Intercalação e funcionalização da brucita com ácidos carboxílicos

Brucite (Mg(OH)2) is a structural model of several natural layered minerals as well as of synthetic layered double hydroxides (LDH). Exchange reaction studies of these compounds are well documented in the literature but surface chemical modifications, especially for brucite, are quite rare. We report the behaviour of brucite in reaction with succinic and benzoic acid in different solvents and temperatures. The compounds were analysed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surfaces of brucite crystals were grafted producing expansions, attributed to the arrangement of the grafted species between the layers.

Métodos de obtenção e aplicações sintéticas de tiazóis, uma importante classe de compostos heterocíclicos

Thiazoles comprise an important class of heterocyclic compounds present in many potent biologically active molecules. This heterocyclic ring also shows various applications in organic synthesis to obtain new compounds. This paper presents different methodologies for the preparation of thiazole ring systems, as well as their synthetic applications.

Obtenção de vanilina: oportunidade biotecnológica

Natural aroma compounds are of major interest to the food and fragrance industry. Vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was isolated from the vanilla beans in 1816 and its world consumption has reached today about 12000 tons per year. But only approximately 50 tons per year are extracted from vanilla pods (Vanilla planifolia). The remainder is provided by synthetic vanillin. This review is about alternative processes to produce natural vanillin de novo or by biotransformation using biotechnological methods involving enzymes, microorganisms and plant cells.

Tiossemicarbazonas: métodos de obtenção, aplicações sintéticas e importância biológica

Thiosemicarbazones are a class of compounds known by their chemical and biological properties, such as antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral and antiprotozoal activity. Their ability to form chelates with metals has great importance in their biological activities. Their synthesis is very simple, versatile and clean, usually giving high yields. They are largely employed as intermediates, in the synthesis of others compounds. This article is a survey of some of these characteristics showing their great importance to organic and medicinal chemistry.

Heterociclos 1,2,3-triazólicos: histórico, métodos de preparação, aplicações e atividades farmacológicas

The 1,2,3-triazole, known since the end of 19th century, is a very widely used heterocyclic system present in many synthetic substances and commercial pharmaceutical compounds. In fact, 1,2,3-triazoles show several applications in many areas especially as medicines against many diseases like cancer, AIDS, Parkinson and Alzheimer. Nowadays there is a large variety of known methods to obtain these heterocyclic compounds comprising mainly three synthetic routes. Nevertheless, there is no article that gives an objective overview of the synthetic methods for obtaining these kinds of azoheterocycles. This paper presents a brief history of this class of compounds, and a synthetic discussion concerning the main synthetic methods for its preparation, such as cyclization through hydrazones, concerted cycloadditon [2+3] and pseudopericyclic cyclization - and some others of restricted application, but also important. Finally, this paper also provides a brief overview on pharmacological applications of some 1,2,3-triazoles.

Antioxidants used in oils, fats and fatty foods

Lipid oxidation is certainly one of the most important alterations that affect both oils or fats and foods that contain them. It is responsible for the development of unpleasant taste and smell in foods, making them unsuitable for consuming. The use of antioxidants permits a longer useful life of these products. This work presents a bibliographic review of research carried out in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural or synthetic substances used in the conservation of food lipid. Among such substances, the following antioxidants are highlighted: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), tocopherols, phenolic acids and isolated compounds from rosemary and oregano.

Hormônios sexuais estrógenos: contaminantes bioativos

Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in several parts of the world. The primary sources of these compounds are the industrial and household effluents, which are not eliminated by the received treatment. This paper presents a brief description of the problem as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the main compounds, the environmental behavior, methods of determination, ecotoxicological aspects and a discussion about its relevance in terms of ecology and public health.

Estratégias utilizadas no combate a resistência bacteriana

This article provides an overview on the recent achievements to combat Gram-positive bacteria and the mechanisms related to antimicrobial activity and bacterial resistance. Selected synthetic methodologies to access structurally diverse bioactive compounds are presented in order to emphasize the most important substances currently developed to overcome multiresistant strains. The main properties of vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics are also discussed as a background to understanding the design of new chemotherapeutic agents.

On the application of knoevenagel condensation for the synthesis of benzylidene benzothiazine compounds and structural study

The synthesis and physico-chemical properties of new 6-acetylamino or 6-benzoyl-amino 2-benzylidene-4-methyl-4H-benzo[1,4]thiazin-3-ones and 6-benzoylamino or 6-nitro 2-benzylidene-4H-benzo[1,4]thiazin-3-ones are described. These benzylidene benzothiazine compounds were prepared by the Knoevenagel condensation with benzaldehydes. The configurations and conformations of benzylidene benzothiazine derivatives were optimised using the semi-empirical method AM1.

Recentes avanços na preparação de aziridinas. Aplicações sintéticas e implicações mecanísticas

This article surveys a selection of the most recent advances in aziridine synthesis. Novel synthetic methods and new insights into existing methodologies for the selective construction of the title compounds reported in the past decade are discussed in terms of synthetic applicability and environmentally benign conditions. Mechanisms involving stereoselective preparation of structurally diverse aziridines are also presented in order to highlight the most important issues associated with the synthesis of these versatile building blocks.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of benzoates with some bivalent transition metal ions

Solid-state MBz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and Bz is benzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The procedure used in the preparation of the compounds via reaction of basic carbonates with benzoic acid is not efficient in eliminating excess acid. However the TG-DTA curves permitted to verify that the binary compounds can be obtained by thermosynthesis, because the benzoic acid can be eliminated before the thermal decomposition of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability, thermal decomposition and structure of the isolated compounds. On heating, these compounds decompose in two (Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) or three (Fe, Cu) steps with formation of the respective oxide (Mn3O4, Fe2O3, Co3O4, NiO, CuO and ZnO) as final residue. The theoretical and experimental spectroscopic studies suggest a covalent bidentate bond between ligand and metallic center.

Interferentes endócrinos no ambiente

Although the hypothesis that environmental chemicals may exhibit endocrine disrupting effects is not new, the issue has been a growing level of concern due to reports of increased incidences of endocrine-related disease in humans, including declining male fertility, and more significantly, to adverse physiological effects observed in wildlife where cause and effect relationships are more evident. The list of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) includes a range of anthropogenic compounds, phytoestrogens, naturally occurring sex steroids and synthetic estrogens. Within the aquatic environment, the presence of EDCs has concerned many scientists and water quality regulators. Discharge of effluents from treatment facilities is likely to be a significant source of input of contaminants to many systems, and the potential for concentration of hydrophilic compounds and transformation products within sludges has implications for their disposal. Then, understanding the processes and the fate of EDCs on the environment, as well as the mechanisms of endocrine disruption, may facilitate controlling or limiting exposure of both humans and the environment to these compounds.

Electrical and magnetic properties of new compounds of the conductor anion [Ni(dmit)2]- and nitronyl nitroxide magnetic radicals

Three compounds have been synthesized with formulae [3-MeRad][Ni(dmit)2] (1), [4-MeRad][Ni(dmit)2] (2) and [4-PrRad][Ni(dmit)2] (3) where [Ni(dmit)2]- is an anionic pi-radical (dmit = 1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate) and [3-MeRad]+ is 3-N-methylpyridinium alpha-nitronyl nitroxide, [4-MeRad]+ is 4-N-methylpyridinium alpha-nitronyl nitroxide and [4-PrRad]+ is 4-N-propylpyridinium alpha-nitronyl nitroxide. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of 1 revealed that an antiferromagnetic interaction operates between the 3-MeRad+ radical cations with exchange coupling constants of J1 = - 1.72 cm-1 and antiferromagnetism assigned to the spin ladder chains of the Ni(dmit)2 radical anions. Compound 1 exhibits semiconducting behavior and 3 presents capacitor behavior in the temperature range studied (4 - 300 K).

Preparações e aplicações sintéticas recentes de enaminonas

Enaminones are beta-enamino carbonylic compounds bearing the conjugated system N-C=C-C=O, which makes them versatile ambident synthetic building blocks, particularly in synthesis of heterocycles. This review covers the last three years of the literature concerning the preparation and synthetic applications of enaminones.

Reações de acoplamento cruzado de organossilanos catalisadas por paládio: aspectos históricos, sintéticos e mecanísticos

The development of the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions employing organosilicon compounds is described. Important synthetic methods utilized to prepare organosilicons and different types of cross-coupling reactions involving these compounds are presented. Mechanistic aspects are also discussed.