Controle químico de plantas dos gêneros Ipomoea e Merremia em cana-soca

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência, isolados ou em misturas, no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia, I. hederifolia, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit, Merremia aegyptia e M. cissoides na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de novembro de 2007 a julho de 2008, em área de produção comercial de cana-de-açúcar localizada no município de Jaboticabal, SP. Foram avaliados seis tratamentos com herbicidas [trifloxysulfuron + ametryn (37 + 1.463,07 g ha-1), diuron + hexazinone (1.170 + 330 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.920 g ha-1), (trifloxysulfuron + ametryn, 27,75 + 1097,3 g ha-1) mais (diuron + hexazinone, 702 + 198 g ha-1), metribuzin (960 g ha-1) mais (trifloxysulfuron + ametryn, 27,75 + 1.097,3 g ha-1) e metribuzin (960 g ha-1) mais (diuron+ hexazinone, 702 + 198 g ha-1)] e duas testemunhas sem aplicação: uma mantida infestada e outra capinada. Apesar das injúrias visuais ocasionadas pelos herbicidas, isso não refletiu negativamente no número de colmos viáveis por metro e no diâmetro de colmos de cana. Contudo, as plantas tratadas com diuron + hexazinone apresentaram menor altura de colmos. O tratamento diuron + hexazinone, isolado ou em mistura com trifloxysulfuron + ametryn, foi eficaz no controle de todas as espécies de corda-de-viola. A aplicação isolada de trifloxysulfuron + ametryn controlou satisfatoriamente apenas I. hederifolia. O metribuzin foi eficaz no controle de I. grandifolia, I. quamoclit, M.aegyptia e M. cissoides. Além destas, a associação desse herbicida com diuron + hexazinone resultou em excelente controle de I. hederifolia. A mistura de metribuzin com trifloxysulfuron + ametryn foi eficaz para I. hederifolia, M. aegyptia e M. cissoides. Os novos fluxos de emergência de corda-de-viola constatados após a aplicação dos herbicidas ou eliminação manual das plantas nas parcelas (na testemunha capinada) não prejudicariam o corte mecanizado dos colmos de cana da próxima colheita.

Desenvolvimento da cultura de mandioca sob interferência de plantas daninhas

Um dos fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento da planta da mandioca é o controle inadequado das plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura de mandioca sob interferência de plantas daninhas. Foram realizados dois experimentos: no primeiro, os tratamentos foram compostos por períodos de convivência da cultura da mandioca com as plantas daninhas por 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 dias após plantio e, no segundo, as plantas de mandioca permaneceram livres das plantas daninhas pelos mesmos períodos preestabelecidos. Avaliações de altura de plantas e diâmetro de caule foram realizadas aos 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 e 350 dias após o plantio. Nas colheitas dos experimentos, realizadas aos 330 dias após plantio, avaliou-se o número e o diâmetro das raízes por planta. A convivência por intervalo igual ou superior a 50 dias após o plantio reduziu o diâmetro de caule e a altura das plantas de mandioca, assim como o número e comprimento de raízes tuberosas. O controle das plantas daninhas nessa cultura deve ser iniciado em torno de 25 dias após o plantio.

Lixiviação de saflufenacil e residual após períodos de seca

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a lixiviação de saflufenacil em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura média, pH 5,6) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (textura argilosa, pH 5,2 e pH 6,0), assim como os efeitos de períodos de seca no residual desse herbicida. A lixiviação de saflufenacil (0,10 g i.a ha-1) e, adicionalmente, a lixiviação de diuron + hexazinone (1.170 + 330 g i.a. ha-1) foram avaliadas sob simulação de chuva (40 mm). O herbicida saflufenacil aplicado em solo argiloso com pH 6,0 apresentou lixiviação até a profundidade de 25 cm, porém ela foi mais pronunciada na faixa de 15 a 20 cm. Quando o herbicida foi aplicado no mesmo solo, mas com pH 5,2, houve lixiviação até a profundidade de 15 cm. Em solo de textura média, a lixiviação foi elevada até a profundidade de 25 cm. Para diuron+hexazinone, no solo argiloso, independentemente do pH, houve lixiviação até 25 cm de profundidade. Todavia, em solo de textura média a lixiviação ocorreu até 40 cm de profundidade. Em relação ao efeito residual do saflufenacil após períodos de seca (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 dias) em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (textura argilosa), foi verificado efeito fitotóxico no bioindicador maior ou igual a 80% até os 28 dias de seca.

How glyphosate may affect transgenic soybean in different soil and phosphorus levels

The technology that employs genetic modifications brought a significant increase in the utilization of glyphosate. Transgenic soybean has been suffering injury, even though it possesses a resistance mechanism to glyphosate. Currently, there are only a few studies on the dynamics of glyphosate in transgenic soybean planted in soils with different textures interacting with phosphorus concentrations. This study focused on assessing the effects of glyphosate in transgenic soybean plants on different types of soil and at different phosphorus levels. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial design: 2 x 6 x 3, that being 2 soil types, 6 doses of glyphosate and 3 levels of phosphorus, and four replications. Plants were cultivated for thirty days in pots with two types of soil, one being clayey (Red-Yellow Latosol) and the other sandy (Quartzarenic Neosol). They received one, two, and three times the maintenance dose of fertilization of phosphorus, corresponding to: 170, 250 and 330 kg of P2O5 ha-1 to QN, and 380, 460 and 540 kg P2O5 ha-1 to RYL, respectively. Glyphosate was applied at six different doses: 0, 1,200, 2,400, 12,000, 60,000 and 120,000 g ha-1 of active ingredient. Plant height, a and b chlorophyll, and shoot were lower for the plants that received lower doses of glyphosate, regardless of the type of soil. Greater availability of phosphorus and lower amount of glyphosate used in Quartzarenic Neosol soil provided for less phytointoxication symptoms in transgenic soybean.

GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE CAPIM-ARROZ SUBMETIDAS A CONDIÇÕES DE LUZ E TEMPERATURA

RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e da luz na germinação de sementes de capim-arroz, em diferentes períodos de armazenamento após a dispersão. O trabalho foi dividido em dois estudos: no primeiro avaliou-se o efeito de três temperaturas (15, 25 e 35 oC) e duas condições de luz (presença e ausência) na porcentagem de germinação, comprimento de hipocótilo e comprimento de radícula; e, no segundo, avaliouse o efeito de três temperaturas (15, 25 e 35 oC) no índice de velocidade de germinação e na velocidade de germinação. As sementes foram coletadas em campo logo após o início da dispersão natural. Os estudos foram conduzidos aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 e 360 dias após a colheita das sementes. Aos 30 dias após a colheita não houve germinação, independentemente das condições de luz e temperatura. A partir de 60 dias após a colheita, as sementes germinaram tanto na presença quanto na ausência de luz. A ausência de luz promoveu o aumento no comprimento de hipocótilo, independentemente da temperatura. Sob condição de temperatura de 15 oC e ausência de luz, as sementes apresentaram maior comprimento de radícula. O incremento da temperatura proporcionou aumento no índice de velocidade de germinação e na velocidade de germinação das sementes. O entendimento dos fatores que afetam a germinação do capim-arroz contribui para o desenvolvimento de práticas de manejo cultural dessa importante espécie daninha que interfere em algumas culturas, incluindo a soja cultivada em rotação com o arroz irrigado.

Transforming growth factor beta activity in urine of patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized structurally by progressive mesangial deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is considered to be one of the major cytokines involved in the regulation of ECM synthesis and degradation. Several studies suggest that an increase in urinary TGF-ß levels may reflect an enhanced production of this polypeptide by the kidney cells. We evaluated TGF-ß in occasional urine samples from 14 normal individuals and 23 patients with type 2 diabetes (13 with persistent proteinuria >500 mg/24 h, DN, 6 with microalbuminuria, DMMA, and 4 with normal urinary albumin excretion, DMN) by enzyme immunoassay. An increase in the rate of urinary TGF-ß excretion (pg/mg UCreat.) was observed in patients with DN (296.07 ± 330.77) (P<0.001) compared to normal individuals (17.04 ± 18.56) (Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance); however, this increase was not observed in patients with DMMA (25.13 ± 11.30) or in DMN (18.16 ± 11.82). There was a positive correlation between the rate of urinary TGF-ß excretion and proteinuria (r = 0.70, a = 0.05) (Pearson's analysis), one of the parameters of disease progression.

Ventilation with high tidal volume induces inflammatory lung injury

Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes (V T) has been shown to induce lung injury. We examined the hypothesis that this procedure induces lung injury with inflammatory features. Anesthetized male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: group 1 (N = 12): V T = 7 ml/kg, respiratory rate (RR) = 50 breaths/min; group 2 (N = 10): V T = 21 ml/kg, RR = 16 breaths/min; group 3 (N = 11): V T = 42 ml/kg, RR = 8 breaths/min. The animals were ventilated with fraction of inspired oxygen of 1 and positive end-expiratory pressure of 2 cmH2O. After 4 h of ventilation, group 3, compared to groups 1 and 2, had lower PaO2 [280 (range 73-458) vs 517 (range 307-596), and 547 mmHg (range 330-662), respectively, P<0.05], higher wet lung weight [3.62 ± 0.91 vs 1.69 ± 0.48 and 1.44 ± 0.20 g, respectively, P<0.05], and higher wet lung weight/dry lung weight ratio [18.14 (range 11.55-26.31) vs 7.80 (range 4.79-12.18), and 6.34 (range 5.92-7.04), respectively, P<0.05]. Total cell and neutrophil counts were higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), as were baseline TNF-alpha concentrations [134 (range <10-386) vs 16 (range <10-24), and 17 pg/ml (range <10-23), respectively, P<0.05]. Serum TNF-alpha concentrations reached a higher level in group 3, but without statistical significance. These results suggest that mechanical ventilation with high V T induces lung injury with inflammatory characteristics. This ventilatory strategy can affect the release of TNF-alpha in the lungs and can reach the systemic circulation, a finding that may have relevance for the development of a systemic inflammatory response.

Swimming training increases cardiac vagal activity and induces cardiac hypertrophy in rats

The effect of swimming training (ST) on vagal and sympathetic cardiac effects was investigated in sedentary (S, N = 12) and trained (T, N = 12) male Wistar rats (200-220 g). ST consisted of 60-min swimming sessions 5 days/week for 8 weeks, with a 5% body weight load attached to the tail. The effect of the autonomic nervous system in generating training-induced resting bradycardia (RB) was examined indirectly after cardiac muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by cardiac weight and myocyte morphometry. Plasma catecholamine concentrations and citrate synthase activity in soleus muscle were also determined in both groups. Resting heart rate was significantly reduced in T rats (355 ± 16 vs 330 ± 20 bpm). RB was associated with a significantly increased cardiac vagal effect in T rats (103 ± 25 vs 158 ± 40 bpm), since the sympathetic cardiac effect and intrinsic heart rate were similar for the two groups. Likewise, no significant difference was observed for plasma catecholamine concentrations between S and T rats. In T rats, left ventricle weight (13%) and myocyte dimension (21%) were significantly increased, suggesting cardiac hypertrophy. Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity was significantly increased by 52% in T rats, indicating endurance conditioning. These data suggest that RB induced by ST is mainly mediated parasympathetically and differs from other training modes, like running, that seems to mainly decrease intrinsic heart rate in rats. The increased cardiac vagal activity associated with ST is of clinical relevance, since both are related to increased life expectancy and prevention of cardiac events.

Concentration of CCL11, CXCL8 and TNF-alpha in sputum and plasma of patients undergoing asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common respiratory illnesses characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways. The characterization of induced or spontaneously produced sputum is a useful technique to assess airway inflammation. In the present study, we compared the concentrations of CCL2, CCL11, CXCL8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma and induced sputum of patients with severe asthma or COPD and correlated the levels of these mediators with inflammatory cells in sputum. Asthmatic patients had elevated levels of eosinophils (40.1 ± 6.24%) in sputum whereas neutrophils (63.3 ± 4.66%) predominated in COPD patients. The levels of the chemokine CCL11 were markedly increased in sputum (708.7 ± 330.7 pg/ml) and plasma (716.6 ± 162.2 pg/ml) of asthmatic patients and correlated with the percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum. The concentrations of CXCL8 (817.0 ± 105.2 pg/ml) and TNF-alpha (308.8 ± 96.1 pg/ml) were higher in sputum of COPD patients and correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in induced sputum. There was also an increase in the concentrations of CXCL8 (43.2 ± 6.8 pg/ml) in sputum of asthmatic patients. These results validate that sputum is a suitable method to assess chemokines and cytokines associated with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of CCL11 and CXCL8/TNF-alpha would be helpful to better understand the inflammatory profile associated with asthma and COPD, respectively.

Association between apolipoprotein E genotype, serum lipids, and colorectal cancer in Brazilian individuals

We evaluated genetic variants of apolipoprotein E (APOE HhaI) and their association with serum lipids in colorectal cancer (CRC), together with eating habits and personal history. Eight-seven adults with CRC and 73 controls were studied. APOE*2 (rs7412) and APOE*4 (rs429358) were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. APOE gene polymorphisms were similar in both groups, but the ε4/ε4 genotype (6%) was present only in controls. The patients had reduced levels (mean ± SD) of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction (180.4 ± 49.5 and 116.1 ± 43.1 mg/dL, respectively) compared to controls (204.2 ± 55.6, P = 0.135 and 134.7 ± 50.8 mg/dL; P = 0.330, respectively) indicating that they were not statistically significant after the Bonferroni correction. The APOE*4 allele was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and increased levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and triglycerides only among patients (P = 0.014). There was a positive correlation between the altered lipid profile and increased body mass indexes in both groups (P < 0.010). Moreover, a higher rate of hypertension and overweight was observed in controls (P < 0.002). In conclusion, the presence of the ε4/ε4 genotype only in controls may be due to a protective effect against CRC. Lower lipid profile values among patients, even those on lipid-rich diets associated with the APOE*4 allele, suggest alterations in the lipid synthesis and metabolism pathways in CRC.

Effects of different general anesthetics on serum hemolysis and hepatic and muscular glycogenolysis in rats

Anesthetics can affect the structure and biological function of tissues and systems differentially. The aim of the present study was to compare three injectable anesthetics generally used in experiments with animals in terms of the degree of hemolysis and glycogenolysis occurring after profound anesthesia. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (330-440 g) were divided into three groups (N = 8): chloral hydrate (CH), ketamine + xylazine (KX), Zoletil 50® (zolazepam and tiletamine) + xylazine (ZTX). After deep anesthesia, total blood was collected. The liver and white (WG) and red gastrocnemius (RG) muscles were also immediately removed. The degree of serum hemolysis was quantified on the basis of hemoglobin concentration (g/L). Hepatic and muscular glycogen concentrations (mmol/kg wet tissue) were quantified by the phenol-sulfuric method. The CH and KX groups exhibited serum hemolysis (4.0 ± 2.2 and 1.9 ± 0.9 g/L, respectively; P < 0.05) compared to the ZTX group, which presented none. Only KX induced elevated glycogenolysis (mmol/kg wet tissue) in the liver (86.9 ± 63.2) and in WG (18.7 ± 9.0) and RG (15.2 ± 7.2; P < 0.05). The CH and ZTX groups exhibited no glycogenolysis in the liver (164.4 ± 41.1 and 176.8 ± 54.4, respectively), WG (28.8 ± 4.4, 32.0 ± 6.5, respectively) or RG (29.0 ± 4.9; 25.3 ± 8.6, respectively). Our data indicate that ZTX seems to be an appropriate general anesthetic for studies that seek to simultaneously quantify the concentration of glycogen and serum biochemical markers without interferences. ZTX is reasonably priced, found easily at veterinary markets, quickly induces deep anesthesia, and presents a low mortality rate.

Peritoneal and serum interleukin-18 levels are not increased in women with minimum or mild endometriosis

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. Endometriosis is strongly associated with sub-fertility, and affects about 15% of women of reproductive age. IL-18 may favor the progression of endometriosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of IL-18 in the serum and peritoneal fluid of infertile women with endometriosis. Forty infertile and 25 fertile women were screened in a teaching hospital. Thirty-four infertile patients with minimal or mild endometriosis and 22 fertile controls were enrolled in the study. The primary outcome was the estimate of IL-18 levels and the secondary outcome was the correlation between serum and peritoneal levels of IL-18. There were no differences between the two groups regarding age, body mass index and levels of peritoneal fluid IL-18 (mean ± SD): 290.85 ± 173.02 pg/mL for infertile women vs 374.21 ± 330.15 pg/mL for controls; or serum IL-18: 391.07 ± 119.71 pg/mL for infertile women vs 373.42 ± 129.11 pg/mL for controls. However, a positive association was found between serum and peritoneal IL-18 levels in patients with endometriosis: r = 0.794, P = 0.0001. All measurements were carried out at the same time by the Human IL-18 Immuno Assay ELISA kit (MBL Co. Ltd., Japan). The present study did not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that IL-18 levels are associated with infertility in women with minimal and mild endometriosis, although a positive correlation was detected in these women between peritoneal and serum levels of IL-18.

Effect of skilled and unskilled training on nerve regeneration and functional recovery

The most disabling aspect of human peripheral nerve injuries, the majority of which affect the upper limbs, is the loss of skilled hand movements. Activity-induced morphological and electrophysiological remodeling of the neuromuscular junction has been shown to influence nerve repair and functional recovery. In the current study, we determined the effects of two different treatments on the functional and morphological recovery after median and ulnar nerve injury. Adult Wistar male rats weighing 280 to 330 g at the time of surgery (N = 8-10 animals/group) were submitted to nerve crush and 1 week later began a 3-week course of motor rehabilitation involving either "skilled" (reaching for small food pellets) or "unskilled" (walking on a motorized treadmill) training. During this period, functional recovery was monitored weekly using staircase and cylinder tests. Histological and morphometric nerve analyses were used to assess nerve regeneration at the end of treatment. The functional evaluation demonstrated benefits of both tasks, but found no difference between them (P > 0.05). The unskilled training, however, induced a greater degree of nerve regeneration as evidenced by histological measurement (P < 0.05). These data provide evidence that both of the forelimb training tasks used in this study can accelerate functional recovery following brachial plexus injury.

Determinação simultânea dos teores de cinza e proteína em farinha de trigo empregando NIRR-PLS e DRIFT-PLS

As técnicas de espectroscopia por reflexão no infravermelho próximo (NIRRS) e por reflexão difusa no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (DRIFTS) foram empregadas com o método de regressão multivariado por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) para a determinação simultânea dos teores de proteína e cinza em amostras de farinha de trigo da variedade Triticum aestivum L. Foram coletados espectros no infravermelho em duplicata de 100 amostras, empregando-se acessórios de reflexão difusa. Os teores de proteína (8,85-13,23%) e cinza (0,330-1,287%), empregados como referência, foram determinados pelo método Kjeldhal e método gravimétrico, respectivamente. Os dados espectrais foram utilizados no formato log(1/R), bem como suas derivadas de primeira e segunda ordem, sendo pré-processados usando-se os dados centrados na média (MC) ou escalados pela variância (VS) ou ambos. Cinqüenta e cinco amostras foram usadas para calibração e 45 para validação dos modelos, adotando-se como critério de construção os valores mínimos do erro padrão de calibração (SEC) e do erro padrão de validação (SEV). Estes valores foram inferiores a 0,33% para proteína e a 0,07% para cinza. Os métodos desenvolvidos apresentam como vantagens a não agressão ao ambiente, bem como permitem uma determinação direta, simultânea, rápida e não destrutiva dos teores de proteína e cinza em amostras de farinha de trigo.

Composição físico-química do vinho Cabernet Franc proveniente de videiras conduzidas no sistema lira aberta

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas do vinho Cabernet Franc proveniente de videiras conduzidas no sistema lira aberta durante o ciclo vegetativo de 1995/1996. O experimento foi realizado em oito vinhedos localizados nos municípios de Bento Gonçalves e Monte Belo do Sul, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os vinhos foram elaborados por microvinificação, com duas repetições para cada vinhedo, os quais foram analisados por processos físico-químicos, espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e cromatografia líquida e gasosa. Os parâmetros das variáveis mais significativas foram os seguintes: álcool 9,65%, acidez total 69 meq L-1, pH 3,46, extrato seco reduzido 16,0 g L-1, K nas cinzas 49,4%, ácido tartárico 33 meq L-1, glicerol 9,3 g L-1, prolina 669 mg L-1, antocianinas 330 mg L-1, taninos 1,19 g L-1, intensidade de cor 0,286, K 1.078 mg L-1, metanol 101,7 mg L-1 e soma dos álcoois superiores 450 mg L-1. Os resultados dos vinhos avaliados foram relativamente similares aos encontrados em vinhos Cabernet Franc da mesma região elaborados com uvas provenientes de videiras conduzidas em latada. Eles evidenciam que o sistema de condução da videira em lira aberta constitui-se como alternativa para a produção de vinho tinto fino na Serra Gaúcha.