Produção e sazonalidade de pessegueiro e nectarineira sob florescimento espontâneo e com cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral

O trabalho avaliou a produção e a sazonalidade de cultivares de pessegueiro e nectarineira, com e sem o uso de cianamida hidrogenada, em dois ciclos de produção (2009 e 2010). O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP, localizado nas seguintes coordenadas geográficas: latitude 22º51' 55" S, longitude 48º26' 22" O e 810 m de altitude. O tipo climático predominante é o temperado quente (mesotérmico), com chuvas no verão e seca no inverno. A aplicação de cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral resultou numa antecipação na data do início da colheita para todas as cultivares. Também houve uma concentração no período produtivo, diminuição no ciclo de produção e aumento na produção. A avaliação do ciclo da poda à colheita sob florescimento espontâneo evidenciou que as cultivares mais precoces foram: Precocinho (81,5 dias) e Conserva 693 (87 dias). As mais tardias foram: Turmalina (141,5 dias) e CP 951 C (134,5 dias). Com o uso da cianamida hidrogenada e do óleo mineral, o ciclo da poda à colheita permitiu a caracterização das cultivares mais precoces: Precocinho (87,5 dias) e a nectarineira Sun Blaze (95,5 dias). As mais tardios foram: Diamante Mejorado (126,5 dias) e CP 951 C (120 dias). As cultivares Turmalina (20,2 kg planta-1), Conserva 693 (20,75 kg planta-1) e Aurora 1 (15,65 kg planta-1) foram as mais produtivas .

Produtividade, incidência de podridão-parda e danos por pragas em pêssego cultivado sob produção integrada

O sistema de produção integrada (IP) é uma tecnologia que permite aumentar a segurança alimentar, diminuir a aplicação de produtos químicos e o impacto ambiental. Este trabalho comparou dois pomares de pêssego da cultivar Chimarrita, um deles sob produção integrada e o outro sob manejo convencional (CP), situados na Lapa, Paraná, Brasil. O manejo do pomar CP foi o usualmente aplicado pelos produtores locais, e o manejo IP foi o recomendado pelas Normas Brasileiras de Produção Integrada de Pêssego. Durante três safras (2002, 2003 e 2004), produtividade, calibre dos frutos, incidência de podridão parda e danos (causados por Grapholita, Anastrepha, lagartas e outras causas) foram quantificados em ambos os sistemas. O número de aplicações de inseticidas e fungicidas no CP foi maior que no IP, tal qual ocorreu com a incidência de podridão-parda. Grapholita molesta, Anastrepha spp. e lagartas foram mantidas sob controle durante as três safras. A produtividade, bem como o tamanho dos frutos, foram maiores no IP, indicando as vantagens desse sistema de produção.

Leaf nutritional levels in peach and nectarine grown in subtropical climate

The study evaluated the leaf nutritional levels of peach and nectarine trees under subtropical climate in order to improve the fertilization practices. The experiment was carried out in São Paulo state University, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of subdivided plots, in which plots corresponded to cultivars and subplots to the leaf sample periods. The evaluated peach cultivars were: Marli, Turmalina, Precocinho, Jubileu, Cascata 968, Cascata 848, CP 951C, CP 9553CYN, and Tropic Beauty, and that of nectarine was 'Sun Blaze'. The sample periods were: after harvest, plants in vegetative period; dormancy; beginning of flowering and fruiting (standard sample). Results indicated significant variations in the levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn for the sampling period and in N, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe and Mn levels for the cultivars.

AVALIAÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO VEGETATIVO DE PEREIRAS ‘HOSUI’ E ‘ROCHA’ EM DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS NO SISTEMA DE CULTIVO ORGÂNICO

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio sobre o crescimento vegetativo de pereiras das cvs. Rocha e Hosui, em sistema orgânico de produção. As mudas das pereiras ‘Rocha’ e ‘Hosui’ enxertadas sobre o marmeleiro ‘CP’ foram plantadas em setembro de 2009. Os espaçamentos utilizados foram: 1,0; 0,8; 0,6 e 0,4 m, entre plantas por 3,5 m entre linhas, equivalendo às densidades de plantio de 2.857; 3.571; 4.762 e 7.143 plantas ha-1, respectivamente. Por dois ciclos consecutivos - 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 -, referentes ao terceiro e ao quarto anos após o plantio, respectivamente, foram avaliadas as variáveis diâmetro detronco, diâmetro de ramos e número de ramos. No segundo ciclo, foram avaliados o volume de copa, a área foliar estimada, a cobertura do dossel e os teores de clorofila a, b e total. Considerando as variáveis: projeção vertical de área foliar estimada, volume de copa e diâmetro de tronco e ramos, para a cv. Hosui, observou-se maior vigor vegetativo em relação à cv. Rocha. A cv. Rocha apresentou redução dos teores de clorofila no menor espaçamento entre plantas, enquanto na cv. Hosui os teores de clorofila não variaram com o espaçamento. Ocorreu aumento da área foliar estimada em função do adensamento para as duas cultivares; para o volume de copa, porém, este efeito foi observado apenas para a cv. Hosui, e para o índice de cobertura de dossel, apenas para a cv. Rocha. O maior adensamento de plantio favoreceu as pereiras da cv. Hosui, proporcionando maior volume de copa por área de terreno, sem ocorrer redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, mas com aumento da cobertura do dossel. Para a cv. Rocha, no entanto, adensamentos maiores do que 4.700 plantas ha-1 parecem ser prejudiciais, visto promoverem redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, porém com maior cobertura do dossel, podendo indicar autossombreamento.

Caracterização de polimorfismo em fármacos por ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido

This review aims to present some features about solid state NMR and its application in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, for the characterization of polymorphism of pharmaceutical molecules.

Compostos organolantanídeos contendo o ligante pirazinamida: síntese, caracterização e atividade catalítica na polimerização do etileno

In this work we report the synthesis of some organolanthanide compounds which were identified as LnCl2Cp(PzA)2, Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu and Tb, Cp = cyclopentadienyl and PzA = pirazinamide, by elemental analyses, complexometric titration with EDTA, thermal analyses and IR spectra. Thermal analysis and infrared spectra indicated that the coordination of the pyrazinamide to the lanthanide ions was made by the O atom of the carbonyl group and by one or both N atoms of the pyrazinamide ring. This class of compound showed catalytic activity of ca. 4.0 to 6.4 kgPE molLn-1 h-1 bar-1, in ethylene polymerization, using methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. The resulting polyethylene presented low crystallinity (20%).

Polimerização de estireno utilizando compostos organolantanídeos ativados por MAO

In an attempt to improve the performance of organolanthanide catalysts we investigated the use of the industrially important cocatalyst methylaluminoxane (MAO) to activate organolanthanide compounds in olefin polymerization. The catalytic systems LnBrCp2(THF)2/MAO (Cp=cyclopentadienyl) and LnBrCp*2THF/MAO (Cp*= pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), Ln=Pr and Yb, were active in styrene polymerization but inactive in ethylene and propylene polymerization. These systems produced atactic polystyrene with conversions of up to 8.2% (PrBrCp*2THF, Al/Ln=200, T=80ºC, t=4 h) in toluene. In the absence of solvent, the conversion is 26.0% (1.5 h) and the molar mass of the atactic polystyrene is almost ten times higher (43 kg/mol).

Constituintes químicos e atividade antioxidante de extratos das folhas de Terminalia fagifolia Mart. et Zucc

Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic leaves extracts of T. fagifolia led to the isolation of (+)-catechin, sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, α- and β-tocopherol, a mixture of lupeol, α- and β-amyrin, sitosterol and a mixture of glicosid flavonoids (CP-13). The structures of these compounds were identified by ¹H and 13C NMR spectral analysis and comparison with literature data. Absolute configuration of the catechin was determinate by circular dichroism. Antioxidant activity (EC50), evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay system, decreased in the order: (+)-catechin > hydroalcoholic fraction > CP-13 > aqueous fraction > EtOH extract.

Implantação das diretrizes curriculares nacionais para formação de professores de química em uma instituição federal de ensino superior: desafios e perspectivas

The Curricular Proposals for Chemistry Teaching Courses aim at producing a reflexive-researcher teacher, who will be able to deal with cross-disciplinary subjects. The challenge faced by the majority of the federal universities, in implementing these guidelines, is to attain these objectives inside their departmental structure. We present here the formulation of the Chemistry Teaching Course Pedagogic Project from Federal University of Pelotas concerning on the CNE/CP 1/2002 and 2/2002 Resolutions. We discuss the impact of these Proposals, the difficulties faced and the new perspectives of organization inside of these institutions, which resulted in new spaces with cross-disciplinary and cross-departmental orientation.

Indirect spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril using Cr(VI) and diphenylcarbazide

A spectrophotometric method for the indirect determination of captopril (CP) in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. The proposed procedure is based on the oxidation of captopril by potassium dichromate and the determination excess oxidant on the basis of its reaction with diphenylcarbazide (DPC). Under the optimum conditions, a good linear relationship (r = 0.9997) was obtained in the range of 0.08-3.5 µg mL-1. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 0.024 and 0.08 µg mL-1, respectively. The results obtained for captopril determination in pharmaceuticals using the proposed method and those obtained with the US Pharmacopoeia method were in good agreement at the 95% confidence level.

Influencia de variables de formulación en la viscosidad de emulsiones de surfactante aniónico-aceite-agua

Phase transition and viscosity behavior of emulsified systems were studied after modifying their physicochemical formulation. Effects of concentration and nature of salts and n-alcohols, and water/oil relation on the rheological properties of emulsions were also studied. Pre-equilibrated systems were emulsified according to an agitation procedure, and the viscosity (cP) was measured at different shear rates ranging from 1 to 300 s-1. The phase behavior, as well as the emulsion type based on electrolytic conductivity, was observed. Several interpretations of the flow and viscosity curves of emulsions were made through the estimation of rheological parameters such as consistency index "k" and behavior index "n".

Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the coat protein and 3'-untranslated region of two Brazilian Potato virus Y isolates

Two Brazilian Potato virus Y (PVY) isolates were biologically characterized as necrotic (PVY-NBR) and common (PVY-OBR) based upon symptoms on test plants. Additional characterization was performed by sequencing a cDNA corresponding to the 3' terminal region of the viral genome. The sequence consisted of 195 nucleotides (nt) coding part of the nuclear inclusion body b (NIb) gene, 804 nt of the coat protein (CP) gene, and 328 nt (PVY-OBR) or 326 nt (PVY-NBR) of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Translation of the sequence resulted in one single open reading frame with part of the NIb and a CP of 267 amino acids. The two isolates shared 95.1% similarity in the CP amino acid sequence. The CP and the 3'-UTR sequence of the Brazilian isolates were compared to those of other PVY isolates previously reported and unrooted phylogenetic trees were constructed. The trees revealed a separation of two distinct clusters, one comprising most of the common strains and the other comprising the necrotic strains. PVY-OBR was clustered in the common group and PVY-NBR in the necrotic one.

Etiologia e estratégias de controle de viroses do mamoeiro no brasil

As viroses constituem o principal grupo de doenças do mamoeiro (Carica papaya), ocasionando grandes perdas na produção, podendo chegar à destruição total das plantações afetadas. Embora mais de dez vírus tenham sido constatados infetando naturalmente o mamoeiro, em todo o mundo, no Brasil, até o presente, foram assinaladas apenas as ocorrências do vírus da mancha anelar do mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus, PRSV), do vírus do amarelo letal do mamoeiro (Papaya lethal yellowing virus, PLYV) e do vírus da meleira que se encontra em fase de caracterização. A mancha anelar causada pelo PRSV é, inquestionavelmente, o mais importante problema sanitário do mamoeiro. O controle do PRSV mostra-se imprescindível, apesar de bastante difícil, em razão da sua forma de disseminação rápida e eficiente por diversas espécies de afídeos e ausência de resistência genética em C. papaya. Na tentativa de controlar o PRSV, várias medidas já foram testadas, não existindo, até o momento, nenhuma estratégia eficiente e duradoura para seu controle no Brasil. O desenvolvimento de plantas transgênicas de mamoeiro expressando o gene da capa protéica (cp) do PRSV, imunes ao mesmo, abriu nova possibilidade para solução do problema.

Mosaic in Senna occidentalis in southern Brazil induced by a new strain of Soybean mosaic virus

Plants of Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) with mosaic symptoms were collected near a soybean (Glycine max) field where some plants exhibited symptoms of mosaic and blistering. A preliminary examination of leaf tissue from diseased S. occidentalis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of pinwheel inclusions as well as long flexuous particles, indicating the presence of a potyvirus. Host range, serology, and amino acid sequence from this potyvirus were similar to those from other Brazilian isolates of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). The 3'- terminal region of the genomic RNA was cloned and a cDNA sequence of 1.9 kb upstream of the poly (A) tract was determined. The sequence contains a single open reading frame and a 3'- non-translated region (NTR) of 259 bp. The nucleotide sequence of the CP gene of SMV-Soc was 98% identical to that of Brazilian isolates SMV-B, SMV-L, and SMV-FT10. The percentage of nucleotide identity of their 3'-NTR's was 91, 98, and 99% in relation to SMV-L, SMV-B, and SMV-FT10, respectively. In contrast to other Brazilian SMV isolates studied, SMV-Soc was able to infect sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Based on these results, the S. occidentalis isolate was identified as a new strain of SMV belonging to the SMV strain, group G5 and was named SMV-Soc. This is the first report of naturaly occurring SMV infecting plants of S. occidentalis in Brazil, adding this weed as a new source of SMV in the field.

Sequences of the coat protein gene from brazilian isolates of Papaya ringspot virus

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the causal agent of the main papaya (Carica papaya) disease in the world. Brazil is currently the world's main papaya grower, responsible for about 40% of the worldwide production. Resistance to PRSV on transgenic plants expressing the PRSV coat protein (cp) gene was shown to be dependent on the sequence homology between the cp transgene expressed in the plant genome and the cp gene from the incoming virus, in an isolate-specific fashion. Therefore, knowledge of the degree of homology among the cp genes from distinct PRSV isolates which are present in a given area is important to guide the development of transgenic papaya for the control of PRSV in that area. The objective of the present study was to assess the degree of homology among the PRSV cp genes of several Brazilian isolates of this virus. Papaya and PRSV are present in many different ecosystems within Brazil. Twelve PRSV isolates, collected in eight different states from four different geographic regions, were used in this study. The sequences of the cp gene from these isolates were compared among themselves and to the gene used to generate transgenic papaya for Brazil. An average degree of homology of 97.3% at the nucleotide sequence was found among the Brazilian isolates. When compared to 27 isolates from outside Brazil in a homology tree, the Brazilian isolates were clustered with Australian, Hawaiian, and Central and North American isolates, with an average degree of homology of 90.7% among them.