Avaliação das alterações pleuropulmonares após a injeção de óleo de resina de copaíba, extrato aquoso de crajiru e polivinilpirrolidona iodado (PVPI) na pleura e parênquima pulmonar de ratos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações anatomopatológicas e histopatológicas da pleura e do parênquima pulmonar após a injeção de óleo de copaíba, extrato aquoso de crajiru e polivinilpirrolidona iodado (PVPI) no espaço pleural de ratos. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 128 Rattus norvegicus var. Wistar, machos, com peso médio 198,9g (± 24,9g), randomizados em quatro grupos: copaíba, PVPI, crajiru e simulação. As substâncias foram injetadas no espaço pleural direito dos animais, os quais foram mortos em 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 504 h, para análise macro e microscópica da pleura visceral e pulmão direito. RESULTADOS: Macroscopicamente, observou-se intensa reação pleuro-pulmonar no grupo copaíba com significância estatística (p= 0,001) em relação aos outros grupos e entre os diferentes momentos. Microscopicamente, a espessura pleural apresentou maior aumento no grupo copaíba com significância estatística nos tempos 72 h e 504 h. O PVPI provocou reação inflamatória aguda em 24 h e 48 h com melhora em 72 h, porém, na última observação, evidenciou-se lesão crônica pulmonar. O crajiru apresentou-se pouco irritativo e sem significância em relação aos demais. CONCLUSÃO: A copaíba mostrou-se muito irritante; o PVPI, moderadamente irritante, e o extrato aquoso de crajiru apresentou pouca reação inflamatória na pleura e parênquima pulmonar dos animais de experimentação.

Variação anatômica da artéria torácica interna lateral: relato de caso

The objective of this report was to describe a variation in the origin of the lateral internal thoracic artery (LITA), a variable large-caliber artery in the thoracic wall. This report presents a case in which a trunk coming from the subclavian artery (SCA) bifurcates and gives origin to the LITA and internal thoracic artery (ITA). This case demonstrates an unusual bilateral origin for the LITA, which emerges together with the ITA rather than directly from the SCA, as could be expected. Although such presentation is uncommon, the possibility that it could be damaged during surgical interventions such as thoracotomy and pleural drainage justifies our report .

A influência do uso do "clamp" ou braçadeira no acúmulo de coágulos em drenos pleurais tubulares

OBJETIVO: Conduziu-se este estudo prospectivo a fim de avaliar-se a influência do uso da braçadeira sobre o acúmulo de coágulos dentro dos drenos pleurais. MÉTODO: Os drenos pleurais foram pesados logo após sua retirada, lavados e secados e pesados novamente. A diferença entre a primeira e a segunda pesagem foi admitida como a quantidade de coágulos acumulada. RESULTADOS: Houve maior acúmulo de coágulo nos drenos temporariamente obstruídos por braçadeira em relação àqueles não obstruídos. CONCLUSÃO: Notou-se, neste estudo, maior acúmulo de coágulo dentro de drenos pleurais obstruídos, mesmo que intermitentemente, o que pode levar ao mau funcionamento de todo o sistema de drenagem. A discussão sobre o correto uso dos drenos pleurais deve ser constante e fazer parte de programas de educação continuada para médicos e enfermagem, a fim de que este sistema, amplamente utilizado e altamente eficiente, seja otimizado.

Linfoma esofágico primário

We describe the case of a 54 year old woman seen with an esophageal mass diagnosed as a primary esophageal lymphoma. The main symptom was dysphagia of seven months duration. The treatment consisted in resection of the tumor, and reconstruction of the defect with a reversed pleural flap, followed by a chemotherapy regimen that consisted of five drugs, cyclophosphamid, prednisone, doxorubicin, rituximab and vincristine (R-CHOP). The patient developed an esophageal pleural fistula treated with pleural drainage and irrigation that closed in 45 days. Two and one half years later she is doing well and disease free.

Esofagectomia trans-hiatal com esternotomia parcial

A esofagectomia trans-hiatal oferece a vantagem de não necessitar da toracotomia ou toracoscopia. Apresenta a desvantagem de ter que ser realizada, pelo menos em parte, com dissecação romba, às cegas, ocorrendo com frequência lesão pleural, maior sangramento, entre outras complicações. A associação da transecção mediana do diafragma com a esternotomia parcial permite o isolamento do esôfago totalmente sob visão direta. Os autores apresentam a técnica da esofagectomia trans-hiatal com esternotomia parcial.

The impact of a chest tube management protocol on the outcome of trauma patients with tube thoracostomy

ABSTRACTObjective:to investigate the effect of standardized interventions in the management of tube thoracostomy patients and to assess the independent effect of each intervention.Methods:A chest tube management protocol was assessed in a retrospective cohort study. The tube thoracostomy protocol (TTP) was implemented in August 2012, and consisted of: antimicrobial prophylaxis, chest tube insertion in the operating room (OR), admission post chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) in a hospital floor separate from the emergency department (ED), and daily respiratory therapy (RT) sessions post-CTT. The inclusion criteria were, hemodynamic stability, patients between the ages of 15 and 59 years, and injury severity score (ISS) < 17. All patients had isolated injuries to the chest wall, lung, and pleura. During the study period 92 patients were managed according to the standardized protocol. The outcomes of those patients were compared to 99 patients treated before the TTP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent effect of each variable of the protocol on selected outcomes.Results:Demographics, injury severity, and trauma mechanisms were similar among the groups. As expected, protocol compliance increased after the implementation of the TTP. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of retained hemothoraces, empyemas, pneumonias, surgical site infections, post-procedural complications, hospital length of stay, and number of chest tube days. Respiratory therapy was independently linked to significant reduction (p<0.05) in the incidence of seven out of eight undesired outcomes after CTT. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was linked to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in retained hemothoraces, despite no significant (p<0.10) reductions in empyema and surgical site infections. Conversely, OR chest tube insertion was associated with significant (p<0.05) reduction of both complications, and also significantly decreased the incidence of pneumonias.Conclusion:Implementation of a TTP effectively reduced complications after CTT in trauma patients.

Aplication of videothoracoscopy in trauma - experience of a service

Objective: To evaluate patients with chest trauma submitted to videothoracoscopy during hospitalization. In 2007, the Trauma Surgery Group was created in the General Surgery Department of the Hospital Municipal Lourenço Jorge of Rio de Janeiro-RJ, and started following all trauma victims who were admitted to the Hospital. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients submitted to thoracoscopy from July 2007 to May 2015, based on a database started at the beginning of this period and on data collection from patients who underwent thoracoscopy. We evaluated the following parameters: procedure effectiveness, indication of the procedure, conversion rate, complications and mortality. We included patients who presented post-traumatic pleural collections, such as retained hemothorax and pleural empyema, and penetrating injury in the thoracoabdominal transition. All patients were hemodynamic stable and signed an informed consent. Results: In the analyzed period 53 patients were submitted to videothoracoscopy; 24 had penetrating trauma (45.3%) and 29, blunt (54.7%), with a predominance of males (75.5%). The procedure was performed in 26 cases of retained hemothorax (49%), 14 cases of empyema (26.5%) and in 13 patients for evaluation of injury in the thoracoabdominal transition (24.5%). The thoracoscopy was effective in resolution of 36 cases (80%), without need for further procedure. There was a conversion rate of 15.5% and 3 procedure complications related (6.6%). Mortality was nil. Conclusion: In this series, videothoracoscopy proved that this diagnostic and therapeutic procedure is safe and effective, if performed by a surgeon with appropriate training, especially when it is indicated in cases of retained hemothorax and evaluation of penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma.

Prevalence of alterations in chest computerized tomography in patients with head and neck cancer

Objective: to assess the prevalence of abnormalities found by computed tomography (CT) of the chest in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Methods: we retrospectively analyzed chest CT exams of 209 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The CT findings were stratified as inflammatory / infectious, parenchymal, nodular uncharacteristic and nodular metastatic / tumoral Results: alterations were diagnosed in 66.6% of patients. Of these, 25.3% represented emphysema; 18.8%, uncharacteristic micronodules; 12.9%, metastases; 11.9%, thoracic lymph node enlargements; and in 6.6% we detected active pulmonary tuberculosis or its sequelae, pneumonia or inflammatory / infectious signs and pleural thickening or effusion. Conclusion: the prevalence of exams with alterations and the considerable rate of detected metastases indicate that chest CT should be required for diagnostic and / or staging in cases of head and neck cancer.

Influência de fatores reprodutivos sobre parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais da artrite reumatoide

OBJETIVO: Estudar se a artrite reumatoide (AR) sofre influências de idade de menarca, número de gestações e tempo de vida reprodutiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo dos prontuários de 247 pacientes com AR, cujos dados sobre menarca, menopausa, número de gestações, autoanticorpos, serosites, nódulos reumatoides e índice funcional de Steinbrocker foram coletados. Os estudos de associação foram feitos pelos testes t de Student e Mann Whitney; os de correlação, pelos testes de Pearson e de Spearman. A significância adotada foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A idade média de diagnóstico da AR foi de 43,2±14,1 anos, a idade mediana da menarca de 13 anos e o número mediano de gestações foi de 3. Em 63,9% existia fator reumatoide; o fator antinuclear em 20%; os nódulos reumatoides em 8,8%; derrame pleural em 2,8% e pericardite em 2,4%. O índice funcional de Steinbrocker mostrou que 45,6% tinham escore 1; 40,8% o escore 2; 9,1% o escore 3 e 4,3% o escore 4. Encontrou-se correlação inversa entre a quantidade de gestações e idade de surgimento da AR (p CONCLUSÃO: A precocidade da menarca e brevidade da vida reprodutiva indicam pior prognóstico, já que se relacionam com pleurites. A maior quantidade de gestações e menopausa tardia mostram efeito protetor, retardando o aparecimento da doença.

Imagem radiográfica da cavidade torácica de cães Golden Retriever acometidos pela distrofia muscular

A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença de origem genética, cuja principal manifestação clínica é enfraquecimento e atrofia progressiva dos músculos. Os cães da raça Golden Retriever podem apresentar distrofia muscular, com características genotípicas e fenotípicas muito próximas à distrofia muscular humana, sendo considerado o modelo animal mais apropriado para o estudo da DMD. Foram realizadas radiografias torácicas látero-laterais e dorsoventrais de 10 cães Golden Retriever afetados pela distrofia muscular, com o objetivo de relatar as alterações radiográficas associadas a essa patologia. O exame radiográfico da cavidade torácica evidenciou: (a) padrão pulmonar intersticial e alveolar predominante, (b) um quadro de pneumonia e edema pulmonar em fase inicial, (c) a cardiomegalia como o principal achado de comprometimento circulatório na cavidade torácica, (d) O megaesôfago torácico foi observado deslocando a traquéia e silhueta cardíaca ventralmente e, (e) a cúpula diafragmática apresentou modificação morfológica, mostrando protrusão para o interior da cavidade torácica e hérnia hiatal, com deslocamento do estômago para o espaço mediastino caudal. Os achados de necropsia evidenciaram efusão pleural e enfisema pulmonar e lesões compatíveis com processos degenerativos e metaplásicos da musculatura diafragmática e intercostal. A avaliação radiográfica constituiu-se como um meio diagnóstico auxiliar essencial na identificação de doença cardíaca e respiratória em cães Golden Retriever acometidos pela Distrofia Muscular, capaz de identificar processos pneumônicos primários, permitindo o estabelecimento de terapêutica adequada de tratamento, com prognóstico reservado nos estágios mais avançados desta alteração.

Effect of lung resection and sham surgery on the frequency of infection in alloxan-diabetic rats

The present study was carried out in order to determine the effect of lung resection on the frequency of infections in alloxan-diabetic rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg, iv) to induce diabetes mellitus (group D; N = 45) or with vehicle (1.0 ml/kg, iv) to be used as controls (group C; N = 45). Thirty-six days after receiving alloxan both groups were randomly divided into three subgroups: no operation (NO; N = 15), sham operation (SO; N = 15), and left pneumonectomy (PE; N = 15). The rats were sacrificed 36 days after surgery and their lungs were examined microscopically and macroscopically. The occurrence of thoracic wall infection, thoracic wall abscess, lung abscess and pleural empyema was similar in groups D and C. In contrast, the overall infection rate was higher (P<0.05) in the diabetic rats (SO-D and PE-D subgroups, but not in the NO-D subgroup). Considering that the overall infection rate was similar in the SO-D and PE-D subgroups, we suggest that surgery but not pneumonectomy was related to the higher prevalence of infection in diabetic rats.

Pharmacological study of anti-allergic activity of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae is a plant family widely used in folk medicine and Syzygium and Eugenia are among the most important genera. We investigated the anti-allergic properties of an aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (SC). HPLC analysis revealed that hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids are the major components of the extract. Oral administration of SC (25-100 mg/kg) in Swiss mice (20-25 g; N = 7/group) inhibited paw edema induced by compound 48/80 (50% inhibition, 100 mg/kg; P <= 0.05) and, to a lesser extent, the allergic paw edema (23% inhibition, 100 mg/kg; P <= 0.05). SC treatment also inhibited the edema induced by histamine (58% inhibition; P <= 0.05) and 5-HT (52% inhibition; P <= 0.05) but had no effect on platelet-aggregating factor-induced paw edema. SC prevented mast cell degranulation and the consequent histamine release in Wistar rat (180-200 g; N = 7/group) peritoneal mast cells (50% inhibition, 1 µg/mL; P <= 0.05) induced by compound 48/80. Pre-treatment of BALB/c mice (18-20 g; N = 7/group) with 100 mg/kg of the extract significantly inhibited eosinophil accumulation in allergic pleurisy (from 7.662 ± 1.524 to 1.89 ± 0.336 x 10(6)/cavity; P <= 0.001). This effect was related to the inhibition of IL-5 (from 70.9 ± 25.2 to 12.05 ± 7.165 pg/mL) and CCL11/eotaxin levels (from 60.4 ± 8.54 to 32.8 ± 8.4 ng/mL) in pleural lavage fluid, using ELISA. These findings demonstrate an anti-allergic effect of SC, and indicate that its anti-edematogenic effect is due to the inhibition of mast cell degranulation and of histamine and serotonin effects, whereas the inhibition of eosinophil accumulation in the allergic pleurisy model is probably due to an impairment of CCL11/eotaxin and IL-5 production.

The first report in Brazil of severe infection caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is an emergent pathogen in Brazil. However, there are no data on the prevalence of CA-MRSA. We report here the first well-characterized case of severe life-threatening CA-MRSA infection in a child living in Rio de Janeiro city. The patient had many complications including hematogenous osteomyelitis and involvement of multiple sites requiring drainage of soft-tissue abscess, and pleural and pericardial empyema. The MRSA isolates recovered were genotyped using PFGE, SCCmec typing and multilocus sequence typing. Disk diffusion tests were performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. In addition, the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was assessed by PCR amplification, using specific primers for lukF-pv (encoding for the F subunit of the PVL). The bacterial isolates were related to the ST30-SCCmecIV lineage (Oceania Southwest Pacific clone), a PVL producer CA-MRSA previously detected in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Also, the isolates analyzed were susceptible to all non-β-lactam antibiotics tested. The present report demonstrates that disseminated CA-MRSA disease is also occurring in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the empirical treatment of moderate or severe infections suspected of being associated with CA-MRSA needs to be reviewed in order to allow prompt initiation of an effective therapy that also covers these microorganisms.