Onchocerciasis in Ecuador: changes in prevalence of ocular lesions in Onchocerca volvulus infected individuals over the period 1980-1990

Trends in prevalence rates of onchocercal ocular lesions were examined over the period 1980 to 1990 using data from two cross-sectional surveys. There was evidence for increasing prevalence of anterior chamber microfilariae, iridocyclitis, optic atrophy, and chorioretinopathy. Large increases in prevalence, in particular, were seen for posterior segment lesions: optic atrophy increased from 2.7% to 6.4% and chorioretinopathy from 8.8% to 35.6%. Greatest increases in these lesions were seen in the Chachi which was attributed to the large increases in prevalence of microfilariae in the anterior chamber particularly in those aged 30 years or greater. The study findings suggest that ocular onchocerciasis is evolving in parallel with the well documented parasitological changes.

High and low doses of antimony (Sb v) in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a five years follow-up study of 15 patients

Seventeen patients proceeding from the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil presenting with the cutaneous ulcerative form of American leishmaniasis were treated with one ampoule of pentavalent antimony daily for 30 days. With this regimen the individuals doses varies greatly: from 3.8 mg/kg of body weight to 22.3 mg/kg. After five years, patients receiving either a smaller dose or a bigger one, showed the same therapeutic result: cutaneous scars and no mucosal lesions.

A comparison of the inhibitory activity of selective PDE4 inhibitors on eosinophil recruitment in guinea pig skin

The elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP by phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitors in eosinophils is associated with inhibition of the activation and recruitment of these cells. We have previously shown that systemic treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram effectively inhibt eosinophil migration in guinea pig skin. In the present study we compare the oral potency and efficacy of the PDE4 inhibitors rolipram, RP 73401 and CDP 840 on allergic and PAF-induced eosinophil recruitment. Rolipram and RP 73401 were equally effective and potent when given by the oral route and much more active than the PDE4 inhibitor CDP 840. We suggest that this guinea pig model of allergic and mediator-induced eosinophil recruitment is both a sensitive and simple tool to test the efficacy and potency of PDE4 inhibitors in vivo.

The 245 kb amplified chromosome of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis contains a biopterin transporter gene

Leishmania (V.) braziliensis M2903 presents a small linear and stable 245 kb chromosome originating from a genomic amplification. Similar amplifications present in other species of Leishmania contain a gene coding for a biopterin transporter. Since Leishmania is auxotrophic for this metabolite, this amplification could result from the need to better capture biotpterin from growth media under specific circumstances. In this paper we show that this gene is also present in L. (V.) braziliensis small chromosome, which shares sequences with other genomic amplifications already described.

Freshwater snails and schistosomiasis mansoni in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: V - Norte fluminense mesoregion

In this paper, the fifth of a series dealing with the survey of freshwater gastropods of the state of Rio de Janeiro, the results of collections carried out in the Norte Fluminense Mesoregion from 2002 to 2003 are presented and revealed the occurrence of 19 species: Antillorbis nordestensis; Burnupia sp.; Biomphalaria tenagophila; Drepanotrema anatinum; Drepanotrema cimex; Drepanotrema depressissimum; Drepanotrema lucidum; Ferrissia sp.; Gundlachia ticaga; Gundlachia sp.; Heleobia sp.; Hebetancylus moricandi; Idiopyrgus sp.; Lymnaea columella; Melanoides tuberculatus; Physa acuta; Physa marmorata; Pomacea sordida, and Pomacea sp. Concerning the snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni only B. tenagophila was found, in contrast with other previuosly studied mesoregions.No specimens were found harbouring larval forms of S. mansoni although different kinds of cercariae had been observed.An account about the current schistosomiasis transmission sites in this Mesoregion is presented as well.

Cloning and characterization of a V-ATPase subunit C from the American visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis modulated during development and blood ingestion

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious tropical disease that affects approximately 500 thousand people worldwide every year. In the Americas, VL is caused by the parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi mainly transmitted by the bite of the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Despite recent advances in the study of interaction between Leishmania and sand flies, very little is known about sand fly protein expression profiles. Understanding how the expression of proteins may be affected by blood feeding and/or presence of parasite in the vector's midgut might allow us to devise new strategies for controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. In this work, we report the characterization of a vacuolar ATPase subunit C from L. longipalpis by screening of a midgut cDNA library with a 220 bp fragment identified by means of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the gene varies along insect development and is upregulated in males and bloodfed L. longipalpis, compared to unfed flies.

Speciation of antimony (III) and antimony (V) using hydride generation for meglumine antimoniate pharmaceutical formulationsquality control

The pentavalent antimonies, mainly the meglumine antimoniate, are recommends as first-choice medicines for leishmaniasis therapy. In this work we described the development of formulations of meglumine antimoniate injectable medication, as well as the analytical methodology used in the selective determination of Sb(III) and Sb(Total) by hydride generation - inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) and ICP-AES, respectively. On that purpose the analytical methodology was developed focusing on the HG-ICP-AES technique. The formulations using propylene glycol/water as vehicles in a 20:80 proportion were more appropriate for subsequent use in industrial scale. These formulations also showed a lower variation on Sb(III) percentage, no need of buffer solution to stabilize the formulation and no influence of the autoclaving in the quality of the product. The results of the development of the analytical methodology point out the proposed method as an efficient alternative for the determination of Sb(III) in the presence of large quantities of Sb(V) in injectable solutions of meglumine antimoniate, in a selective, linear, accurate and precise manner. In addition, the method showed a low limit of quantification, less interference of the matrix, and more resilience than batch techniques proposed in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia.

Evidence for the co-circulation of dengue virus type 3 genotypes III and V in the Northern region of Brazil during the 2002-2004 epidemics

The reintroduction of dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) in Brazil in 2000 and its subsequent spread throughout the country was associated with genotype III viruses, the only DENV-3 genotype isolated in Brazil prior to 2002. We report here the co-circulation of two different DENV-3 genotypes in patients living in the Northern region of Brazil during the 2002-2004 epidemics. Complete genomic sequences of viral RNA were determined from these epidemics, and viruses belonging to genotypes V (Southeast Asia/South Pacific) and III were identified. This recent co-circulation of different DENV-3 genotypes in South America may have implications for pathological and epidemiological dynamics.

Characterization of 23S rRNA domain V mutations in gastric biopsy patients from the eastern Amazon

Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin is characterised by simple point mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and is responsible for the majority of cases of failure to eradicate this bacterium. In this paper, we characterised the variability of the 23S rRNA gene in biopsies of patients with gastric pathologies in the eastern Amazon (Northern Region of Brazil) using PCR and sequencing. A total of 49 sequences of H. pylori strains were analysed and of those, 75.6% presented nucleotide substitutions: A2142G (3.3%), T2182C (12.9%), G2224A (6.45%), T2215C (61.3%), A2192G (3.3%), G2204C (6.4%) and T2221C (6.4%). Of the mutations identified, four are known mutations related to cases of resistance and 16.1% are not yet described, revealing a high prevalence of mutations in the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene among the strains circulating in the in the eastern Amazon. The high prevalence in individuals with gastric pathologies in the Northern Region of Brazil demonstrates the need for characterising the profile of these strains to provide correct therapy for patients, considering that mutations in this gene are normally associated with resistance to the primary medication used in controlling H. pylori infection.

Construção de um Vê de Gowin para análises de produções acadêmicas de Enfermagem

O artigo apresenta uma ferramenta da Aprendizagem Significativa denominada V de Gowin e a possibilidade de seu uso em um processo de desempacotamento de produções acadêmicas de Enfermagem. Objetiva construir uma proposta de alteração da ferramenta com a utilização dos elementos que compõem a trajetória processual da Teoria da Intervenção Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva (TIPESC) e analisar uma dissertação produzida nesta área de conhecimento. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório que apresenta o V de Gowin, propondo alterações no seu domínio metodológico. Constatou-se a possibilidade de utilização para análises de produções acadêmicas de enfermagem deste instrumento heurístico que já se mostrou útil para apoiar processos de ensino e aprendizagem e analisar produções acadêmicas na área, pela capacidade de captar e interpretar qualquer fenômeno articulado aos processos de produção e reprodução social.

Pedogênese em uma seqüência latossolo-podzólico na borda de um platô na depressão periférica paulista

Estudou-se uma seqüência de solos (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico textura muito argilosa → Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro distrófico textura argilosa/muito argilosa → Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico abrupto textura média/argilosa), situados na borda de um platô, que representa a superfície mais antiga e dominante da paisagem regional e de boa parte do médio/baixo Vale do rio Piracicaba, em Piracicaba (SP). Foram amostrados e descritos morfologicamente sete perfis de solos em trincheiras nos diferentes segmentos da vertente (topo, ombro, meia encosta e sopé). A configuração lateral dos horizontes foi observada por meio de tradagens. Análises mineralógicas, químicas e granulométricas foram feitas em amostras selecionadas dos horizontes. Nas amostras indeformadas dos horizontes e das transições entre estes, foram feitas a descrição e a análise micromorfológica para apoiar a interpretação da pedogênese. Os Latossolos muito argilosos do topo plano foram interpretados como formados a partir de um sedimento argiloso neocenozóico que recobriu o platô, e os Podzólicos como resultantes de transformação pedológica lateral dos Latossolos com contribuição de siltitos da formação Tatuí (Ptt). A gênese dos microagregados dos Latossolos do topo é complexa, mas dois processos ficaram mais evidentes: o da microestruturação geoquímica e o da zoogenética. A transição lateral Bw-Bt foi atribuída ao adensamento em subsuperfície do manto latossólico, em conseqüência do rebaixamento e convexização da superfície topográfica original durante o Quaternário e da influência crescente para jusante da ação mecânica do fluxo lateral de água. Posteriormente, mecanismos de argiluviação e de degradação de argilas por hidromorfismo temporário no topo do Bt completam a transformação do Bw em Bt e deste em E, respectivamente.

Pedogênese de uma seqüência de solos desenvolvidos de arenito na região de Piracicaba (SP)

O trabalho abordou a formação de solos com horizonte B textural e teve por objetivo identificar os processos pedogenéticos envolvidos na formação de lamelas, do gradiente textural abrupto, assim como suas implicações sobre os atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido numa toposseqüência de solos derivados de arenito: o perfil (P1), ocorrendo na parte alta do relevo (topo); perfil (P2), na faixa intermediária (terço médio da encosta), e perfil (P3), no terço inferior da encosta. As análises realizadas foram: granulométrica, química, mineralógica e micromorfológica. Os perfis apresentaram seqüência de horizontes do tipo A-E-Bt, tendo sido classificados como Alissolos Crômicos. Os solos foram classificados como quimicamente ácidos, com mineralogia da fração argila mostrando predomínio de caulinita. Os materiais analisados evidenciaram uniformidade quanto à granulometria, diâmetro médio, arredondamento e relação zircão/turmalina das areias, assim como no aspecto morfológico, apontando para formação autóctone do solo. Os processos pedogenéticos responsáveis pela formação do gradiente textural foram a degradação das argilas em condições de oxirredução e a lessivagem. O primeiro processo foi constatado em microdomínios no contato E/Bt, onde se notaram cores de gleização, indicando encharcamento temporário. Neste caso, a formação do horizonte álbico deveu-se principalmente à destruição do topo do horizonte Bt. As lamelas nada mais seriam do que heranças do horizonte Bt no horizonte álbico. A presença de cerosidade, associada aos cutãs de iluviação no exame micromorfológico, revelou a participação do processo de lessivagem contribuindo para a diferenciação textural.

Stratigraphical discontinuities, tropical landscape evolution and soil distribution relationships in a case study in SE-Brazil

On a regional summit surface in the county of Piracicaba (SP) within the Peripheric Depression of São Paulo, formed of discontinued flattened tops, there is an abrupt transition between a Typic Hapludox and a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox, together with two stoneline layers. Using stratigraphical, mineralogical, and cartographic studies, this transition and the soil distribution of this surface were studied, correlating them with the different parent materials and the morphoclimatic model of landscape evolution in Southeastern Brazil. The Typic Hapludox was formed on a sandy Cenozoic deposit (Q) that overlies a pellitic deposit of the Iratí formation (Pi), representing a regional erosive discordance. Westwards to the Piracicaba River, this sequence is interrupted by a diabase sill overlain by a red clayey material which gave origin to the Kandiudalfic Eutrudox. Two post-Permian depositional events were identified by the two stonelines and stratigraphical discontinuities. The first event generated the deposition of a sandy sediment in the form of levelled alveoluses on regional barriers, most of these formed by dikes and diabase sills, probably during a drier phase. The second depositional event, leading to the deposition of the red clay was probably the dissection of the previously formed pediplane during a humid climate, followed by another pedimentation process during a later, drier period.