CCR2 and CCR5 genes polymorphisms in women with cervical lesions from Pernambuco, Northeast Region of Brazil: a case-control study

Polymorphisms in chemokine receptors play an important role in the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to cervical cancer (CC). Our study examined the association of CCR2-64I (rs1799864) andCCR5-Δ32 (rs333) polymorphisms with susceptibility to develop cervical lesion (CIN and CC) in a Brazilian population. The genotyping of 139 women with cervical lesions and 151 women without cervical lesions for the CCR2-64I and CCR5-Δ32 polymorphisms were performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The individuals carrying heterozygous or homozygous genotypes (GA+AA) for CCR2-64I polymorphisms seem to be at lower risk for cervical lesion [odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, p = 0.0008)]. The same was observed for the A allele (OR = 0.39, p = 0.0002), while no association was detected (p > 0.05) with CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism. Regarding the human papillomavirus (HPV) type, patients carrying the CCR2-64Ipolymorphism were protected against infection by HPV type 16 (OR = 0.35, p = 0.0184). In summary, our study showed a protective effect ofCCR2-64I rs1799864 polymorphism against the development of cervical lesions (CIN and CC) and in the susceptibility of HPV 16 infection.

Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak

ABSTRACT After a dengue outbreak, the knowledge on the extent, distribution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance is essential for successful insecticide-based dengue control interventions. Therefore, we evaluated the potential changes to insecticide resistance in natural Aedes aegypti populations to Organophosphates (OP) and Pyrethroids (PY) after chemical vector control interventions. After a Dengue outbreak in 2010, A. aegypti mosquitoes from the urban area of Jacarezinho (Paraná, Brazil) were collected in 2011 and 2012. Insecticide resistance to OP Temephos was assessed in 2011 and 2012 by dose–response bioassays adopting WHO-based protocols. Additionally, in both sampling, PY resistance was also investigated by the Val1016Ile mutation genotyping. In 2011, a random collection of mosquitoes was carried out; while in 2012, the urban area was divided into four regions where mosquitoes were sampled randomly. Bioassays conducted with larvae in 2011 (82 ± 10%; RR95 = 3.6) and 2012 (95 ± 3%; RR95 = 2.5) indicated an incipient altered susceptibility to Temephos. On the other hand, the Val1016IIe mutation analysis in 2011, presented frequencies of the 1016Ilekdr allele equal to 80%. Nevertheless, in 2012, when the urban area of Jacarezinho was analyzed as a single unit, the frequency of the mutant allele was 70%. Additionally, the distribution analysis of the Val1016Ile mutation in 2012 showed the mutant allele frequencies ≥60% in all regions. These outcomes indicated the necessity of developing alternative strategies such as insecticide rotations for delaying the evolution of resistance.

Intervalo hídrico ótimo na avaliação de sistemas de pastejo contínuo e rotacionado

A qualidade física do solo sob sistemas de pastejo contínuo e rotacionado foi avaliada pelo Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO). A amostragem foi realizada na área experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Foi estudado um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foram avaliados quatro piquetes, sendo dois no sistema de pastejo contínuo e dois no sistema de pastejo rotacionado. No sistema de pastejo contínuo, implementado com a espécie Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete, não tendo um dos piquetes recebido adubação de manutenção (Cs), enquanto o outro havia recebido adubação bianual de manutenção (Cc). No sistema de pastejo rotacionado, implementado com a espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete; em um dos piquetes, o resíduo pós-pastejo era mantido entre 2,0 e 2,5 t ha-1 de matéria seca total (MST) (R1), enquanto no outro era mantido entre 3,0 e 3,5 t ha-1 MST (R2). As amostras foram submetidas a um gradiente de tensão de água e, posteriormente, utilizadas nas determinações da densidade do solo (Ds), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), umidade volumétrica (tetav) e do IHO. O sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentou piores condições físicas do solo para o crescimento vegetal, avaliadas pelo critério do IHO. Os maiores valores de Ds e menor IHO foram observados no R1, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação mais elevadas aplicadas neste piquete.

Avaliação da disponibilidade de nitrogênio no solo para o trigo em Latossolo Vermelho do Distrito Federal

Em razão da grande importância do nitrogênio na nutrição mineral das plantas, instalou-se um experimento em condições de campo em um Latossolo Vermelho, no ano agrícola 2005, no campo experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina (DF), com o objetivo de realizar a calibração de métodos de determinação desse nutriente no solo para a cultura do trigo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com seis repetições, e os tratamentos foram seis doses de N: 0, 70, 140, 210, 280 e 350 kg ha-1. Amostras de solo das camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm foram retiradas, e três diferentes extratores químicos foram utilizados para avaliação da disponibilidade de N no solo. Os maiores coeficientes de determinação, obtidos pela regressão quadrática entre a produtividade do trigo e o N do solo extraído pelos diferentes extratores, foram observados nas análises das amostras da camada de 0-20 cm, de acordo com a seguinte ordem: KCl 2 mol L-1 a 100 °C (R2 = 0,997**) > H2O2/MnO2 (R² = 0,992**) > tampão pH 11,2 + NO3- (R² = 0,985**) > tampão pH 11,2 (R² = 0,960**). Os elevados valores dos coeficientes de determinação indicam que a camada de 0-20 cm é a mais recomendada em análises de rotina de N no solo para o trigo. Considerando a simplicidade de análise e o elevado coeficiente de determinação, o método da solução-tampão pH 11,2 + NO3- pode ser indicado para análise de rotina de N no solo. Os níveis críticos econômicos de N no solo calculados pelos diferentes extratores químicos, para as relações preço do quilograma de N/preço do quilograma do trigo de 5 a 7, foram: 90 a 68 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 87 a 66 mg kg-1 (KCl 2M a 100 ºC), 81 a 62 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2 + NO3-) e 64 a 47 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2). Já os níveis críticos calculados pelo método matemático de Cate - Nelson foram: 94 mg kg-1 (H2O2/MnO2), 90 mg kg-1 (KCl 2M a 100 ºC), 82 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2 + NO3-) e 61 mg kg-1 (tampão pH 11,2).

Carbon stock and its compartments in a subtropical oxisol under long-term tillage and crop rotation systems

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a crucial role in soil quality and can act as an atmospheric C-CO2 sink under conservationist management systems. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects (19 years) of tillage (CT-conventional tillage and NT-no tillage) and crop rotations (R0-monoculture system, R1-winter crop rotation, and R2- intensive crop rotation) on total, particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon (C) stocks of an originally degraded Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Southern Brazil. The climate is humid subtropical Cfa 2a (Köppen classification), the mean annual precipitation 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature 19.2 ºC. The plots were divided into four segments, of which each was sampled in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m. Sampling was performed manually by opening small trenches. The SOM pools were determined by physical fractionation. Soil C stocks had a linear relationship with annual crop C inputs, regardless of the tillage systems. Thus, soil disturbance had a minor effect on SOM turnover. In the 0-0.30 m layer, soil C sequestration ranged from 0 to 0.51 Mg ha-1 yr-1, using the CT R0 treatment as base-line; crop rotation systems had more influence on soil stock C than tillage systems. The mean C sequestration rate of the cropping systems was 0.13 Mg ha-1 yr-1 higher in NT than CT. This result was associated to the higher C input by crops due to the improvement in soil quality under long-term no-tillage. The particulate C fraction was a sensitive indicator of soil management quality, while mineral-associated organic C was the main pool of atmospheric C fixed in this clayey Oxisol. The C retention in this stable SOM fraction accounts for 81 and 89 % of total C sequestration in the treatments NT R1 and NT R2, respectively, in relation to the same cropping systems under CT. The highest C management index was observed in NT R2, confirming the capacity of this soil management practice to improve the soil C stock qualitatively in relation to CT R0. The results highlighted the diversification of crop rotation with cover crops as a crucial strategy for atmospheric C-CO2 sequestration and SOM quality improvement in highly weathered subtropical Oxisols.

Long-term C-CO2 emissions and carbon crop residue mineralization in an oxisol under different tillage and crop rotation systems

Soil C-CO2 emissions are sensitive indicators of management system impacts on soil organic matter (SOM). The main soil C-CO2 sources at the soil-plant interface are the decomposition of crop residues, SOM turnover, and respiration of roots and soil biota. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of tillage and cropping systems on long-term soil C-CO2 emissions and their relationship with carbon (C) mineralization of crop residues. A long-term experiment was conducted in a Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, with subtropical climate Cfa (Köppen classification), mean annual precipitation of 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature of 19.2 ºC. Treatments consisted of two tillage systems: (a) conventional tillage (CT) and (b) no tillage (NT) in combination with three cropping systems: (a) R0- monoculture system (soybean/wheat), (b) R1- winter crop rotation (soybean/wheat/soybean/black oat), and (c) R2- intensive crop rotation (soybean/ black oat/soybean/black oat + common vetch/maize/oilseed radish/wheat). The soil C-CO2 efflux was measured every 14 days for two years (48 measurements), by trapping the CO2 in an alkaline solution. The soil gravimetric moisture in the 0-0.05 m layer was determined concomitantly with the C-CO2 efflux measurements. The crop residue C mineralization was evaluated with the mesh-bag method, with sampling 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 days after the beginning of the evaluation period for C measurements. Four C conservation indexes were used to assess the relation between C-CO2 efflux and soil C stock and its compartments. The crop residue C mineralization fit an exponential model in time. For black oat, wheat and maize residues, C mineralization was higher in CT than NT, while for soybean it was similar. Soil moisture was higher in NT than CT, mainly in the second year of evaluation. There was no difference in tillage systems for annual average C-CO2 emissions, but in some individual evaluations, differences between tillage systems were noticed for C-CO2 evolution. Soil C-CO2 effluxes followed a bi-modal pattern, with peaks in October/November and February/March. The highest emission was recorded in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The C-CO2 effluxes were weakly correlated to air temperature and not correlated to soil moisture. Based on the soil C conservation indexes investigated, NT associated to intensive crop rotation was more C conserving than CT with monoculture.

VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DA PRODUTIVIDADE DE SORGO E DE ATRIBUTOS DO SOLO NA REGIÃO DO ECÓTONO CERRADO-PANTANAL, MS

O Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moech é uma importante forrageira de alta produção, que cresce no cenário brasileiro ainda de forma lenta em substituição ao cultivo de milho safrinha. A cultura do sorgo seria alternativa no período da seca na produção de silagem para o período das águas; contudo, o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas pode ser influenciado por alterações nos atributos do solo, como textura, porosidade e estrutura do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e caracterizar a dependência e variabilidade espacial entre atributos do solo e a cultura do sorgo forrageiro, em um Planossolo Hidromórfico no ecótono Cerrado-Pantanal. Para tanto, estimaram-se a produtividade de matérias verde e seca de forragem (MVF e MSF) de sorgo forrageiro e os atributos do solo, como macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi), porosidade total (Pt), diâmetro médio geométrico, diâmetro médio ponderado, índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA) e teor de carbono orgânico total do solo (COT), em duas profundidades: 1 (0,00-0,10 m) e 2 (0,10-0,20 m). Em relação à malha geoestatística, foram realizadas 50 coletas de atributos de planta e solo em 40 ha. Isso possibilitou detectar a elevada variabilidade espacial dos atributos de planta (MVF e MSF) e também os atributos do solo que mais variaram espacialmente. Com relação às variáveis que apresentaram dependência espacial, o coeficiente de determinação (r2) decresceu na seguinte ordem: IEA1, silte2, Ma1, Pt1, areia2, silte1, MSF, argila1, MVF e IEA2. Com isso, verificou-se que IEA1 apresentou o melhor ajuste semivariográfico (r2 = 0,926), com alcance de 677,0 m, e o avaliador da dependência espacial (50,6 %) moderado. O silte1, porém, evidenciou o menor alcance (111,0 m) e, assim, recomenda-se que em estudos posteriores o alcance mínimo a ser adotado, para esse tipo de avaliação, não deve ser inferior a esse valor em Planossolo Hidromórfico sob preparo convencional. A correlação linear foi significativa e elevada para MVF e MSF, ao passo que entre atributos de planta versus solo houve correlações positiva e negativa. No âmbito da cokrigagem, a argila1 foi o melhor indicador para estimar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade de massa seca de forragem de sorgo de correlação significativa e negativa (r = -0,292*).

PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS FOR ESTIMATING SOIL BULK DENSITY IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Under field conditions in the Amazon forest, soil bulk density is difficult to measure. Rigorous methodological criteria must be applied to obtain reliable inventories of C stocks and soil nutrients, making this process expensive and sometimes unfeasible. This study aimed to generate models to estimate soil bulk density based on parameters that can be easily and reliably measured in the field and that are available in many soil-related inventories. Stepwise regression models to predict bulk density were developed using data on soil C content, clay content and pH in water from 140 permanent plots in terra firme (upland) forests near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The model results were interpreted according to the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and were validated with a dataset consisting of 125 plots different from those used to generate the models. The model with best performance in estimating soil bulk density under the conditions of this study included clay content and pH in water as independent variables and had R2 = 0.73 and AIC = -250.29. The performance of this model for predicting soil density was compared with that of models from the literature. The results showed that the locally calibrated equation was the most accurate for estimating soil bulk density for upland forests in the Manaus region.

APPRAISAL OF THE SNAP MODEL FOR PREDICTING NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN TROPICAL SOILS UNDER EUCALYPTUS

The Soil Nitrogen Availability Predictor (SNAP) model predicts daily and annual rates of net N mineralization (NNM) based on daily weather measurements, daily predictions of soil water and soil temperature, and on temperature and moisture modifiers obtained during aerobic incubation (basal rate). The model was based on in situ measurements of NNM in Australian soils under temperate climate. The purpose of this study was to assess this model for use in tropical soils under eucalyptus plantations in São Paulo State, Brazil. Based on field incubations for one month in three, NNM rates were measured at 11 sites (0-20 cm layer) for 21 months. The basal rate was determined in in situ incubations during moist and warm periods (January to March). Annual rates of 150-350 kg ha-1 yr-1 NNM predicted by the SNAP model were reasonably accurate (R2 = 0.84). In other periods, at lower moisture and temperature, NNM rates were overestimated. Therefore, if used carefully, the model can provide adequate predictions of annual NNM and may be useful in practical applications. For NNM predictions for shorter periods than a year or under suboptimal incubation conditions, the temperature and moisture modifiers need to be recalibrated for tropical conditions.

WATER INFILTRATION IN TWO CULTIVATED SOILS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Infiltration is the passage of water through the soil surface, influenced by the soil type and cultivation and by the soil roughness, surface cover and water content. Infiltration absorbs most of the rainwater and is therefore crucial for planning mechanical conservation practices to manage runoff. This study determined water infiltration in two soil types under different types of management and cultivation, with simulated rainfall of varying intensity and duration applied at different times, and to adjust the empirical model of Horton to the infiltration data. The study was conducted in southern Brazil, on Dystric Nitisol (Nitossolo Bruno aluminoférrico húmico) and Humic Cambisol (Cambissolo Húmico alumínico léptico) soils to assess the following situations: simulated rains on the Nitisol from 2001 to 2012 in 31 treatments, differing in crop type, sowing direction, type of soil opener on the seeder, amount and type of crop residue and amount of liquid swine manure applied; on the Cambisol, rains were simlated from 2006 to 2012 and 18 treatments were evaluated, differing in crop, seeding direction and crop residue type. The constant of the water infiltration rate into the soil varies significantly with the soil type (30.2 mm h-1 in the Nitisol and 6.6 mm h-1 in the Cambisol), regardless of the management system, application time and rain intensity and duration. At the end of rainfalls, soil-water infiltration varies significantly with the management system, with the timing of application and rain intensity and duration, with values ranging from 13 to 59 mm h-1, in the two studied soils. The characteristics of the sowing operation in terms of relief, crop type and amount and type of crop residue influenced soil water infiltration: in the Nitisol, the values of contour and downhill seeding vary between 27 and 43 mm h-1, respectively, with crop residues of corn, wheat and soybean while in the Cambisol, the variation is between 2 and 36 mm h-1, respectively, in soybean and corn crops. The Horton model fits the values of water infiltration rate into the soil, resulting in the equation i = 30.2 + (68.2 - 30.2) e-0.0371t (R2 = 0.94**) for the Nitisol and i = 6.6 + (64.5 - 6.6) e-0.0537t (R2 = 0.99**) for the Cambisol.

Acidez Potencial Estimada pelo Método do pH SMP em Solos do Estado da Paraíba

O método do pH SMP, em virtude de sua praticidade analítica, tem sido amplamente utilizado na estimativa da acidez potencial (H+Al), em substituição à solução de acetato de cálcio 0,5 mol L-1 a pH 7,0, em laboratórios de análise de solo no Brasil. No entanto, tornam-se imprescindíveis estudos regionalizados para estimar com segurança os valores da acidez potencial. Este trabalho objetivou ajustar uma equação de regressão com boa capacidade preditiva dos valores de H+Al, a partir da medida do pH(SMP), para solos do Estado da Paraíba, visando sua utilização em análises de rotina para estimar a acidez potencial. Foram utilizadas 90 amostras de solo coletadas nas várias regiões do Estado. Essas amostras foram analisadas para pH(H2O), pH(SMP), H+Al e pH do sobrenadante da solução de acetato de cálcio. Foram observadas estreitas correlações quadrática simples do pH de equilíbrio da suspensão de acetato de cálcio com a acidez potencial e linear simples com o pH(SMP), com elevada capacidade preditiva (R2 = 0,93 e R2 = 0,95, respectivamente). Os resultados permitiram concluir que a acidez potencial (H+Al), expressa em cmolc dm-3 pode ser estimada pelo método do pH(SMP), por meio da equação H+Al = 57,108 -13,338** SMP + 0,7637** SMP2 (R2 = 0,87).

RELAÇÃO ENTRE ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E QUÍMICOS DOS SOLOS E A PRODUTIVIDADE DE CAPIM DOURADO NA REGIÃO DO JALAPÃO, TO

Na região do Jalapão, no Estado do Tocantins, existem grandes áreas contínuas de Neossolos Quartzarênicos, com desenvolvimento do capim dourado (Syngonanthus nitens),espécie nativa utilizada na confecção de artesanatos nessa região, possuindo destacada importância na economia local. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre os atributos físicos e químicos dos solos e a produtividade de capim dourado nos Campos Limpos Úmidos associados às Veredas no Parque Estadual do Jalapão. Foram coletadas amostras de solo e escapos de capim dourado e realizadas medições de declividade do terreno ao longo de caminhamento ou transeções perpendiculares às linhas de drenagem das Veredas selecionadas para o estudo. Foram identificados três tipos principais de solos ao longo das transeções: Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico típico, Neossolo Quartzarênico hidromórfico típico e Organossolo Háplico fíbrico típico. A produtividade de capim dourado foi analisada por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla, envolvendo 26 variáveis dos solos. Em razão da significância, o modelo final ficou constituído por seis dessas variáveis: pH, Mg2+, Ca2+, areia fina, argila e umidade do solo. O modelo de regressão quadrática múltipla envolvendo essas seis variáveis contemplou R2 de 0,85 e R2 ajustado de 0,81 da relação avaliada, onde a umidade dos solos foi a variável mais importante.

Filter Paper Method for the Determination of the Soil Water Retention Curve

ABSTRACT High cost and long time required to determine a retention curve by the conventional methods of the Richards Chamber and Haines Funnel limit its use; therefore, alternative methods to facilitate this routine are needed. The filter paper method to determine the soil water retention curve was evaluated and compared to the conventional method. Undisturbed samples were collected from five different soils. Using a Haines Funnel and Richards Chamber, moisture content was obtained for tensions of 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 33; 100; 300; 700; and 1,500 kPa. In the filter paper test, the soil matric potential was obtained from the filter-paper calibration equation, and the moisture subsequently determined based on the gravimetric difference. The van Genuchten model was fitted to the observed data of soil matric potential versus moisture. Moisture values of the conventional and the filter paper methods, estimated by the van Genuchten model, were compared. The filter paper method, with R2 of 0.99, can be used to determine water retention curves of agricultural soils as an alternative to the conventional method.

Potential of Spectroradiometry to Classify Soil Clay Content

ABSTRACT Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a fast and cheap alternative for soil clay, but needs further investigation to assess the scope of application. The purpose of the study was to develop a linear regression model to predict clay content from DRS data, to classify the soils into three textural classes, similar to those defined by a regulation of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. The DRS data of 412 soil samples, from the 0.0-0.5 m layer, from different locations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were measured at wavelengths of 350 to 2,500 nm in the laboratory. The fitting of the linear regression model developed to predict soil clay content from the DRS data was based on a R2 value of 0.74 and 0.75, with a RMSE of 7.82 and 8.51 % for the calibration and validation sets, respectively. Soil texture classification had an overall accuracy of 79.0 % (calibration) and 80.9 % (validation). The heterogeneity of soil samples affected the performance of the prediction models. Future studies should consider a previous classification of soil samples in different groups by soil type, parent material and/or sampling region.

Characterization of Ornamental Rock Residue and Potassium Liberation Via Organic Acid Application

ABSTRACT Organic acids present in organic matter and, or, exudates by microorganisms and plants can increase the liberation of potassium present in minerals. The objective of this study was to characterize the residue from ornamental rocks and evaluate the release of K from these residues after the application of organic acids. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and followed a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design with three replicates. The studied factors were: two organic acids (citric acid and malic acid), three ornamental rock residues (R1, R2 and R3) and five organic acid rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol L-1). After agitation, K concentrations were determined in the equilibrium solution. Successive extractions were performed (1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment). The organic acids used (citric and malic) promoted the release of up to 4.86 and 4.34 % of the total K contained in the residue, respectively, reinforcing the role of organic acids in the weathering of minerals and in providing K to the soil. The K quantities were, on average, 6.1 % higher when extracted with citric acid compared to malic acid.