Mechanical damage in cotton buds caused by the boll weevil

The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) causes high levels of bud abscission in cotton plants due to feeding or oviposition punctures. It has been reported that abscission is mainly due to enzymes present in the insect's saliva, but mechanical damage could also contribute to square abscission. The objective of this paper was to undertake an analysis of the morphological damages caused by the insect in cotton squares using microscopy. Anthers and ovules are the main target of boll weevil feeding. The process initiates by perforation of young sepal and petal tissues and proceeds with subsequent alimentation on stamen and ovary leading to abscission of floral structures.

Postharvest mechanical damage affects fruit quality of 'Montenegrina' and 'Rainha' tangerines

The objective of this work was to evaluate the visual and chemical quality of tangerines after mechanical damage by impacts. The tangerine cultivars Montenegrina and Rainha were submitted to different degrees of impact and evaluated for decay and oleocellosis, loss of fresh weight, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and ascorbic acid degradation, as well as for epicarp color changes. Experiments with three replicates and experimental units of six fruit for each cultivar were done in a completely randomized design. Impact produced qualitative internal and minor external changes on tangerines. The main modifications produced by impact on the fruit were losses of citric acid and soluble solids, which increased the solid:acid ratio, and losses of ascorbic acid. 'Montenegrina' tangerines are more susceptible to internal quality damage than 'Rainha'.

Trichogramma pretiosum attraction due to the Elasmopalpus lignosellus damage in maize

The objective of this work was to evaluate if corn plants damaged by the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) larvae release volatile organic compounds capable of attracting the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. The treatments consisted of plants subjected to harm caused by E. lignosellus larvae, plants subjected to mechanical damage, and undamaged plants. The parasitoid was more attracted by the volatiles released by the insect damaged plants than to those released by undamaged corn plants, after 24 and 72 hours. The volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, β-pinene, β-myrcene, (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, and benzothiazole were released in significantly larger quantities by damaged plants. Volatiles released by corn plants damaged by E. lignosellus larvae may act as an indirect defense, attracting by T. pretiosum.

Antibacterial activity of essential oils on Xanthomonas vesicatoria and control of bacterial spot in tomato

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of plant essential oils (EOs) on the growth of Xanthomonas vesicatoria, on bacterial morphology and ultrastructure, and on the severity of tomato bacterial spot. EOs from citronella, clove, cinnamon, lemongrass, eucalyptus, thyme, and tea tree were evaluated in vitro at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100% in 1.0% powdered milk. The effect of EOs, at 0.1%, on the severity of tomato bacterial spot was evaluated in tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The effects of citronella, lemongrass, clove, and tea tree EOs, at 0.1%, on X. vesicatoria cells were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. All EOs showed direct toxic effect on the bacteria at a 10%-concentration in vitro. Under greenhouse conditions, the EOs of clove, citronella, tea tree, and lemongrass reduced disease severity. EOs of clove and tea tree, and streptomycin sulfate promoted loss of electron-dense material and alterations in the cytoplasm, whereas EO of tea tree promoted cytoplasm vacuolation, and those of citronella, lemongrass, clove, and tea tree caused damage to the bacterial cell wall. The EOs at a concentration of 0.1% reduce the severity of the disease.

The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (wals.) (Lepidoptera: elachistidae): egg and damage distribution and parasitism

The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (Wals.) has been a limiting factor in growing avocados over the last years in many Brazilian states. This is a result of the lack of safe and feasible management practices to minimize the fruit borer damage. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the pest biology and ecology as well as on the role of natural enemies to define strategies to control the pest. Samples were taken biweekly and consisted of 20 fruits collected randomly (10 from the upper half and 10 from the lower half of the plant) in ten plants, cv. Margarida, in a commercial avocado grove in Arapongas and Cambé regions, PR, from October/2001 to September/2002. Laboratory determinations of the percentage of damaged fruit per plant region, location and number of bored fruit sites, and the number and location of the fruit borer eggs, including parasitized ones, were performed. The results showed that S. catenifer preferred to oviposit and attack fruits located on the upper half of the trees. The majority of the eggs were laid on the fruit pedicel whereas the damage was mainly located on the lower half of the fruits. Trichogrammatids were the most constant and abundant parasitoids found in both localities throughout the study period.

Mancha fisiológica do mamão: uma perspectiva de obtenção de material genético tolerante

A ocorrência do distúrbio fisiológico conhecido como "Mancha Fisiológica do Mamão" (MFM) tem comprometido a qualidade do mamão (Carica papaya L.) produzido no Brasil. A obtenção de material genético tolerante à MFM faz parte das estratégias de ação de médio a longo prazo para minimizar os prejuízos decorrentes da ocorrência desse distúrbio. No presente trabalho, buscou-se avaliar a tolerância de vinte e dois híbridos de mamão à ocorrência da MFM, na região norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os frutos foram colhidos de um ensaio de competição instalado na Estação Experimental da PESAGRO-Rio, no município de Macaé-RJ. O ensaio consistiu de quatro repetições, num delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo que cada parcela foi constituída de oito plantas. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e teste de média. Efetuou-se, inicialmente, uma análise conjunta, envolvendo os dois estádios de maturação avaliados - verde-maduro e ¾ maduro; considerando a significância da interação Estádio x Genótipo, procedeu-se a uma análise específica, por estádio de desenvolvimento do fruto. Em função da análise de variância, também, foi calculado o coeficiente de determinação genotípica (H²) para o caráter em estudo, o qual demonstrou que a avaliação do nível de severidade da MFM, no estádio ¾ maduro, caracteriza melhor as diferenças genotípicas. Com base nesses resultados, inferimos que há uma expressiva variabilidade genética, para o caráter MFM, dentre os genótipos avaliados. Isto sugere um bom potencial em se obter, através do melhoramento genético, material vegetal (híbridos e variedades) com maior tolerância à MFM. O melhoramento genético associado ao manejo do ambiente poderá permitir o cultivo do mamoeiro sem as limitações advindas da ocorrência da MFM.

Influência da fonte material e do tempo de cura na propagação vegetativa da pitaya vermelha (Hylocereus undatus Haw)

A pitaya vermelha é uma cactácea cujos frutos são de interesse comercial crescente por produtores e consumidores. No entanto, ainda há diversos aspectos sobre seu cultivo que precisam ser elucidados, proporcionando rentabilidade ao produtor. Diante disso, realizou-se o presente trabalho, que teve como objetivo obter informações quanto à propagação vegetativa desta fruteira, utilizando-se de diferentes fontes de material em função do tempo de cura. O experimento foi realizado no Ripado de Fruticultura, pertencente ao Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Unesp - Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, utilizando estacas de plantas de pitaya de diferentes origens (planta adulta, estacas de brotações de plantas adultas recém-enraizadas e planta em início de desenvolvimento, originária de semente), submetidas a 3 períodos de cura: 0; 7 e 14 dias. As avaliações foram quanto a: enraizamento; volume de raiz; comprimento da maior raiz (cm); massas fresca e seca das raízes (gramas); número e tamanho das brotações nas estacas (cm). Foram realizadas 5 repetições, com 10 estacas cada, totalizando 150 estacas de cada material. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado, pode-se concluir que a estaquia deve ser realizada tão logo feita a segmentação dos cladódios e que as estacas obtidas de brotações de plantas recém-enraizadas apresentam melhores resultados.

PRODUÇÃO DE MATERIAL INSTRUCIONAL PARA O ENSINO DA RADIOLOGIA POR MEIO DA DIGITALIZAÇÃO DE IMAGENS

Criou-se um banco de dados usando a digitalização de imagens radiográficas para salvá-las da deterioração do tempo e, também, tornar mais ágil sua manipulação pelos profissionais que as utilizam. Foi criado um banco de dados que torna possível o armazenamento dos dados clínicos de cada paciente e, vinculadas a esses dados, suas respectivas imagens digitalizadas, com o propósito de ensino e pesquisa. Os elementos que compõem o banco de dados foram determinados por meio de pesquisa feita com os professores do Departamento de Radiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Conseguiu-se elaborar um sistema que contém dados e imagens, de baixo custo e de fácil manipulação por parte dos usuários.

Tomografia computadorizada da coluna lombar após artrodese com emprego de material metálico: avaliação da qualidade da imagem para diferentes algoritmos matemáticos

OBJETIVO: Selecionar os melhores algoritmos para o exame de coluna lombar na avaliação de artrodese com material metálico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um equipamento de tomografia computadorizada de 16 fileiras de detectores. Imagens de dez pacientes foram reconstruídas com filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 e realizadas reformatações em três dimensões e multiplanares com espessuras de 2 mm e 4 mm. Um total de 320 imagens foi avaliado por três experientes radiologistas, que deram notas de 1 a 5 (1 = não-aceitável; 2 = abaixo dos padrões; 3 = aceitável; 4 = acima da média; 5 = excelente). Além disso, foram realizadas medidas de ruído para correlação com o tipo de filtro utilizado. RESULTADOS: As médias do valor de ruído para reconstrução com 2 mm e filtros 20, 40, 60 e 80 foram de 24,7 ± 4,3; 35,5 ± 4,2; 106,0 ± 18,5 e 145,9 ± 26,9, respectivamente, e para 4 mm foram de 18,1 ± 2,4; 25,1 ± 4,6; 76,7 ± 17,2 e 106,6 ± 23,4. CONCLUSÃO: As imagens coloridas em três dimensões são mais bem visualizadas com filtro 20, entretanto, nas imagens em tons de cinza um filtro intermediário de 40 ou 60 pode ser útil para demonstrar os parafusos com maior detalhe. Para reconstruções multiplanares com espessura de 2 mm o filtro 40 é mais bem aceito, e para uma espessura de 4 mm um filtro 60 apresentou melhor qualidade.

Pulmonary 64-MDCT angiography with 50 mL of iodinated contrast material in an unselected patient population: a feasible protocol

Abstract Objective: To propose a protocol for pulmonary angiography using 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (64-MDCT) with 50 mL of iodinated contrast material, in an unselected patient population, as well as to evaluate vascular enhancement and image quality. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 29 patients (22-86 years of age). The body mass index ranged from 19.0 kg/m2 to 41.8 kg/m2. Patients underwent pulmonary CT angiography in a 64-MDCT scanner, receiving 50 mL of iodinated contrast material via venous access at a rate of 4.5 mL/s. Bolus tracking was applied in the superior vena cava. Two experienced radiologists assessed image quality and vascular enhancement. Results: The mean density was 382 Hounsfield units (HU) for the pulmonary trunk; 379 and 377 HU for the right and left main pulmonary arteries, respectively; and 346 and 364 HU for the right and left inferior pulmonary arteries, respectively. In all patients, subsegmental arteries were analyzed. There were streak artifacts from contrast material in the superior vena cava in all patients. However, those artifacts did not impair the image analysis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that pulmonary angiography using 64-MDCT with 50 mL of iodinated contrast can produce high quality images in unselected patient populations.

Determinação dos hidrocarbonetos saturados e policíclicos aromáticos presentes no material particulado da atmosfera amazônica

It was identified and quantified several organic compounds in the atmosphere of a site into Amazon Basin with high impact of biomass burning emission. It was important to know the particulate matter composition with respect to n-alkanes and PAH associated with the particulate matter because they provided indication on the main sources contributing to airborne particles, the contribution of natural vs. man-made emission and the aging of the particles. The main classes of compounds observed were n-alkanes, PAH and nitro-PAH. It was observed the formation of nitro-PAH from photochemical reactions. The aerosol mass concentration is mainly associated with fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. Environmental and direct emissions samples (flaming and smoldering) were collected and analysed.

Influência do material do alambique na composição química das aguardentes de cana-de-açúcar

This paper describes variations in the profile of the main volatile organic compounds present in Brazilian sugar cane spirits distilled in copper and stainless steel distillers. The main organic compounds: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters, were determined through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and High Resolution Gas Cromatography (HRGC). The spirits produced in copper distillers exhibit higher contents of aldehydes with respect to the ones produced in stainless steel. The inverse is true with respect to the higher alcohol and ester contents. No significant variation has been observed for the carboxylic acids.

Fibras de carbono: aplicações em eletroanalítica como material eletródico

The use of carbon fibers to develop new sensors and biosensors has received great attention due to its characteristics and electrochemical properties. A brief presentation about history, properties, characteristics, composition and structure of the carbon fibers are shown in this paper. Several applications of the carbon fibers in electroanalytical chemistry for determination of metals and organic molecules in environmental and clinical samples are also described.

Obtenção de um material adsorvente para íons de metais pesados, através da eletropolimerização de 2-mercaptobenzimidazol à superfície de carbono vítreo reticulado

Electrochemical methods applied to organic species transformation has been used as excellent synthesis tools. C-C bonds can be established, making possible polymer synthesis by both anodic and cathodic reactions of suitable monomer species at the working electrode surface. In this study, anodic procedure was used to electropolymerization of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole at reticulated glassy carbon (RGC) surface. 2-mercaptobenzimidazole presents ligand sites towards Hg2+, Ag+ and Cu2+ ions. The obtained material has been able to adsorb the above mentioned ions in aqueous solution.