Avaliação da qualidade do leite cru e resfriado mediante a aplicação de princípios do APPCC

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do leite cru e resfriado produzido no município de Canguçu - RS, através da aplicação de princípios do APPCC. Inicialmente, aplicou-se um plano de amostragem simples conforme norma ABC-STD-105, sendo elaboradas cartas controle para os parâmetros redutase, mastite e temperatura. As amostras de leite foram avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, redutase, acidez, mastite, índice crioscópico, prova do álcool e resíduos de antibióticos. Os resultados possibilitaram a seleção de quatro rotas de captação do leite e vinte produtores, determinando-se um limite de controle para o parâmetro redutase de 321 minutos, mediante a equação Y = 2,35 x 10(7) - 7,01 x 10(4).X (r = -0,9284). A partir da relação existente entre a contagem de aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos (r = 0,8561), obteve-se, conforme a equação Y = -8,73 x 10(4) + 0,3209 X, um limite de controle para psicrotróficos de 2,33 x 10(5) UFC.mL-1. Em virtude destes resultados, conclui-se que 80,0% das amostras estão acima do limite de controle estabelecido para a redutase, comportamento que se repete em 65,0% das amostras na contagem de psicrotróficos, caracterizando a existência de problemas nas etapas de resfriamento do leite e ordenha, as quais representam dois pontos críticos de controle, contribuindo com a perda de qualidade do leite.

Volatile profile of heated soybean oil treated with quercetin and chlorogenic acid

Changes in the profile of volatile compounds after the heating of refined soybean oil without adding antioxidants, and treated with quercetin and chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) were investigated by GC/FID, GC/MS, and GC/SNIFFING. The heating temperature of the oil sample was 20 °C for the first minute, and then it was increased up to 160 °C at the rate of 10 °C min-1. The final temperature was kept for 10 minutes. 19 volatiles were identified in the heated samples without antioxidants. Medium-chain carbonyls predominated in the volatile fraction, mainly 2-heptenal, 2,4-heptadienal and 2,4-decadienal. Around 11 to 15 volatile compounds were detected in the heated samples treated with 5-CQA and quercetin, respectively. 5-CQA was not very efficient in delaying the formation of oxidative volatile compounds. The samples quercetin presented lower proportion of carbonyls with C6-C9.. The GC peak area data were used as an approach to estimate the relative content of each volatile compound and indicate that the samples treated with quercetin (p < 0.05) had significantly lower values for, 1-pentanol, 2,4-heptadienal, and 2,4-decadienal compared with those without antioxidants and treated with 5-CQA. GC/SNIFFING analysis revealed a smaller odor perception in the samples treated with 5-CQA compared to those without antioxidants. No odor was perceived in the heated samples treated with quercetin. These results indicate greater effectiveness of quercetin in delaying the formation of oxidative volatile compounds in soybean oils subjected to mild heating conditions. Apparently, biopolyphenols used in the present work showed good oxidative stability since no new volatile compound was detected in the heated samples treated with them.