Operational parameters of soybean seeding in santa fe system

The use of no tillage system associated with the crop-livestock integration is an alternate managing that promotes the accumulation of dry matter in the soil, an essential fact to make the system sustainable and profitable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the operational performance of a planter-tractor set on maize straws intercropped with Urochloa, in different seeding modes. The soybean crop was seed on the intercropping of two forage species (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa ruziziensis) in five cropping systems: MBL (Maize with Urochloa in the maize seeding row, mixed with base fertilizer and deposited at 0.10 m), MBE (Maize with Urochloa seeded between rows at the same day of seeding maize), MBC (Urochloa between rows of maize seeded with the covering fertilizer at the V4 stage), MBLA (Maize with Urochloa by broadcast seeding at the V4 stage ) and MS (Single Maize: control). The following variables were evaluated: dry mass of maize straw, dry mass of forages and total dry mass of straw; and for the operational parameters the speed of seeding, wheel slippage, traction force and average power at the drawbar. The results showed that the amount of straw produced by maize intercropping with Urochloa, interferes in the operational performance of the tractor-planter at the operation of soybean seeding, i.e., areas with higher amount of straw promote greater energy demand, as well as higher wheel slippage.

Characterization of soil parameters of two soils of Rio Grande do Sul in modeling the prediction of tractive effort

The interaction between the soil and tillage tool can be examined using different parameters for the soil and the tool. Among the soil parameters are the shear stress, cohesion, internal friction angle of the soil and the pre-compression stress. The tool parameters are mainly the tool geometry and depth of operation. Regarding to the soils of Rio Grande do Sul there are hardly any studies and evaluations of the parameters that have importance in the use of mathematical models to predict tensile loads. The objective was to obtain parameters related to the soils of Rio Grande do Sul, which are used in soil-tool analysis, more specifically on mathematical models that allow the calculation of tractive effort for symmetric and narrow tools. Two of the main soils of Rio Grande do Sul, an Albaqualf and a Paleudult were studied. Equations that relate the cohesion, internal friction angle of the soil, adhesion, soil-tool friction angle and pre-compression stress as a function of water content in the soil were obtained, leading to important information for use of mathematical models for tractive effort calculation.

Identification of acoustic parameters for broiler welfare estimate

Estimates of broiler welfare have subjective character. Nowadays, researchers seek non-invasive features or indicators that may describe this condition in animal production. The aim of this study was to identify acoustic parameters to estimate broiler welfare using the following five vocalization acoustic parameters: energy, spectral centroid, bandwidth, first formant, and second formant. The database that generated the model was obtained from a field experiment with 432 broilers, which half were Cobb® and half, Ross® breed, from day 21 to 42, containing bird vocalizations under either welfare or stress conditions. The results of the experiment generated responses to the tested conditions of gender, genetic strain, and welfare. The proposed model was based on the specific response of mean weights for each situation of stress and well-being. From the results, a model was developed to estimate the welfare condition of broilers from the registered information linked to their vocalization.

Methodology for spatialization of intense rainfall equation parameters

The aim of this study was to generate maps of intense rainfall equation parameters using interpolated maximum intense rainfall data. The study area comprised Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A total of 59 intense rainfall equations were used to interpolate maximum intense rainfall, with a 1 x 1 km spatial resolution. Maximum intense rainfall was interpolated considering recurrence of 2; 5; 10; 20; 50 and 100 years, and duration of 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 120; 240; 360; 420; 660; 720; 900; 1,140; 1,380 and 1,440 minutes, resulting in 96 maps of maximum intense rainfall. The used interpolators were inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging, for which significance level (p-value) and coefficient of determination (R²) were evaluated for the cross-validation data, choosing the method that presented better R² to generate maps. Finally, maps of maximum intense precipitation were used to estimate, cell by cell, the intense rainfall equation parameters. In comparison with literature data, the mean percentage error of estimated intense rainfall equations was 13.8%. Maps of spatialized parameters, obtained in this study, are of simple use; once they are georeferenced, they may be imported into any geographic information system to be used for a specific area of interest.

Bartlett-Lewis of rectangular pulse modified model: estimate of parameters for simulation of precipitation in sub-hourly duration

The Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulse Modified (BLPRM) model simulates the precipitous slide in the hourly and sub-hourly and has six parameters for each of the twelve months of the year. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of precipitation series in the duration of 15 min, obtained by simulation using the model BLPRM in situations: (a) where the parameters are estimated from a combination of statistics, creating five different sets; (b) suitability of the model to generate rain. To adjust the parameters were used rain gauge records of Pelotas/RS/Brazil, which statistics were estimated - mean, variance, covariance, autocorrelation coefficient of lag 1, the proportion of dry days in the period considered. The results showed that the parameters related to the time of onset of precipitation (λ) and intensities (μx) were the most stable and the most unstable were ν parameter, related to rain duration. The BLPRM model adequately represented the mean, variance, and proportion of the dry period of the series of precipitation lasting 15 min and, the time dependence of the heights of rain, represented autocorrelation coefficient of the first retardation was statistically less simulated series suitability for the duration of 15 min.

Mathematical simulation parameters for drying of cassava starch pellets

Based on experimental tests, it was obtained the equations for drying, equilibrium moisture content, latent heat of vaporization of water contained in the product and the equation of specific heat of cassava starch pellets, essential parameters for realizing modeling and mathematical simulation of mechanical drying of cassava starch for a new technique proposed, consisting of preformed by pelleting and subsequent artificial drying of starch pellets. Drying tests were conducted in an experimental chamber by varying the air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and product load. The specific heat of starch was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The generated equations were validated through regression analysis, finding an appropriate correlation of the data, which indicates that by using these equations, can accurately model and simulate the drying process of cassava starch pellets.

Effect of companion ion on nitrate displacement through transport parameters analysis

Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen associated with water contamination; the high mobility of this species in soil justifies the concern regarding nitrogen management in agricultural soils. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess the effect of companion cation on nitrate displacement, by analyzing nitrate transport parameters through Breakthrough Curves (BTCs) and their settings made by numerical model (STANMOD). The experiment was carried out in the Soil and Water Quality Laboratory of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture in Piracicaba (SP), Brazil. It was performed using saturated soil columns in steady-state flow condition, in which two different sources of inorganic nitrate Ca(NO3)2 and NH4NO3 were applied at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 NO3-. Each column was filled with either a Red-Yellow Oxisol (S1) or an Alfisol (S2). Results are indicative that the companion ion had no effect on nitrate displacement. However, nitrate transport was influenced by soil texture, particle aggregation, solution speed in soil and organic matter presence. Nitrate mobility was higher in the Alfisol (S2).

Spatial influence of physical and chemical parameters on management zone definition in apple orchards

ABSTRACT Precision agriculture adoption in Brazilian apple orchards is still incipient. This study aimed at evaluating the spatial variability of certain soil properties as soil density, soil penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, yield, and fruit quality in an apple orchard through digital mapping, as well as assessing the correlation between these factors by means of geostatistics, establishing management zones. Forty representative points were set within 2.5 hectares of apple orchard, wherein soil samples were collected and analyzed, besides measurements of fruit quality (Brix degree, size or diameter, pulp firmness and color) to generate an overall index quality. We concluded that the fruit quality indexes, when isolated, did not show strong spatial dependence, unlike the index of fruit quality (FQI), derived from a combination of these parameters, allowing orchard planning according to management zones based on quality.

Reference range of uterine artery Doppler parameters between the 11th and 14th pregnancy weeks in a population sample from Northeast Brazil

PURPOSE: To establish reference values for the first trimester uterine artery resistance index (UtA-RI) and pulsatility index (UtA-PI) in healthy singleton pregnant women from Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study including 409 consecutive singleton pregnancies undergoing routine early ultrasound screening at 11 - 14 weeks of gestation was performed. The patients responded to a questionnaire to assess maternal epidemiological characteristics. The left and right UtA-PI and UtA-RI were examined by color and pulsed Doppler by transabdominal technique and the mean UtA-PI, mean UtA-RI and the presence of bilateral protodiastolic notching were recorded. Quartile regression was used to estimate reference values. RESULTS: The mean±standard deviation UtA-RI and UtA-PI were 0.7±0.1 and 1.5±0.5, respectively. When segregated for gestation age, mean UtA-PI was 1.6±0.5 at 11 weeks, 1.5±0.6 at 12 weeks, 1.4±0.4 at 13 weeks and 1.3±0.4 at 14 weeks' gestation and mean UtA-RI was 0.7±0.1 at 11 weeks, 0.7±0.1 at 12 weeks, 0.6±0.1 at 13 weeks and 0.6±0.1 at 14 weeks' gestation. Uterine artery bilateral notch was present in 261 (63.8%) patients. We observed that the 5th and 95th percentiles of the UtA-PI and UtA-RI uterine arteries were 0.7 and 2.3 and, 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. CONCLUSION: Normal reference range of uterine artery Doppler in healthy singleton pregnancies from Northeast Brazil was established. The 95th percentile of UtA-PI and UtA-RI values may serve as a cut-off for future prediction of pregnancy complications studies (i.e., pre-eclampsia) in Northeast Brazil.

Metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos de ovinos tratados com monensina sódica e experimentalmente submetidos à acidose ruminal

A acidose láctica ruminal é causada pela ingestão excessiva de carboidratos de fermentação rápida sem uma prévia adaptação dos mocroorganismos, podendo com isso gerar distúrbios metabólicos graves aos ruminantes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos em ovinos tratados com a monensina sódica na acidose láctica ruminal induzida experimentalmente. Foram empregados 18 ovinos, machos, mestiços (Ideal x Merino), fistulados no rúmen; dos quais nove receberam 33 mg/kg da dieta do ionóforo ao dia, durante 30 dias, os demais ovinos pertenceram ao grupo controle. A acidose foi induzida fornecendo 15g de sacarose/kg de peso corporal. A avaliação clínica e as amostras de rúmen e sangüíneas foram obtidas antes (momento controle) 0h e às 6h, 12h, 24h e 48h pós-indução. Em ambos os grupos os animais apresentaram manifestações clínicas de acidose láctica ruminal 6 horas pós-indução. A partir deste período se observou uma diminuição significativa (p<0,05) do pH no fluido ruminal, que alcançou valores inferiores a cinco, e diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os grupos a partir das 12h pós-indução foram constatadas, nos quais os ovinos tratados com a monensina apresentaram valores superiores em relação aos do grupo controle. Durante este período ocorreu uma inibição do metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos nos animais estudados, ocorrendo restabelecimento desta função somente nos ovinos que receberam a monensina. O pH sangüíneo, a glicose plasmática e o cálcio ionizável sofreram alterações nos seus índices. A concentração do cortisol sérico elevou-se de forma significativa (p< 0,05) em ambos os grupos, porém diferenças (p< 0,05) entre eles foram constatadas ao final no período de observação. O tratamento com a monensina não influenciou o metabolismo oxidativo dos neutrófilos, inibido pela acidose láctica; porém se verificou uma recuperação mais rápida deste metabolismo nos animais em que receberam o ionóforo.

Estudo comparativo de algumas provas funcionais do fluido ruminal e de metabólitos sangüíneos de bovinos e bubalinos

No fluido ruminal de búfalos e de bovinos da Região Amazônica, alimentados com capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) var. Cameron, foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: cor, odor, viscosidade, sedimentação, flotação, pH, redução do azul de metileno, fermentação da glicose, acidez total, número total de protozoários, teor de cloretos, redução de nitrito e grupo de bactérias predominantes. No soro sangüíneo também foram avaliados os teores de cloretos, proteínas totais e uréia. A comparação desses dados não resultou em diferenças significativas entre as duas espécies, com exceção do teor de cloretos e do número e distribuição dos protozoários. Nos búfalos, os teores de cloretos foram mais baixos e o número de protozoários foi maior do que o observado em bovinos; adicionalmente nos búfalos predominaram os protozoários pequenos, enquanto em bovinos preponderaram os protozoários grandes.

Estudo clínico e características do suco ruminal de caprinos com acidose láctica induzida experimentalmente

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da acidose láctica ruminal, induzida experimentalmente em caprinos, sobre o quadro clínico, as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do fluido ruminal. Para tal, foram utilizados dez animais, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso médio de 25 kg, machos, com um a dois anos de idade, fistulados, clinicamente sadios e mantidos em baias. Após se estabelecer os padrões de normalidade para as variáveis estudadas, os animais foram induzidos experimentalmente a ter a acidose ruminal empregando-se a sacarose, na dose de 15 g/kg de peso corporal. As observações clínicas e laboratoriais foram realizadas nos intervalos de 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas, após a indução (PI) onde se avaliou a intensidade do processo da acidose láctica ruminal. Os caprinos estudados apresentaram manifestações clínicas de acidose láctica ruminal já a partir das 4 horas PI, cujos sinais como apatia, anorexia, taquicardia, atonia ruminal, distensão abdominal e diarréia de intensidade variável foram observados. As características do suco ruminal sofreram alterações, ocorreu a redução do pH para valores inferiores a 5, a cor tornou-se leitosa, o odor ácido e a consistência aquosa. O tempo de atividade de sedimentação (TAS) reduziu seus valores, e a dinâmica da fauna e flora ficaram comprometidas, havendo um predomínio da microbiota Gram-positiva. Ao término do período de observação constatou-se que em alguns animais não ocorreu o restabelecimento pleno das variáveis analisadas.

Características do fluído ruminal de ovinos Santa Inês criados extensivamente em Pernambuco

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer padrões de normalidade para as características do fluído ruminal de ovinos da raça Santa Inês criados sob regime extensivo de pastagem no município de Garanhuns, Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco. Foram coletadas amostras de 50 animais, por meio de sonda esofágica, nos períodos de inverno (estação chuvosa) e verão (estação seca). As cores do fluído predominantes foram a verde oliva, no período chuvoso, e a castanha, no período seco. O odor aromático foi observado em todas as amostras, estando mais pronunciado no inverno. A consistência levemente viscosa predominou em ambas as estações, com maior freqüência desta no inverno. O tempo de sedimentação e flotação foi de 6,73min (±1,63) na estação chuvosa e 3,15min (±0.72) na estação seca. Nas provas bioquímicas os valores médios encontrados para o inverno e verão, respectivamente, foram: pH, 6,76±0,21 e 6,59±0,14; redução do azul de metileno, 3,20 min (±0,76) e 7,76min (±3.00); teor de cloretos, 28,14±4,16mEq/L e 24,97±5,65mEq/L; acidez total titulável, 21,90±4,38UC e 13,68±2.97UC. Observou-se densidade abundante (+++) de protozoários no inverno e moderada (++) no verão. A motilidade dos protozoários foi bastante ativa (+++) e havia aproximadamente 90% deles vivos em ambos os períodos experimentais. A contagem de protozoários no inverno foi de 425.373±217.258/mL e 155.375± 83.113/mL no verão. As bactérias Gram-negativas predominaram em ambas as estações.

Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic echocardiographic parameters in healthy dogs by pulsed-wave Doppler

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction plays an important role on heart failure progression. In order to obtain additional reference values of left ventricular diastolic parameters and investigate influence of common variables, peak E wave (peak E), peak A wave (peak A), E/A ratio (E/A), E wave deceleration time (EDT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRVT) were studied in 40 clinically healthy dogs, by pulsed wave Doppler. The following values were obtained: peak E = 0.747 ± 0.117 m/s, peak A = 0.487 ± 0.062 m/s, E/A = 1.533 ± 0.198, EDT = 88.7 ± 9.2 ms and IRVT = 0.080 ± 0.009 s. Some parameters were influenced by heart rate (peak E, peak A and IRVT), by age (peak A and E/A) and by body weight (TRIV). Gender influence was absent. Values obtained can be used as reference for canine specimens but its interpretation should consider on the influence of related variables.

Effects of weight loss on the cardiac parameters of obese dogs

Obesity is one of the most frequent nutritional problems in companion animals and can lead to severe health problems in dogs and cats, such as cardiovascular diseases. This research aimed to evaluate the structural and functional cardiac changes after weight loss in obese dogs. Eighteen obese healthy dogs were assigned into three different groups, according with their initial body weight: Group I (dogs up to 15 kg), Group II (dogs weighing between 15.1 and 30 kg), and Group III (dogs weighing over 30 kg). The animals were submitted to a caloric restriction weight-loss program until they lose 15% of the body weight. The M-mode echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and blood pressure evaluations were performed before the diet has started and after the dogs have reached the target weight. Data showed a decrease in left ventricular free wall thickness during diastole and systole in Group III, decrease in the systolic blood pressure in Group III, and also in the mean blood pressure in Group II. It was possible to conclude that the weight loss program can reverse structural cardiac changes such as left ventricle eccentric hypertrophy in dogs weighing more than 30 kg, and decrease the arterial blood pressure in obese dogs.