Efeito da densidade e dos períodos de convivência de Cyperus esculentus na cultura do arroz irrigado

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar o efeito competitivo de Cyperus esculentus sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do arroz irrigado. O experimento a campo foi conduzido em área de produção de arroz irrigado, na Estação Experimental da Universidade do Tocantins, em Formoso do Araguaia-TO. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi um fatorial 4 x 5 com quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos constaram de quatro densidades de C. esculentus (25, 50, 100 e 200 plantas m-2 e uma testemunha no limpo) e cinco períodos de convivência com o arroz (15, 25, 35, 45 e 60 dias após a emergência). No final de cada período de convivência foram avaliados: matéria seca, área foliar, número de perfilhos e rendimento da cultura. C. esculentus afetou mais a cultura do arroz irrigado a partir dos 25 dias de convivência. Duzentas plantas de C. esculentus m-2, convivendo por um período de 35 dias, reduziram a produção em 20,11%, representando 17,4 sacas ha-1. A matéria seca, a área foliar e o número de perfilhos por plantas de arroz foram afetados pela presença das plantas daninhas em todos os períodos de convivência, porém a área foliar foi a característica mais influenciada.

Resistência de Cyperus difformis a herbicidas inibidores da ALS em lavoura de arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina

A resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas tornou-se preocupação mundial nas últimas décadas. Esse fenômeno caracteriza-se pela capacidade de um biótipo de sobreviver a um tratamento com herbicida que controla os demais indivíduos da mesma população em condições normais de campo e na dose recomendada pelo fabricante na bula. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o nível de resistência de biótipos de Cyperus difformis a herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS e do fotossistema II. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos herbicidas bispyribac-sodium e pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (inibidores da ALS) e bentazon (inibidor do fotossistema II), aplicados em sete doses múltiplas da dose comercial (0,0x, 0,5x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x e 16x), sobre duas populações de plantas de C. difformis, quando estas apresentavam de quatro a seis folhas. O biótipo de C. difformis (CYPDI-10) apresentou resistência cruzada aos inibidores da ALS pyrazosulfuron-ethyl e bispyribac-sodium, enquanto o bentazon proporcionou controle eficiente das populações resistente e suscetível. Conclui-se que para manejo das populações de C. difformis resistentes aos inibidores da ALS, em áreas de arroz irrigado de Santa Catarina, devem-se utilizar herbicidas com diferentes mecanismos de ação, associado a outras práticas de manejo, para restringir a expansão das populações resistentes de C. difformis.

Métodos de manejo de Cyperus esculentus na lavoura de arroz irrigado

As espécies da família Cyperaceae incluem-se entre as principais plantas daninhas que infestam as lavouras de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o controle de Cyperus esculentus, a seletividade e a produtividade de grãos de arroz, cultivar Qualimax 1, em função de épocas de início da irrigação por inundação, épocas de aplicação e doses do herbicida penoxsulam. O experimento foi instalado em campo, no ano agrícola 2005/06. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de duas épocas de aplicação (precoce e tardia) do penoxsulam, três épocas de início da irrigação (1, 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos - DAT) e doses do herbicida (0, 24, 36, 48 e 60 g ha-1). Observou-se que o penoxsulam apresentou seletividade à cultura do arroz irrigado, independentemente da associação dos tratamentos testados. A aplicação do penoxsulam, associado à entrada de água até 15 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, mostrou eficiente controle de C. esculentus. A maior produtividade foi obtida pela aplicação do penoxsulam em doses iguais ou superiores a 36 g ha-1, independentemente da época de aplicação e quando a irrigação foi realizada nas épocas iniciais.

Diversidade e sensibilidade de Cyperus ferax ao herbicida Penoxsulam

As espécies do gênero Cyperus, pertencentes à família Cyperaceae, destacam-se entre as principais plantas daninhas nas regiãos orizícolas do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a diversidade de Cyperus ferax nas regiões orizícolas do RS e os níveis de sensibilidade dessa espécie ao herbicida penoxsulam. Para isso, conduziu-se experimento em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental (parcela) foi composta por vaso com capacidade de 0,55 dm³ de solo, onde foram estabelecidas sete plantas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial; o fator A avaliou os locais de coleta (origem) de sementes de C. ferax, infestante das lavouras de arroz irrigado do RS, e o fator B, a suscetibilidade ao herbicida penoxsulam (125 g ha-1), comparativamente à testemunha sem aplicação. Existe diferença entre acessos de C. ferax quanto à sensibilidade ao herbicida penoxsulam. Os biótipos de C. ferax oriundos de lavouras de arroz irrigado da Depressão Central apresentam, em geral, maior acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar. Os biótipos C. ferax ocorrentes em lavouras de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul podem ser divididos em dois grupos, segundo características morfológicas.

Factors affecting Cyperus difformis seed germination and seedling emergence

Specific knowledge about the dormancy, germination, and emergence patterns of weed species aids the development of integrated management strategies. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of several environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Cyperus difformis. Germination of freshly harvested seeds was inhibited by darkness; however, when seeds were subsequently transferred to complete light they germinated readily. Our results showed that 2 wk of cold stratification overcome the light requirement for germination. Seeds of C. difformis were able to germinate over a broad range of temperatures (25/15, 30/20, 35/25, and 40/30 ºC day/night). The response of germination rate to temperature was described as a non-linear function. Based on model outputs, the base, the optimum and the ceiling temperatures were estimated as 14.81, 37.72 and 45 ºC, respectively. A temperature of 120 ºC for a 5 min was required to inhibit 50% of maximum germination. The osmotic potential and salinity required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were -0.47 MPa and 135.57 mM, respectively. High percentage of seed germination (89%) was observed at pH=6 and decreased to 12% at alkaline medium (pH 9) pH. Seeds sown on the soil surface gave the greatest percentage of seedling emergence, and no seedlings emerged from seeds buried in soil at depths of 1 cm.

Primary and secondary development of Cyperus giganteus Vahl rhizome (Cyperaceae)

In Cyperus giganteus, like in other Monocotyledoneae, the protoderm, procambium, fundamental meristem and primary thickening meristem (PTM) are differentiated from the rhizome promeristem. The PTM produces the inner cortical parenchyma, endodermis, pericycle and amphivasal vascular bundles, which are formed by the procambium too. After the primary body differentiates, cellular divisions continue only in the pericycle, and originate an irregular vascular system with vessel elements shorter and more branched than those found in the primary growth. This change of activity in the pericycle defines a secondary growth, where the secondary thickening meristem (STM) is the pericycle itself.

Origin and structure of the Kranz tissue in bracts of Cyperus giganteus Vahl (Cyperaceae)

Cyperus giganteus shows Kranz anatomy of the clorocyperoid type or with two sheaths, one internal, adjacent to the vascular system and known as Kranz sheath, with thin-walled cells and a large number of organelles, mainly chloroplasts; and an external sheath, the mestome sheath or endodermis, the cells of which present thickened walls, are without chloroplasts and possess a suberin lamella, together with the casparian strip which are detected in early stages of differentiation. The development of the vascular bundles shows the Kranz sheath originating from the procambial as well as the mestome sheath. The chloroplasts of the Kranz cells are relatively larger, with convoluted thylakoids and a prominent peripheral reticulum, while the chloroplasts of the mesophyll cells are relatively smaller, with thylakoids forming grana and a sparse peripheral reticulum. These ultrastructural characteristics show similarities to those of other species of the genus Cyperus.

Anatomia da raiz de Cyperus giganteus Vahl (Cyperaceae) em desenvolvimento

No Pantanal Cyperus giganteus ou "piri", constitui uma comunidade vegetal "Pirizal". É considerada espécie anfíbia ou mesófita, pois ocorre tanto em lagoas e/ou em solos secos. No ápice radicular são evidentes o caliptrogênio, que origina a coifa; o promeristema; a protoderme; o procâmbio e o meristema fundamental. A partir do promeristema identifica-se a célula que dá origem à protoderme e ao meristema fundamental. O córtex externo é constituído pela hipoderme; o córtex interno é formado a partir da camada precursora da endoderme, com formação do aerênquima esquizolisígeno. A endoderme apresenta estrias de Caspary, lamela de suberina, paredes espessadas e impregnada com compostos fenólicos. Observa-se no cilindro vascular a diferenciação precoce dos elementos do metaxilema, seguida pela diferenciação dos elementos do floema. No rizoma, as raízes se originam do periciclo, o qual constitui a camada mais interna do meristema de espessamento primário (MEP). A raiz tem como caracteres representativos da família Cyperaceae a disposição do aerênquima, a hipoderme plurisseriada e idioblastos com compostos fenólicos.

Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Identificar as espécies de morcegos envolvidas na manutenção do ciclo da raiva, verificar a distribuição do vírus da raiva em tecidos e órgãos de morcegos e os períodos de mortalidade dos camundongos inoculados. MÉTODOS: A positividade para o vírus da raiva foi avaliada por imunofluorescência direta em morcegos de municípios do Estado de São Paulo, de abril de 2002 a novembro de 2003. A distribuição do vírus nos morcegos foi avaliada pela inoculação de camundongos e infecção de células N2A, com suspensões a 20% preparadas a partir de fragmentos de diversos órgãos e tecidos, além de cérebro e glândula salivar. A mortalidade dos camundongos foi observada diariamente, após inoculação intracerebral. RESULTADOS: Dos 4.393 morcegos pesquisados, 1,9% foram positivos para o vírus da raiva, pertencentes a dez gêneros, com predomínio de insetívoros. A média do período máximo de mortalidade dos camundongos pós-inoculação a partir de cérebros e glândulas salivares de morcegos hematófagos foi de 15,33±2,08 dias e 11,33±2,30 dias; insetívoros, 16,45±4,48 dias e 18,91±6,12 dias; e frugívoros, 12,60±2,13 dias e 15,67±4,82 dias, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As espécies infectadas com o vírus da raiva foram: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. e Desmodus rotundus. A pesquisa de vírus em diferentes tecidos e órgãos mostrou-se que os mais apropriados para o isolamento foram cérebro e glândulas salivares.

Antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000

Animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. The panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the Americas. Samples were isolated in the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in Brazil. In addition to the fixed virus samples CVS-31/96-IP, preserved in mouse brain, and PV-BHK/97, preserved in cell culture, a total of 330 rabies virus samples were isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, horses, bats, sheep, goat, swine, foxes, marmosets, coati and humans. Six antigenic variants that were compatible with the pre-established monoclonal antibodies panel were defined: numbers 2 (dog), 3 (Desmodus rotundus), 4 (Tadarida brasiliensis), 5 (vampire bat from Venezuela), 6 (Lasiurus cinereus) and Lab (reacted to all used antibodies). Six unknown profiles, not compatible with the panel, were also found. Samples isolated from insectivore bats showed the greatest variability and the most commonly isolated variant was variant-3 (Desmodus rotundus). These findings may be related to the existence of multiple independent transmission cycles, involving different bat species.

Potential of biologically active plant oils to control mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens, Diptera: Culicidae) from an egyptian locality

The insecticidal effect of six commercially available plant oils was tested against 4th larval instars of Culex pipiens. Larvae were originally collected from Meit El-Attar, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, and then reared in the laboratory until F1 generation. The LC50 values were 32.42, 47.17, 71.37, 83.36, 86.06, and 152.94 ppm for fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-grecum), earth almond (Cyperus esculentus), mustard (Brassica compestris), olibanum (Boswellia serrata), rocket (Eruca sativa), and parsley (Carum ptroselinum), respectively. The tested oils altered some biological aspects of C. pipiens, for instance, developmental periods, pupation rates, and adult emergences. The lowest concentrations of olibanum and fenugreek oils caused remarkable prolongation of larval and pupal durations. Data also showed that the increase of concentrations was directly proportional to reduction in pupation rates and adult emergences. Remarkable decrease in pupation rate was achieved by mustard oil at 1000 ppm. Adult emergence was suppressed by earth almond and fenugreek oils at 25 ppm. In addition, the tested plant oils exhibited various morphological abnormalities on larvae, pupae, and adult stages. Consequently, fenugreek was the most potent oil and the major cause of malformation of both larval and pupal stages. Potency of the applied plant oils provided an excellent potential for controlling C. pipiens.

Pathogenicity of different rabies virus isolates and protection test in vaccinated mice

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0% for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0% for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0% for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5% Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2% for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.

Antemortem diagnosis of human rabies in a veterinarian infected when handling a herbivore in Minas Gerais, Brazil

The Ministry of Health's National Human Rabies Control Program advocates pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for professionals involved with animals that are at risk of contracting rabies. We report an antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of rabies in a veterinarian who became infected when handling herbivores with rabies. The antemortem diagnosis was carried out with a saliva sample and a biopsy of hair follicles using molecular biology techniques, while the postmortem diagnosis used a brain sample and conventional techniques. The veterinarian had collected samples to diagnose rabies in suspect herbivores (bovines and caprines) that were subsequently confirmed to be positive in laboratory tests. After onset of classic rabies symptoms, saliva and hair follicles were collected and used for antemortem diagnostic tests and found to be positive by RT-PCR. Genetic sequencing showed that the infection was caused by variant 3 (Desmodus rotundus), a finding confirmed by tests on the brain sample. It is essential that professionals who are at risk of infection by the rabies virus undergo pre-exposure prophylaxis. This study also confirms that molecular biology techniques were used successfully for antemortem diagnosis and therefore not only allow therapeutic methods to be developed, but also enable the source of infection in human rabies cases to be identified accurately and quickly.

VIROLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES IN BATS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

The outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the Brazilian State of Para, eastern Amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. Given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (RABV) among bat species in Capanema, a town in the Amazon basin. Bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dry seasons. Samples of brain tissue and blood were collected for virological and serological survey, respectively. None of the 153 brain tissue samples analyzed tested positive for RABV infection, but 50.34% (95% CI: 45.67-55.01%) of the serum samples analyzed were seropositive. Artibeus planirostris was the most common species, with a high percentage of seropositive individuals (52.46%, 95% CI: 52.31 52.60%). Statistically, equal proportions of seropositive results were obtained in the rainy and dry seasons (c2 = 0.057, d.f. = 1, p = 0.88). Significantly higher proportions of males (55.96%, 95% CI: 48.96-62.96%) and adults (52.37%, 95% CI: 47.35-57.39%) were seropositive. While none of the brain tissue samples tested positive for infection, the high proportion of seropositive specimens indicates that RABV may be widespread in this urban area.

Outbreak of aggressions and transmission of rabies in human beings by vampire bats in northeastern Brazil

Outbreaks of attacks upon human beings by vampire bats seems to be a common phenomenon in several regions of Latin America, but the occurrence of rabies infection among humans bled by vampires, is relatively low. In the present study, two outbreaks of human rabies transmitted by common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) are described from Bahia State, Northeasthern Brazil, in 1991 and 1992. The first was recorded in Aporá where 308 people were bled by vampire bats and three of these die from this zoonosis. The 2nd outbreak occurred in Conde where only five people were bled by vampires, and two deaths by rabies were registered. Our data suggest that rabies transmitted by bats basically depends on the presence of virus in the vampire bat population and not on the number of humans bled by them.