Advertisement call and female sexual cycle in Uruguayan populations of Physalaemus henselii (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Physalaemus henselii (Peters, 1872) is a little known leiuperid frog that has not been studied since the 1960’s. Herein, we redescribe its advertisement call, and assess the female sexual cycle and the reproductive period on the basis of the macroscopic analysis of the ovaries and field observations. The Ovarian Size Factor (OSF) was calculated. The study was made in Departamento de Rivera, northern Uruguay. The advertisement call consists of short (177 ± 21ms), multipulsed (20 ± 3 pulses/note) notes, with a note repetition rate of 1.57 ± 0.13 notes/s. Physalaemus henselii has a female sexual cycle with unimodal distribution of gravid females, which are present from February to September. The OSF and the ratio "females with mature oocytes / females without mature oocytes" reached the highest values from April to June. The number and size of oocytes were positively correlated with female size. The smallest female (SVL =18.94mm, weight =0.78g) with mature oocytes was found in July. The observed sexual cycle with a single annual reproductive period during the cold season (autumn and early winter), is an uncommon fact for anuran species in the region.

Ecology and natural history of Akodon lindberghi (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) in southeastern Brazil

We studied the ecology and natural history of the globally threatened and poorly known Akodon lindberghi Hershkovitz, 1990 in Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC) and Juiz de Fora (JF), southeastern Brazil. From November 1998 to September 2001 a total of 131 individuals were captured in wire-cage live-traps and 52 by pitfalls traps. They were all marked and released at the site. The largest abundances were registered during the dry season, and most of the captures occurred in open habitats. The mean body mass of the two populations was significantly different (18.1 g at PNSC versus 13.1 g at JF; H = 46.2678, g.l.=2, p<0.001). In PNSC, individuals were reproductively active from August to February, and juveniles were present from May to August. The results suggest that the changes in vegetation structure caused by deforestation and intensive agricultural activities could increase the predation rate, affecting the mean body mass of the population.

Conservation status assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of Uruguay

The native species of amphibians and reptiles of Uruguay were categorized according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Out of 47 amphibian species, seven are listed as Critically Endangered (CR), five as Endangered (EN), one as Vulnerable (VU), three as Near Threatened (NT), and two as Data Deficient (DD); the remaining species are considered to be Least Concern (LC). Among the 64 species of reptiles evaluated, one is listed as Critically Endangered (CR), seven as Endangered (EN), two as Vulnerable (VU), one as Near Threatened (NT) and seven as Data Deficient (DD); the rest are considered to be Least Concern (LC). The use of these results as an additional criterion in the definition of protected areas in Uruguay will contribute towards the conservation of the aforementioned threatened species and their associated ecosystems.

Variação morfométrica em Bothropoides jararaca (Serpentes, Viperidae) no Rio Grande do Sul

Apesar de machos e fêmeas de serpentes nascerem com o mesmo tamanho, as taxas de crescimento e a idade da maturação sexual podem ser diferentes, determinando dimorfismo sexual em estágios posteriores da vida. Avaliamos a ocorrência de variação morfométrica sexual e ontogenética em Bothropoides jararaca (Wied, 1824), explorando as relações entre tamanho corporal e amadurecimento sexual através de 14 variáveis morfométricas. Foram analisados 142 espécimes provenientes do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Os dados morfométricos - comprimento da cabeça, rostro-cloacal, da cauda, comprimento total; largura da cabeça, ocular, nasal, loreal, da cauda; distância ocular-nasal, ocular-loreal, loreal-nasal, ventral-sinfisal e rostral-labial - e comprimento/diâmetro dos folículos ovarianos, foram tomados em milímetros, através de régua simples e paquímetro analógico de precisão 0,05 mm. A determinação sexual foi realizada por inspeção das gônadas. A classificação etária foi associada à maturidade sexual. Para as análises estatísticas foram utilizadas análises de variância (ANOVA) com teste de Tukey post hoc, regressão linear e análise discriminante canônica (ADC). A maioria das medidas indicou dimorfismo sexual (ANOVA, P<0,05) apenas em adultos (Tukey, P<0,05). As análises de regressão mostram que o comprimento rostro-cloacal explica o comportamento das demais variáveis (P<0,001) e que em todas as medidas as fêmeas crescem mais que os machos. A ADC foi exitosa em separar as classes sexuais e etárias, apresentando significado biológico, considerando 79,2% dos casos como corretamente classificados.

Grupo Drosophila asiri (Diptera, Drosophilidae), un nuevo grupo de especies andinas con la descripción de dos nuevas especies y la redescripción de Drosophila asiri

El nuevo grupo Drosophila asiri pertenece al subgénero Drosophila. Los ejemplares fueron capturados en los bosques andinos del Ecuador, desde los 3200 hasta los 4000 m de altitud. A este grupo pertenecen Drosophila (D.) asiri Vela & Rafael, 2005 previamente ubicada dentro del grupo D. onychophora, y dos nuevas especies; Drosophila (D.) yuragyacum sp. nov. y Drosophila (D.) yanaurcus sp. nov. Las capturas se realizaron en el bosque protector Pasochoa, en la quebrada de Cruz Loma y en el páramo de Papallacta, utilizando cebo de banano y levadura. Los miembros del nuevo grupo por el momento son endémicos de los Andes ecuatorianos. Las tres especies del grupo D. asiri son moscas de tamaño grande (aproximadamente 6 mm). Los machos presentan el edeago quitinizado con dos proyecciones laterales en la cabeza a manera de cuernos muy quitinizados. Estas características diferencian a las especies del grupo D. asiri de otros grupos dentro de Drosophila.

Cuatro especies nuevas del grupo de especies Drosophila mesophragmatica (Diptera, Drosophilidae) de los Andes ecuatorianos

Se describen cuatro especies nuevas del grupo Drosophila mesophragmatica. Las nuevas especies fueron descubiertas en los páramos y remanentes de bosque andino de los Andes ecuatorianos. Las capturas fueron realizadas desde los 2200 hasta los 4000 m de altitud. Las especies nuevas son: D. cashapamba sp. nov., D. chorlavi sp. nov., D. rucux sp. nov. y D. yanayuyu sp. nov. Con las cuatro especies nuevas descubiertas, el número de especies dentro del grupo D. mesophragmatica se incrementa a 17. Los miembros del grupo están distribuidos principalmente en los Andes sudamericanos.

Cuatro nuevas especies del grupo Drosophila onychophora (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba, Pichincha, Ecuador

Las especies de los subgéneros Phloridosa y Drosophila (este último en relación con los grupos de especies: D. flavopilosa, D. onychophora y D. bromeliae) son especies de Drosophila que se desarrollan únicamente en flores. El grupo D. onychophora fue propuestopara agrupar a especies exclusivamente antófilas. El grupo D. onychophora está integrado por 18 especies, que se encuentran relacionadas con las flores de Asteraceae. En el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador, se realizaron capturas de Drosophila, en los meses de febrero, mayo, julio, septiembre y diciembre del 2009. Las especies fueron recolectadas directamente en las flores con un aspirador entomológico. En total se capturaron 427 individuos de Drosophila y se identificaron 11 especies, de las cuales seis son nuevas especies del grupo D. onychophora y una es un nuevo registro para el Ecuador. En este trabajo se describen cuatro de las seis especies nuevas.

Resposta da assembleia de formigas na interface solo-serapilheira a um gradiente de alteração ambiental

O estudo objetivou avaliar a resposta da assembleia de formigas que nidificam na interface solo-serapilheira a um gradiente de alteração ambiental. O estudo foi realizado em três ambientes com diferentes usos do solo: fragmento florestal, sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e pastagem situados em região de domínio da mata atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. Em cada ambiente foram demarcadas 10 parcelas de 1 m² e todos os ninhos de formigas encontrados foram registrados. Foram encontrados 215 ninhos (103 no fragmento florestal, 64 no sistema agroflorestal e 48 na pastagem), de 31 espécies. O número acumulado de espécies foi maior no fragmento florestal que na pastagem, mas não diferiu do SAF. A composição de espécies foi diferente entre o fragmento florestal e os outros dois ambientes. A riqueza média de espécies de formigas por parcela foi maior no fragmento florestal e menor na pastagem. A quantidade de serapilheira não foi um fator importante para as diferenças na riqueza de espécies. Atividades humanas que reduzam a heterogeneidade da vegetação alteram a composição e diminuem a riqueza de espécies das assembleias de formigas.

Balloniscus glaber (Crustacea, Isopoda, Balloniscidae), a habitat specialist species in a disturbed area of Brazil

ABSTRACT Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae), a Neotropical Oniscidea, has been recorded historically in environments with low or no human interference. In one of these areas, it was determined as aK-strategist. Recently, however, this species was documented in a disturbed forest within urban limits. The present work revealed that the population in the urban area has high density, high number of ovigerous females and mancae in the population, a long reproductive period, and early sexual maturity. These results suggest that modified environments may provide favorable conditions and that the species is not negatively affected by human influence.

Influenza surviellance in Rio de Janeiro between 1980-1981: a virological and serological study

Laboratory surveillance of influenza has shown a low virus activity in Rio de Janeiro during 1980 and 1981. A few influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated in both years during the winter months. Serological investigations showed that this subtype has circulated mostly among children under 10 years of age. No H1N1 virus was isolated but an increase in the proportion of adults with antibody to his virus was noted in sera collected in 1981. Influenza B virus was isolated from children in the spring of 1981 and again an increase was noted in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus.

Phlebotominae de Venezuela: descripción de la hembra Lutzomyia amilcari (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

Es dada una descripción de la hembra de Lutzomyia amilcari, que fué colectada en Cubiro, Municipio Diego de Lozada, Estado Lara. El macho de la misma especie fué descrito anteriormente (Arredondo, 1984).

Biological comparison between three clones of Trypanosoma cruzi and the strain of origin (Bolivia) with reference to clonal evolution studies

After isolating three clones of Trypanasoma cruzi (Bolivia), we first characterized them according to parasitaemia, pleomorphism and virulence, and then histopathologically. The study's interest lies on the hypothesis that clonal evolution of T. cruzi has a major impact on biologically relevant properties of this parasite. Data obtained from the studies of parasitaemia, pleomorphism and virulence showed no differences between the groups studied. As a final point, the histopathological study shows us a muscular tissue tropism both in clones and in their mother strain (Bolivia). In this paper, we conclude that Bolivia strain and clones isolated from it, pertaining to the same major clone share similar biological properties.

Effects of Non-Susceptible Hosts on the Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of the Vector Triatoma infestans: an Experimental Model

We tested experimentally the effects of the presence of non-susceptible hosts on the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of the vector Triatoma infestans. The experiment consisted in two treatments: with chickens, including two chickens (non-susceptible hosts) and two infected guinea pigs (susceptible hosts), and without chickens, including only two infected guinea pigs. The hosts were held unrestrained in individual metal cages inside a closed tulle chamber. A total of 200 uninfected T. infestans third instar nymphs were liberated in each replica, collected on day 14, and examined for infection and blood meal sources on day 32-36. The additional presence of chickens relative to infected guinea pigs: (a) significantly modified the spatial distribution of bugs; (b) increased significantly the likelihoods of having a detectable blood meal on any host and molting to the next instar; (c) did not affect the bugs' probability of death by predation; and (d) decreased significantly the overall percentage of T. infestans infected with T. cruzi. The bugs collected from inside or close to the guinea pigs' cages showed a higher infection rate (71-88%) than those collected from the chickens' cages (22-32%). Mixed blood meals on chickens and guinea pigs were detected in 12-21% of bugs. Although the presence of chickens would decrease the overall percentage of infected bugs in short term experiments, the high rate of host change of T. infestans would make this difference fade out if longer exposure times had been provided.