Congenital toxoplasmosis in dizygotic twins, Paraná, Brazil

This is the first report of congenital toxoplasmosis in dizygotic twins in Brazil. We emphasize the need for early diagnosis of the mother and follow-up of children with suspected or confirmed infection from birth to adolescence, in order to avoid the hazard and damage from congenital toxoplasmosis.

Occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in horses of the urban area of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

A total of 320 horses were studied in this paper, both male and female, between two and 17 years of age, which were used for traction of wagons in the urban area of the municipality of Londrina (PR). These animals were kept, after their daily work, in abandoned areas or plots, in the outskirts of the urban area of the city. When these animals were attended by the veterinarians, between 1996 and 2005, none of them presented symptoms suggesting leptospirosis. The most frequent reasons for the visit were loss of weight, unwillingness for work, parasitism, laminess, and wounds. Microscopic Seroagglutination Test (SAM), with 22 Leptospira serovars, was performed in sera sample from all these animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in horses from the urban area of Londrina (PR). From the samples tested, 214 (66.88%) were considered positive, with titers between 100 and 3200, being that 49 (22.90%) presented antibodies against a single serovar of Leptospira, and 165 (77.10%) samples presented antibodies against two or more serovars simultaneously, where in 88 (53.33%) it was possible to characterize the most likely probable serovar. Antibodies against the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae were detected in 32 (23.36%) animals.

Enteroparasitosis and their ethnographic relationship to food handlers in a tourist and economic center in Paraná, Southern Brazil

This study reports on the occurrence of enteroparasites based on data from an ethnographic study of food handlers in the city of Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil. Fecal material from 343 food handlers of both sexes, between 14 and 75 years of age, was analyzed using Lutz, modified Ritchie and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Ethnographic relationships were investigated by means of specific questionnaires. Positive fecal samples were found for 131 (38.2%) handlers. Endolimax nana (67.9%) was the predominant species, followed by Entamoeba coli (35.9%), Blastocystis hominis (28.2%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (10.1%) and Giardia duodenalis (8.4%). Protozoan infections were more common than helminth infections (p = 0.00). The positive results for some parasites were associated with the male sex, professional category, and the performance of other activities (p < 0.05). The high overall occurrence of enteroparasites found indicates improper hygiene and sanitation conditions. Effective educational measures should be implemented to prevent the transfer of pathogenic organisms to food via handling.

Characterization of a Hepatitis B virus strain in southwestern Paraná, Brazil, presenting mutations previously associated with anti-HBs Resistance

The present study investigated if hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants circulate in the southwestern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil, by analyzing samples from children who received immunoprophylaxis but were born to HBV carrier mothers. Samples from 25 children were screened for HBV serum markers and for HBV DNA by PCR. Only one sample was positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs and HBV DNA, although the child had been vaccinated. Analysis of the S gene sequence of this sample showed the presence of a proline at position 105, a serine at position 114, three threonines at positions 115, 116 and 140, and a glutamine at position 129. The presence of these amino acids, except for serine at position 114, has been related to monoclonal or polyclonal therapy with anti-HBs after liver transplantation, whereas the presence of threonine at position 116 has been described in immunized children from Singapore. This finding demonstrates the possible circulation of HBV strains resistant to hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in southwestern Paraná, Brazil. The genotype of the sample was identified as genotype D, which is frequently found in the region studied. Since 36% of the children had received incomplete or no immunoprophylaxis, more extensive follow-up of children born to HBsAg-positive mothers is needed.

Factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1% of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9% with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3% with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1% with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

Induction of phagocytic activity and nitric-oxide production in natural populations of Trypanosoma Cruzi I and II from the state of Paraná, Brazil

Twelve strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from wild reservoirs, triatomines, and chronic chagasic patients in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, and classified as T. cruzi I and II, were used to test the correlation between genetic and biological diversity. The Phagocytic Index (PI) and nitric-oxide (NO) production in vitro were used as biological parameters. The PI of the T. cruzi I and II strains did not differ significantly, nor did the PI of the T. cruzi strains isolated from humans, triatomines, or wild reservoirs. There was a statistical difference in the inhibition of NO production between T. cruzi I and II and between parasites isolated from humans and the strains isolated from triatomines and wild reservoirs, but there was no correlation between genetics and biology when the strains were analyzed independently of the lineages or hosts from which the strains were isolated. There were significant correlations for Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) and biological parameters for T. cruzi I and II, and for humans or wild reservoirs when the lineages or hosts were considered individually.

Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.

Toxocariasis in children attending a Public Health Service Pneumology Unit in Paraná State, Brazil

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used tool to detect anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies for both serodiagnostic and seroepidemiological surveys on human toxocariasis. In the last eight years a high prevalence of toxocariasis (32.2-56.0%) has been reported in children attending public health units from municipalities in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to compare the frequency found among the general child population with that of children attending a public pneumology service in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil and describe the laboratorial, clinical and epidemiological findings. The research was conducted at the Consórcio Público Intermunicipal de Saúde do Setentrião Paranaense (CISAMUSEP) from July 2009 to July 2010 among children aged between one and 15 years. From a total of 167 children studied, only 4.2% (7/167) tested positive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies and presented mild eosinophilia (2/7), increased serum IgE levels (6/7) and a positive allergy test for mites (5/7). The presence of pets (dogs or cats) at home did not correlate with the seroprevalence. In conclusion, cases of toxocariasis involving the respiratory tract are rare in children attending a public health pneumology unit in the northwestern region of Paraná State, despite the high prevalence of this type of toxocariasis among the infantile population attending Basic Health Units in the same geographical area.

SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.

Resistência de cepa de Biomphalaria tenagophila, originária de Londrina (Paraná, Brasil) à infecção por duas cepas de Schistosoma mansoni

Exemplares de Biomphalaria tenagophila, originários de Londrina, mostraram-se resistentes à infecção por cepa simpátrica de Schistosoma mansoni e por cepa originária de Belo Horizonte (MG). Variando-se o diâmetro e a idade dos caramujos submetidos à infecção e aumentando-se o número de miracidios a que cada caramujo foi exposto, não se conseguiu obter cercárias de S. mansoni, 70 dias após a tentativa de infecção.

Pesquisa de aglutininas antileptospira em diferentes grupos profissionais na cidade de Londrina, Paraná

Realizou-se um levantamento soroepidemiológico na cidade de Londrina - Paraná, para leptospirose, em 49 indivíduos não expostos a risco, 75 trabalhadores da limpeza pública, 55 indivíduos com atividade em ambiente hospitalar e 29 trabalhadores do Departamento de Água e Esgoto. Dos 208 soros analisados pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica, 28,4% apresentaram aglutininas antileptospira. A maior positividade foi encontrada nos soros dos trabalhadores da limpeza pública (46,7%).

Avaliação do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE/PCDEN) em municípios situados na Bacia do Rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Foi feita uma avaliação do programa de controle da esquistossomose (PCE/PCDEN) na região da Bacia do Rio São Francisco em Minas Gerais. A área em estudo compreende seis municípios, com 130.000 habitantes e 916 localidades em uma área de 10.722km². As atividades tiveram início em quatro municípios entre 1983 e 1985 e em dois outros em 1987. As principais medidas de controle adotadas foram tratamentos sucessivos com oxamniquine e aplicações de niclosamida em coleções hídricas. A prevalência da infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni nos primeiros quatro municípios, que inicialmente estava entre 18 e 32%, diminuiu abruplamente após a primeira intervenção (1984/85) e permaneceu em níveis inferiores aos iniciais até a última avaliação realizada (1990/94); tendência semelhante foi observada para a proporção de caramujos infectados. Nestes municípios, a proporção de localidades sem a infecção ou com prevalências inferiores a 5% aumentou em detrimento daquelas com níveis mais altos de prevalência. Nos dois outros municípios, com prevalências iniciais inferiores a 5 %, nãoforam observadas mudanças substanciais nos indicadores endêmicos; a relação custo benefício do programa nos últimos municípios deve ser avaliada e as prioridades redirecionadas para erradicar as áreas focais e prevenir a expansão para áreas indenes. Os autores chamam a atenção para as dificuldades a longo prazo de um programa de controle fundamentado em tratamentos sucessivos. Informações sobre os fatores determinantes da infecção pelo S. mansoni em cada localidade, ou em conjunto de localidades semelhantes, permitiriam a elaboração de medidas complementares ao tratamento mais duradouras e menos dependentes da contínua utilização deste.

Avaliação das ações de controle da infecção esquistossomótica nas localidades de Cachoeira - Bahia, Bacia do Paraguaçu, 1982-1992

Esta investigação busca avaliar a efetividade das ações destinadas ao Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose, PCE, em um município da Bahia, a Região da Bacia do Paraguaçu. Os dados são provenientes das fichas PCE-111 da SUCAM/FNS, registrados rotineiramente, nas 111 localidades identificadas entre 1982 e 1992. A infecção foi diagnosticada através de exames de fezes (Katz-Kato). A análise da prevalência da infecção baseou-se nas tendências da evolução temporal e distribuição espacial. Identificou-se quatro padrões típicos de evolução, sendo que os mais comuns são os de recorrência da infecção (67,6 %). O controle ocorreu em 22,5% enquanto a expansão da infecção apareceu em apenas 9,9% das localidades. No geral, a tendência foi de redução da prevalência, particularmente no período entre 1982 e 1985, ascendendo posteriormente para valores, que não atingem o patamar inicial. Verificou-se também impacto na redução relativa do número de localidades que apresentavam prevalência abaixo de 5%, indicativas de controle. Não foi possível examinar a evolução da intensidade da infecção ou mesmo da ocorrência de formas graves ou óbitos que poderiam apresentar um quadro mais completo da efetividade das ações desse programa.

Estudo sobre triatomíneos e reservatórios silvestres de Trypanosoma cruzi no estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil. Resultados preliminares

Em localidades da zona rural de cinco municípios da região noroeste do Paraná adultos e ninfas de Triatoma sordida foram capturados em 21 (41,2%) de 51 unidades domiciliares pesquisadas. Foram capturados 154 exemplares de T. sordida e 2 Panstrongylus megistus. De 135 exemplares examinados 58 (43,0%) apresentavam o Trypanosoma tipo cruzi. Constatou-se também a infecção em 57,1% (4/7) dos gambás (Didelphis sp) examinados. O peridomicílio apresentou-se mais infestado que o intradomicílio, sendo a casa de madeira abandonada a construção mais freqüente (34,7% do total investigado) e com maior taxa de infestação (53,9%). Os dados mostram um elevado índice de infestação da zona rural por espécies secundárias de triatomíneos com altas taxas de infecção por flagelados do tipo T. cruzi, em uma área endêmica para a doença de Chagas já em fase de vigilância epidemiológica.