENSEMANN pela constante assistencia técnica.

Hiperglicemia na intoxicação escorpiônica experimental em cão

The production of hyperglycemia during the acute phase of scorpion poisoning produced by T. bahiensis in dogs is confirmed now. The highest degree on average, was reached 10 minutes after the injection of venom. In our hands, the previous bilateral adrenalectomy did not avoid the hyperglycemia. The average of the blood sugar level has been similar to that observed in dogs with adrenal glands, the highest blood sugar level was also registered after 10 minutes. The hyperglycemia obtained in adrenolectomized dogs is, probably, due to the liberation of Sympatin (Nor-adrenalin and adrenalin) as a consequence of the central excitation by the poison on the hepatic nerves and other ganglionar terminations of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Our present researches suggest that the venom has adrenergic action besides the central action.