Evaluation of the reference value for the Montenegro skin test

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:The Montenegro skin test (MST) has good clinical applicability and low cost for the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). However, no studies have validated the reference value (5mm) typically used to discriminate positive and negative results. We investigated MST results and evaluated its performance using different cut-off points.METHODS:The results of laboratory tests for 4,256 patients with suspected ATL were analyzed, and 1,182 individuals were found to fulfill the established criteria. Two groups were formed. The positive cutaneous leishmaniasis (PCL) group included patients with skin lesions and positive direct search for parasites (DS) results. The negative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NCL) group included patients with skin lesions with evolution up to 2 months, negative DS results, and negative indirect immunofluorescence assay results who were residents of urban areas that were reported to be probable sites of infection at domiciles and peridomiciles.RESULTS:The PCL and NCL groups included 769 and 413 individuals, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation MST in the PCL group was 12.62 ± 5.91mm [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.20-13.04], and that in the NCL group was 1.43 ± 2.17mm (95% CI: 1.23-1.63). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis indicated 97.4% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity for a cut-off of 5mm and 95.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity for a cut-off of 6mm.CONCLUSIONS:Either 5mm or 6mm could be used as the cut-off value for diagnosing ATL, as both values had high sensitivity and specificity.

Expression of annexin A1 in Leishmania-infected skin and its correlation with histopathological features

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was quantify annexin A1 expression in macrophages and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) + and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells from the skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (n=55) and correlate with histopathological aspects.METHODS:Infecting species were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and expression of annexin A1 was analyzed by immunofluorescence.RESULTS:All patients (n = 55) were infected with Leishmania braziliensis . Annexin A1 was expressed more abundantly in CD163 + macrophages in infected skin (p < 0.0001) than in uninfected skin. In addition, macrophages in necrotic exudative reaction lesions expressed annexin A1 at higher levels than those observed in granulomatous (p < 0.01) and cellular lesions p < 0.05). This difference might be due to the need to clear both parasites and necrotic tissue from necrotic lesions. CD4 + cells in cellular lesions expressed annexin A1 more abundantly than did those in necrotic (p < 0.05) and granulomatous lesions (p < 0.01). Expression in CD8 + T cells followed the same trend. These differences might be due to the pervasiveness of lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic infiltrate in cellular lesions.CONCLUSIONS:Annexin A1 is differentially expressed in CD163 + macrophages and T cells depending on the histopathological features of Leishmania -infected skin, which might affect cell activation.

Prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: case report and literature review

Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas generally confers a more aggressive clinical behavior and less favorable prognosis than usual prostatic carcinomas. In this manuscript, we report a case of a 58-year-old man with prostatic carcinoma who died 1 year after initial diagnosis. Autopsy showed a disseminated prostatic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. There were metastasis to the spleen, an organ infrequently involved by disseminated epithelial neoplasms. Neuroendocrine differentiation was demonstrated by immunohistochemical studies in the biopsy and autopsy material.

Prognostic factors influencing morbidity and mortality in esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: In 1980, operative mortality for esophageal resection was 29%. Over the last 15 years, technical and critical care improvements contributed to the reduction of postoperative mortality rate to 8%. The aim of this study is to analyze retrospectively the role of different factors (surgical procedure, stage of the disease, and anesthetic risk) on the postoperative mortality of 63 patients that underwent esophagectomy with gastric interposition for cancer. METHODS: Seventy-two patients underwent esophagectomy. The stomach was the esophageal substitute in 63 cases. Surgical procedures included transthoracic esophagectomy in 49 patients and transhiatal esophagectomy in 14 cases. Among the 49 transthoracic esophagectomy patients, there were 18 patients with a high anesthetic risk (ASA III). Among the patients that underwent transhiatal esophagectomy, there were 10 patients with a high anesthetic risk (ASA III). RESULTS: The operative mortality rate was 14% (2/14) in transhiatal esophagectomy group and 22% (11/49) in transthoracic esophagectomy group (P = ns). The postoperative mortality of patients with a high anesthetic risk (ASA III) was 47% (8/17) after transthoracic esophagectomy and 10% (1/10) after transhiatal esophagectomy (P <0.05). DISCUSSION: In our experience, the operative mortality was nearly 18% (16.6% after transhiatal esophagectomy and 20.8% after transthoracic esophagectomy). Among the patients with a high anesthetic risk (ASA III) that underwent surgery, the postoperative mortality was significantly lower after transhiatal esophagectomy (10%) compared to transthoracic esophagectomy (47%) (P <0.05).

Conjunctival keratoacanthoma

Keratoacanthoma generally occurs on the skin; it is rarely found in the conjunctiva. A case of a 34-year-old woman with a rapidly growing conjunctival mass is reported. The tumor was excised with a safety margin to exclude squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathologically it was crateriform and consistent with atypical keratoacanthoma. There has been no recurrence in 2 years of follow-up. Conjunctival keratoacanthoma is rare; differential diagnosis of conventional squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma can be difficult. We recommend complete surgical excision and careful follow-up of crateriform squamous proliferations.

A skin-picking disorder case report: a psychopathological explanation

We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman, without known previous psychiatric history, hospitalized after a significant hemorrhage caused by self-inflicted deep facial dermal lesions (with muscle exposition). Psychopathological possible explanations of this case, as in similar reviewed ones, are related to frustration, aggression, and impulsivity.

Endocardite infecciosa por Streptococcus bovis em paciente com carcinoma colônico

Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 66 anos de idade, com endocardite infecciosa por Streptococcus bovis e adenocarcinoma colônico, que desenvolveu insuficiência aórtica grave aguda. Foi submetida à cirurgia de troca valvar aórtica e posteriormente à ressecção tumoral (hemicolectomia direita). É importante ressaltar a necessidade de complementação do estudo do cólon, mesmo em indivíduos assintomáticos, quando diagnosticamos endocardite infecciosa por S. bovis.

Sobre alguns casos de carcinoma primitivo do pulmão, do bronchio e da trachéa

1-Out of 1531 autopsies at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, recorded in the Section of Pathology of «Instituto OSWALDO CRUZ», we found three cases of primary carcinoma of the lung, which gives the incidence of 0,195 per cent. They were not associated with tuberculos's and anthracos's was not marked. 2-The gross and microscopical features indicate that they are in reality primary cancers of the larger bronchi arising probably, from the bronchial lining epithelium. There is a striking similarity both macro and microscopical in Cases I and II, where the structure is that of cylindrical cell alveolar carcinoma. Mucus formation was never a prominent feature in these tumors. As in HENRICI's case they apparently invade the lung along the alveolar wall in more or less considerable extension retaining the alveolar septa as stroma. In case III the structure is that of squamous cell carcinoma, and the tumor mass, usually ulcerating, lies in the immediate vicinity of the bronchi, the extension to the lung tissue being not widespread. 3-Cases IV and V are tumors of the lower and median portion of the trachéa, squamous cell carcinoma in structure, which form marked contrast with the tumors originating in the larger bronchi: the tumor process never invades the lung parenchyma by continuous extension. In Case V extension to the mediastinal lymph-nodes is observed, and a tumor of the size of an orange is found in the anterior mediastinum: that tumor mass and the upper lobe of the right lung were only adherent by fibrous tissue of inflammatory origin and the tumor did not extend into the lung tissue.

Carcinoma epidermoide primario do estomago

Os AA. chamam a attenção para a raridade deste typo histologico de tumor do estomago e descrevem um caso verificado pela autopsia, em individuo branco, brasileiro, de 67 annos de edade. O tumor localiza-se na pequena curvatura do estomago, sob o aspecto de uma formação crateriforme de 3,5 cms. de diametro e com adherencias ao pancreas. O esophago e o cardia não são de modo algum comprometidos pelo processo. Foram encontradas metastases no coração, no figado, na capsula do pancrea, no pulmão e glandulas suprarenaes. O exame histologico mostra tratar-se de um carcinoma epidermoide, não só no tumor primitivo, como tambem nos fócos metastaticos. As AA. são inclinados a acreditar que o tumor tenha se originado por intermedio de um processo d metaplasia epidermoide da mucosa gastrica.

Carcinoma primário do pulmão

Em um período de 23 anos, de 1919 a 1941, observaram-se 25 casos de carcinoma primário do pulmão entre o total de 6.458 necrópsias, registadas na Secção de Anatomia Patológica do Instituto Osvaldo Cruz e realizadas nos vários hospitais do Rio de Janeiro. Os indivíduos eram de procedência variada, não só de diferentes regiões do Brasil, como também de alguns países estrangeiros. A incidência do carcinoma primário do pulmão, considerado como causa mortis, entre o total das necrópsias e de 0,38 % e, entre os casos de cancer, 4,5 %. Em referência ao sexo, 21 casos eram de indivíduos masculinos (84 %) e 4 femininos (16 %), fornecendo a relação de 5:1. Dos 25 casos, 13 (52 %) eram de nacionalidade estrangeira e 12 (48 %) brasileira; 18, em indivíduos de cor branca, 6 pretos e 1 pardo. Em relação à idade, a maior incidência ocorreu entre 41 e 70 anos, com o máximo entre 51 a 60, existindo casos extremos de 21 e 93 anos. A forma anatômica mais freqüente, no mesmo material, e a infiltrante hilar, 16 casos (64 %), seguindo-se a nodular, com 7 casos (28 %) e a difusa, 2 casos (8) . O carcinoma de células indiferenciadas é o tipo histológico mais comum, existindo em 13 casos (52 %), seguindo-se o tipo de células cilíndricas, em 8 casos (32 %) e o de células pavimentosas em 4 casos (16 %). A incidência das metastases foi observada em 22 casos (88 %), sendo, para o carcinoma de células indiferenciadas, de 76,9 %, e, tanto para o carcinoma de células cilíndricas como para o de células pavimentosas, de l00%. Em três casos (12 %), não foram observadas metástases. Entre os orgãos sede frequente das metástases, foi observada a seguinte relação: gênglios linfáticos, 72 %; fígado, 56 %; pleura, 12 %; peritônio, pericárdio, rins e suprarrenal, 8 %; cérebro e osso, 4 %. Nos últimos 10 anos (1932 a 1941), ocorreram 16 casos (64 % do total dos 25 encontrados), demostrando senão o aumento do cancer pulmonar, certamente o maior número de diagnostico positivos.

Carcinoma metastatico do baço

Among the material of the archives of the Pathological Section of the Oswaldo Cruz Institue (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) we found 9 cases of cancer metastasis in the spleen. Four of them were macroscopically apparent, but five had only been diagnosed microscopically. Of these cases of tumors, 3 are adenocarcinoma originated from the pancreas (cases 1, 3, 5,); 3 are primary carcinoma of stomach (cases 7,8 and 9); 1 adenocarcinoma of gall-bladder (case 2); 1 originated form the mammary gland (case 4) and finally 1 form the colon. (case 6.). The incidence of the metastasis observed in the spleen among the total of 6.400 studied autopsies is of 0,14%; The same incidence among those of epithelial blastomata is of 1,8%.

Carcinoma primário do pâncreas

O estudo anatomopatológico baseado em uma coleção de 6823 necrópsias, constantes do arquivo da Seção de Anatomia Patológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, realizadas durante os anos de 1919 a 1944, revelou a existência de 28 casos de carcinoma primário do pâncreas. A incidência deste tipo de tumor entre o total das necropsias examinadas atinge a 0,40% e, entre os casos de câncer observados na referida série de necrópsias, a 4,08%. O tumor localizou-se na cabeça do pâncreas em 20 casos (71,4%); na cauda, em um caso (3,5%); difuso, em cinco casos (17,8%) e sem localização precisada, em dois casos (7,1%). O tipo histológico predominante foi o adenocarcinoma, reconhecido em 2 casos (78,57%); e em seguida o carcinoma acinoso, em seis casos (21,43%). Geralmente se observa o tipo cirrótico e, em alguns casos, era pronunciada a formação de mucina. A incidência das metástases, em relação aos casos de adenocarcinoma, foi de 95,45% (21 vêzes em 22 casos) e, em relação ao carcinoma acinoso, de 100% (6 vêzes em 6 casos). Entre os órgãos atingidos pelas metástases citam-se em ordem decrescente: o fígado e os gânglios linfáticos (70,3%) o peritônio (25,9%), o pulmão (22,2%), a suprarrenal (18,5%), a pleura bago e rim (7,4%), os intestinos, tiróide, pericárdio, epiploon, estomago, ovário e seio venoso longitudinal superior (3,7%).Em um só caso, não houve produção de metástase (3,57%). Em relação às metástases no peritônio, é interessante acentuar a sua maior freqüência nos casos de adenocarcinoma (7 vêzes em 22 casos). A distribuição do tumor, segundo o sexo, foi de 19 casos em indivíduos do sexo masculino (67,8%) e nove casos, para os do sexo feminino (32,1%), fornecendo a relação de cêrca de 2:1. Segundo a nacionalidade, observaram-se 21 casos (75%) em brasileiros e sete casos (25%) em estrangeiros. Segundo a côr, em 15 casos (53,5%) eram indivíduos de côr branca, em oito casos, (28,5%) de côr preta e, em cinco casos (17,8%), de côr parda. O maior número de casos, em referência à idade, ocorreu em indivíduos de 41 a 50 anos, quando a incidência foi de 11 casos ou 39,3% do total dos casos observados. Em referência a ocorrência anual, verifica-se o maior número (22 casos ou 78,9%) nos últimos dez anos, isto e, de 1935 a 1944.

Inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on the biosynthesis of a perchloro-soluble protein fraction of ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells

The perchloro-soluble mucroptotein fraction was determined in the cells of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma on the 10th and 12th days post-inoculation of the tumor. After 3 days of a single subcutaneous dose of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) the mucoprotein levels were found considerable lower. This difference was highly significant statistically.