EFECTOS DEL ENRIQUECIMIENTO CON SELENIO EN SPAD, CALIDAD DE LA FRUTA Y PARÁMETROS DE CRECIMIENTO DE PLANTAS DE FRESA EN UN SISTEMA DE CULTIVO SIN SUELO

RESUMEN El selenio (Se) es un elemento traza esencial no solo para animales, plantas y microorganismos, sino también para la salud de las personas. Por ello, parece que aumentar las cantidades de selenio en plantas puede tener implicaciones positivas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en un sistema de cultivo sin suelo con fibra de coco el efecto del selenito (Se IV) y selenato (Se VI) en el peso, calidad de las frutas de fresa, así como en variables de crecimiento y contenido de clorofilas de las hojas jóvenes y adultas de la planta de fresa de la variedad ‘Splendor’. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Se(IV)F (foliar), T2 Se(IV)S (sustrato), T3 Se(VI)F, T4 Se(VI)S y T5 control (sin aporte de Se). Se aplicaron semanalmente las mismas concentraciones de Se(IV) y Se(VI). Los resultados del análisis mostraron que el efecto de los tratamientos sobre firmeza, sólidos solubles totales y acidez titratable en frutas fue significativo. Los valores más altos de firmeza y sólidos solubles fueron mostrados por el tratamiento T4. Los mayores valores para el pH se producen en los tratamientos con T2 y T4. Los resultados indican que el Se tiene un efecto positivo sobre los valores de SPAD en hoja vieja. Las plantas con tratamiento de selenio presentaron un mayor número de hojas en relación a las plantas control.

Contaminação do ambiente aquático por pesticidas. Estudo de caso: águas usadas para consumo humano em Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso - análise preliminar

A preliminary analyses of the possible contamination of superficial and underground water by the active ingredients of the pesticide products used in the surroundings of the urban area of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was carried out. A description of the study region and of its environmental characteristics, which can favor the contamination of the local aquatic environment, was presented. The EPA screening criteria, the groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) and the criteria proposed by Goss were used to evaluate which pesticides might contaminate the local waters. Among the active ingredients studied, several present risks to the local aquatic environment.

Intervalos de referência para elementos menores e traço em cabelo humano para a população da cidade do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used for the determination of twenty minor and trace elements in hair samples from an urban population group (N = 1775), aiming at the establishment of reliable hair reference intervals. Statistical evaluation of the data with respect to age, sex and anatomic region was performed by multivariant analysis and according to recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). The results show that mainly age and anatomic region (scalp or pubis) influence significantly the concentration of several elements. Comparison of the here calculated reference intervals with those previously published and used by clinical laboratories for this population showed larger discrepancies and the need for an urgent revision of these data.

Anestésicos locais: interação com membranas de eritrócitos de sangue humano, estudada por ressonância magnética nuclear de ¹H e 31P

The literature carries many theories about the mechanism of action of local anesthetics (LA). We can highlight those focusing the direct effect of LA on the sodium channel protein and the ones that consider the interaction of anesthetic molecules with the lipid membrane phase. The interaction between local anesthetics and human erythrocyte membranes has been studied by ¹H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that lidocaine (LDC) and benzocaine (BZC) bind to the membranes, increase the mobility of the protons of the phospholipid's acyl chains, and decrease the mobility and/or change the structure of the polar head groups. The results indicate that lidocaine molecules are inserted across the polar and liquid interface of the membrane, establishing both electrostatic (charged form) and hydrophobic (neutral form) interactions. Benzocaine locates itself a little deeper in the bilayer, between the interfacial glycerol region and the hydrophobic core. These changes in mobility or conformation of membrane lipids could affect the Na+-channel protein insertion in the bilayer, stabilizing it in the inactivated state, thus causing anesthesia.

Validação do método de determinação simultânea dos íons brometo e bromato por cromatografia iônica em águas de consumo humano

European Directive (98/83/CE), compulsory after 2008, states that bromate in drinking water must be controlled at levels below 10 mg L-1. Supporting implementation of the Directive, the European Comission has established project SMT4-CT96 2134, in collaboration with various european institutions, aiming at the identification of the interferents to the current analytical method (Ionic Chromatography with Conductimetric Detection - IC/CD), their removal and the automation of pre-treatment and injection steps, as well as the development of alternative methods. EPAL, responsible for the water supply to a great deal of Portuguese regions, has taken steps to meet these requirements. Although not part of such project, this work (the result of a project conducted under a protocol of collaboration between EPAL SA and FCUL - Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon), reports on studies of usefulness to laboratories planning to monitor bromate in ozone treated waters, in conditions different from those described in EPA 300.1. Simultaneous determination of bromide is justified by its role as bromate precursor.

Análise de ácidos graxos não-esterificados de plasma humano por cromatografia gasosa capilar com injeção sem divisão de fluxo

The aim of the present work was to test the combination of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) isolation using fumed silicon dioxide with capillary gas-chromatography (C-GC) with splitless injection for the analysis of NEFAs in human plasma. Injection volume, solvent re-condensation and split purge flow-rate were the parameters evaluated for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by C-GC. The use of a solvent re-condensation technique, associated with 1.0 µL injection and a split purge flow rate of 80 mL/min resulted in satisfactory analysis of NEFAs. Fourteen fatty acids were identified in plasma samples, ranging from 2.03 to 184.0 µmol/L. The combination of both techniques proved useful for routine analyses of plasma NEFAs.

O impacto industrial na composição química das águas subterrâneas com enfoque de consumo humano (Rio Grande, RS)

The alteration in the quality of groundwater in the industrial zone of Brazil's southernmost state was assessed by a hydrogeochemical study. In 70-85% of the studied area, fluoride, nitrate and phosphate in groundwater surpass the maximum limits for human consumption according to Brazilian environmental legislation. The chemical spectrum of contaminants and their spatial distribution show that fertilizer production processes are responsible for groundwater pollution. The natural conditions of the region are not favorable for minimal protection against infiltration of pollutants into the aquifer.

PARAFAC: uma ferramenta quimiométrica para tratamento de dados multidimensionais. Aplicações na determinação direta de fármacos em plasma humano por espectrofluorimetria

Since the last decade, the combined use of chemometrics and molecular spectroscopic techniques has become a new alternative for direct drug determination, without the need of physical separation. Among the new methodologies developed, the application of PARAFAC in the decomposition of spectrofluorimetric data should be highlighted. The first objective of this article is to describe the theoretical basis of PARAFAC. For this purpose, a discussion about the order of chemometric methods used in multivariate calibration and the development of multi-dimensional methods is presented first. The other objective of this article is to divulge for the Brazilian chemical community the potential of the combination PARAFAC/spectrofluorimetry for the determination of drugs in complex biological matrices. For this purpose, two applications aiming at determining, respectively, doxorrubicine and salicylate in human plasma are presented.

Desenvolvimento de colunas cromatográficas de meios de acesso restrito proteína-imobilizada e suas avaliações para análise de fármacos com injeção direta de plasma humano

A series of bovine serum albumin-immobilized supports have been prepared and used as restricted access media (RAM) columns. Restricted-access supports combine size-exclusion of proteins and other high-molar-mass matrix components with the simultaneous enrichment of low-molar mass analytes. These characteristics were chromatographically evaluated for the columns. The RAM-BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) columns showed excellent performance for exclusion of human plasma protein with good retention capacity for a series of acidic, basic, and neutral drugs.

Espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio, antioxidantes e marcadores de dano oxidativo em sangue humano: principais métodos analíticos para sua determinação

We review here the chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their biological sources and targets; particularly, biomolecules implicated in the redox balance of the human blood, and appraise the analytical methods available for their detection and quantification. Those biomolecules are represented by the enzymatic antioxidant defense machinery, whereas coadjutant reducing protection is provided by several low molecular weight molecules. Biomolecules can be injured by RONS yielding a large repertoire of oxidized products, some of which can be taken as biomarkers of oxidative damage. Their reliable determination is of utmost interest for their potentiality in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of maladies.

Composição centesimal do leite humano e caracterização das propriedades físico-químicas de sua gordura

Human milk fat is essential for development of newborn infants. Many studies detail chemical characteristics of human milk fat; however there are no studies about its physical properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the centesimal composition of human milk and to compare the calculated energy value with the estimated energy by the creamatocrit method. Chemical composition and physical properties of human milk lipids and Betapol - a structured lipid - were also studied. The results showed that energy values of human milk estimated by creamatocrit and calculated by the centesimal composition didn't present significant correlation. Human milk lipids and Betapol presented distinct physico-chemical properties.

Análise química de pigmento vermelho em osso humano

This work presents a chemical study of human bones painted red located at the Morro dos Ossos site, Piauí State, Brazil. The pigment was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complexation reactions with thiocyanate and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results confirmed the presence of ochre and that the pigment layer is essentially composed of a mixture of clay and hematite, α-Fe2O3.

Lipídios estruturados: alternativa para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano

Human milk has characteristics of great importance for the newborn. Its composition shows all nutrients in quantity and quality needed, in addition to providing protection against infections and allergies and stimulating the immune system. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution in the triacylglycerols are targets of studies on infant formula, and the triacylglycerols of human milk fat should serve as a model for the lipid components. This review aims to report studies of technology in lipids in order to produce structured lipids as substitutes of human milk fat.

Determinação de cádmio em amostras de urina e soro humano por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite usando irídio como modificador permanente

No presente estudo, foram investigadas diferentes substâncias para atuarem como modificadores químicos na determinação direta de cádmio em soro e urina humanos sem digestão prévia das amostras. A preparação da amostra foi feita diretamente nos copos do amostrador automático por diluição 1+4 de soro e 1+1 de urina com ácido nítrico 1% v/v contendo 0.02% v/v de cloreto de tricetil metil amônio (CTAC). Foram investigadas as melhores condições de determinação por meio de curvas de temperatura de pirólise e atomização na presença da matriz e do analito levando-se em conta a forma do pulso de absorção, baixas temperaturas na atomização, fundo corrigido e sensibilidade. Foram efetuados estudos na ausência de modificador e com a mistura universal em solução de Pd e Mg (10 e 15 µg, respectivamente) e com rutênio (500 µg) e irídio (500 µg) como modificadores permanentes. Para Ir permanente, as massas características foram 0.8 pg para soro e 0.7 pg para urina (recomendado de 2 pg). Na investigação do uso de Ir permanente, foi observado que o pico foi simétrico, retornando à linha de base em 3s e com fundo corrigido completamente com valores ótimos por pirólises e atomização de 300 e 1000°C para soro e 300 e 1100ºC para urina. A calibração foi feita por ajuste de matriz e apresentou coeficiente de correlação de regressão linear típico de 0.999. Análises de soro e urina fortificados mostraram recuperações que variaram entre 99.3 e 103.2 com um desvio padrão relativo (RSD, n=3) menor que 12% para soro e entre 93.1 e 102.2% com um RSD menor que 3% para urina. O limite de detecção (k=3, n=10) foi de 8 e 9 pg para soro e urina, respectivamente.