A condição periodontal materna e o nascimento de prematuro de baixo peso: estudo caso-controle

OBJETIVOS: verificar as condições periodontais e necessidade de tratamento fornecidas pelo Registro Periodontal Simplificado (PSR) em puérperas, com o intuito de contribuir ao esclarecimento da relação entre doença periodontal e nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros de baixo peso. MÉTODOS: foi empregado o PSR em amostra de 40 puérperas, divididas em: grupo 1 (teste), composto pelas mães de recém-nascidos prematuros com peso inferior a 2.500 g (n=20), e grupo 2 (controle), formado por mães de recém-nascidos a termo com peso igual ou superior a 2.500 g (n=20). Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, sendo os resultados do PSR submetidos ao tratamento estatístico para verificar se existem diferenças na condição periodontal e necessidade de tratamento entre as puérperas, sendo empregado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, em nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: a presença de bolsa periodontal de 3,5 a 5,5 mm foi o achado mais comum entre as puérperas de recém-nascidos de baixo peso (39,17% dos sextantes), ao passo que a presença de sangramento à sondagem e ausência de bolsa periodontal foram os achados mais freqüentes entre as puérperas de recém-nascidos com peso normal (37,50% dos sextantes), havendo diferença significativa na condição periodontal das puérperas (p=0,0494). Quanto à necessidade de tratamento, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: as puérperas de recém-nascidos prematuros com baixo peso apresentaram piores condições periodontais, sugerindo que a infecção periodontal pode estar relacionada ao nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros de baixo peso.

Menopausa: fator de risco para doença periodontal?

OBJETIVO: verificar se existe relação entre os parâmetros periodontais e os níveis de estrógeno e densitometria óssea mineral (DOM). MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas 46 mulheres na pós-menopausa entre 44 e 68 anos de idade (52,2±4,8) e 15 mulheres como grupo controle entre 35 e 54 anos de idade (44,7±7,5). Parâmetros periodontais como profundidade à sondagem (PS), perda de inserção clínica (PIC) e dentes ausentes (DA) foram comparados com os níveis de estrógeno (suficiente e deficiente) e DOM em normais, osteopênicas e osteoporóticas. Os dados foram comparados pela diferença das médias entre os grupos e analisados pelo teste de Aspin-Welch. RESULTADOS: as médias dos parâmetros de PS, PIC e DA, quando associados ao grau da DOM em normais (2,1±0,5; 2,9±1,4 e 10,6±5,0), osteopênicas (2,3±0,7; 3,0±1,1 e 12,8±5,1) e osteoporóticas (2,4±0,6; 2,7±0,9 e 14,3±5,7), não mostraram diferenças significativas (p>0,05). Foi encontrada diferença significante entre o grupo controle e nas mulheres menopausadas para PIC e DA. Quando comparados com os níveis de estrógeno os resultados demonstraram igualdade para os parâmetros periodontais. CONCLUSÕES: apesar de alguns estudos demonstrarem correlação positiva da doença periodontal com osteoporose e com os níveis de estrogênio, na população de mulheres menopausadas estes dados não foram confirmados neste estudo.

Doença periodontal e complicações obstétricas: há relação de risco?

Estudos têm apontado possíveis relações de risco existentes entre doenças bucais, principalmente a doença periodontal, e complicações gestacionais, como parto prematuro, nascimento de recém-nascidos de baixo peso e pré-eclâmpsia. As explicações para tais hipóteses baseiam-se no fato de a doença periodontal ser de origem infecciosa, o que poderia provocar aumento de citocinas inflamatórias no sangue materno, por liberação direta da bolsa periodontal ou por disseminação de bactérias patogênicas, induzindo sua produção sistêmica. Esta suposição fundamenta-se no conhecimento de que a fisiopatologia das complicações obstétricas citadas está associada à presença de algumas citocinas no sangue materno. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar revisão da literatura em busca de evidências para estas supostas associações. Apesar do grande número de estudos clínicos encontrados nesta revisão, observa-se a falta de padronização metodológica dos mesmos, fato que limita conclusões definitivas a respeito. Por outro lado, o fato de a doença periodontal ainda não ser comprovadamente um fator de risco para as complicações obstétricas não diminui a importância da manutenção da saúde bucal das gestantes, que devem apresentar condições orais que propiciem adequada alimentação, sem dor e sangramento, e assim manter seu aporte nutricional adequado.

Associação entre osteoporose e doença periodontal em mulheres na pós-menopausa

OBJETIVO: o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a associação entre a osteoporose e a doença periodontal. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 39 mulheres na pós-menopausa, que foram divididas em três grupos conforme categorização da massa óssea, por meio da avaliação da densidade mineral óssea, aferida pela absormetria de dupla emissão com raios X na área lombar (L1-L4): osso normal, osteopenia e osteoporose. Foi aplicado o índice de nível de inserção clínica (NIC) para todas as participantes no início da pesquisa e após um ano, por apenas um examinador. Os dados da situação periodontal foram submetidos à análise estatística com o teste t de Student pareado. RESULTADOS: o exame periodontal revelou que as mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteopenia apresentaram menor média do NIC no exame clínico periodontal inicial (2,1±1,1 mm), enquanto as pertencentes ao grupo osso normal mostraram menor perda dos tecidos de sustentação dos dentes após um ano (3,1±1,6 mm). Após a realização do tratamento estatístico, observou-se que não houve diferença significativa para a situação periodontal no osso normal, entretanto foi constatada diferença estatística nas pacientes do osteopenia e osteoporose, quando comparados os valores do NIC, nos dois períodos de avaliação. CONCLUSÕES: conclui-se que a osteoporose na pós-menopausa pode ser considerada como possível fator de risco para a doença periodontal.

Doença periodontal em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sua relação com a osteoporose

OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre periodontite e osteoporose em um estudo caso-controle sobre a condição periodontal das mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 99 mulheres na pós-menopausa, divididas em três grupos: osso normal (Gn), osteopenia (Gpenia) e osteoporose (Gporose), com 45, 31 e 23 casos, respectivamente. A categorização da massa óssea foi aferida pela absorciometria de dupla emissão com raios X na área lombar (L2 - L4), e pela avaliação da densidade mineral óssea. Os índices de nível de inserção clínica (NIC), sangramento gengival (IG), de placa (IP) e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram obtidos de todas as participantes, por apenas um examinador. Foi utilizado o programa BioEstat 2.0 para análise dos dados com os testes paramétricos análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Bonferroni, empregando-se o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: O grupo de mulheres com osteoporose apresentou o maior percentual de presença da doença periodontal, com maior média do NIC (2,6±0,4 mm), assim como PS (2,8±0,6 mm), IG (72,8±25,9 mm) e IP (72,9±24,2 mm). Após a realização do tratamento estatístico, observou-se que houve diferença significativa para a situação periodontal, principalmente entre os grupos Gn e Gporose (p=0,01) e entre os grupos Gpenia e Gporose (p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A osteoporose pode ter uma influência na condição periodontal, por haver relação entre periodontite e osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa.

Volume of breast tissue excised during breast-conserving surgery in patients undergoing preoperative systemic therapy

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine whether clinical examination could adequately ascertain the volume of tissue to be resected during breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical reports of 279 patients with histologically diagnosed invasive breast carcinomas treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery or with primary surgery alone. We estimated volumes of excised tissues, the volume of the tumor mass and the optimal volume required for excision based on 1 cm of clear margins. The actual excess of resected volume was estimated by calculating the resection ratio measured as the volume of the resected specimen divided by the optimal specimen volume. The study endpoints were to analyze the extent of tissue resection and to ascertain the effect of excess resected tissue on surgical margins in both groups of patients. RESULTS: The median tumor diameter was 2.0 and 1.5 cm in the surgery and neoadjuvant therapy groups, respectively. The median volume of resected mammary tissue was 64.3 cm³ in the primary surgery group and 90.7 cm³ in the neoadjuvant therapy group. The median resection ratios in the primary surgery and neoadjuvant therapy groups were 2.0 and 3.3, respectively (p<0.0001). Surgical margin data were similar in both groups. Comparison of the volume of resected mammary tissues with the tumor diameters showed a positive correlation in the primary surgery group and no correlation in the neoadjuvant therapy group. CONCLUSION: Surgeons tend to excise large volumes of tissue during breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy, thereby resulting in a loss of the correlation between tumor diameter and volume of the excised specimen.

Short-term changes in handgrip strength, body composition, and lymphedema induced by breast cancer surgery

PURPOSE: This study investigated short-term changes in body composition, handgrip strength, and presence of lymphedema in women who underwent breast cancer surgery.METHODS: Ninety-five women participated in a cross-sectional study, divided into two groups: Control (n=46), with healthy women, and Experimental (n=49), with women six months after breast cancer surgery . The Experimental Group was subdivided into right total mastectomy (RTM, n=15), left total mastectomy (LTM, n=11), right quadrant (RQ, n=13), and left quadrant (LQ, n=10). It was also redistributed among women with presence (n=10) or absence (n=39) of lymphedema. Presence of lymphedema, handgrip strength, and body composition were assessed.RESULTS: Trunk lean mass and handgrip strength were decreased in the Experimental Group. Total lean mass was increased in the LTM compared to RTM or LQ. Left handgrip strength in LTM was decreased compared to RTM and RQ and in LQ compared to RTM and RQ. Finally, total lean mass, trunk fat mass, trunk lean mass, right and left arm lean mass were increased in women with lymphedema.CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer survivors have changes in their body composition and in handgrip strength six months after surgery; however, the interaction between the type of surgery and its impact is unclear. Furthermore, women who developed lymphedema in this period showed more significant changes in the body composition, but they were not enough to cause impairment in handgrip strength.

Adherence and experimental infection of bacteria associated with periodontal infections of young cattle in Brazil ("Cara inchada")

In vitro- and in vivo-assays were conducted, to study the possible role of streptomycin- and actinomycin-producing soil actinomycetes for the pathogenesis of "Cara inchada" in cattle (CI). Adherence of Bacteroides spp. to epithelial cells of the bovine gingiva, known to be associated with the progressive lesions of CI, was significantly increased by the addition of streptomycin, actinomycin or antibiotic culture supernatants of the soil actinomycetes. Applications of these mixtures together with Actinomyces pyogenes to the marginal gingiva of the upper premolar teeth of about 1 month old Holstein Friesian calves did not lead to progressive lesions of CI. Only one calf exhibited a slight diarrhea and a temporary retraction of the gingiva at the site of application.

Estudo comparativo sobre prevalência de doença periodontal em Panthera onca mantida em cativeiro e em indivíduos de natureza

Objetivou-se fazer levantamento das principais afecções de cavidade oral relacionadas com a doença perio-dontal em Panthera onca proveniente de cativeiro e natureza. Sob o ponto de vista da conservação de animais ameaçados de extinção, no caso a onça-pintada (Panthera onca), buscou-se promover a orientação dos proprietários e trabalhadores rurais sobre a necessidade da preservação de tal espécie em vida livre e tentar determinar se as condições ambientais podem influenciar na saúde oral. Utilizou-se amostra constituída de 42 onças-pintadas (P. onca), provenientes de 18 instituições mantenedoras de tais espécies em cativeiro no Estado de São Paulo, que foram visitadas e anestesiadas pelo Plano de Manejo de Felinos Neotropicais. Pesquisaram-se também 4 onças-pintadas (P. onca), provenientes de vida livre, capturados na Fazenda Sete, município de Miranda, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, no pantanal sul mato-grossense. Todos os animais pesquisados em cativeiro apresentaram graus variados de lesões orais relacionadas à doença periodontal. Aqueles animais pesquisados na natureza não apresentaram nenhum tipo de comprometimento clínico na cavidade oral.

Evaluation of a model for induction of periodontal disease in dogs

There are several methods for inducing periodontal disease in animal models, being the bone defect one of the most reported. This study aimed to evaluate this model, through clinical, radiographic, tomographic and histological analyzes, thus providing standardized data for future regenerative works. Twelve dogs were subjected to the induction protocol. In a first surgical procedure, a mucoperiosteal flap was made on the buccal aspect of the right third and fourth premolars and a defect was produced exposing the furcation and mesial and distal roots, with dimensions: 5mm coronoapical, 5mm mesiodistal, and 3mm buccolingual. Periodontal ligament and cementum were curetted and the defect was filled with molding polyester, which was removed after 21 days on new surgical procedure. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed after the two surgeries and before the collection of parts for dental tomography and histological analysis. All animals showed grade II furcation exposure in both teeth. Clinical attachment level increased after induction. Defect size did not change for coronoapical and buccolingual measurements, while mesiodistal size was significantly higher than at the time of defect production. Radiographic analysis showed decreased radiopacity and discontinuity of lamina dura in every tooth in the furcation area. The horizontal progression of the disease was evident in micro-computed tomography and defect content in the histological analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that this method promotes the induction of periodontal disease in dogs in a standardized way, thus being a good model for future work.

The effects of surgery on gastrointestinal motor activity

Gastrointestinal surgical procedures have the potential to disrupt motor activity in various organs of the gastrointestinal tract or, indeed, throughout the entire alimentary canal. Several of these motor effects have important clinical consequences and have also served to advance our understanding of the regulation of gastrointestinal motor activity. This review will focus, in particular, on the effects of surgery on the small intestine, and will attempt to emphasize the implications of these studies for our understanding of small intestinal motility, in general.

Daily blood pressure profile in Cushing's syndrome before and after surgery

No significant difference has been demonstrated in the altered circadian blood pressure pattern between the pituitary-dependent and adrenal forms of Cushing's syndrome before surgery. The effect of therapy, however, proved to be different. The mesor was normalized in the pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome more conspicuously for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. In Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma, systolic and diastolic blood pressure mesors have been even significantly "overnormalized" after treatment, being 11 to 27 and 2 to 13 mmHg (95% confidence) lower than corresponding mesors in controls. There was no difference between forms in the effect of treatment on blood pressure amplitudes, which remained significantly lower than in controls. Finally, acrophase patterns were partly normalized after treatment of the pituitary-dependent form only for diastolic blood pressure, while both systolic and diastolic blood pressure acrophases were normalized in the treated adrenal form. In conclusion, complete normalization of the pattern of daily blood pressure profile has not been achieved in either form of the syndrome. This may be one of the reasons for the reduced long-term survival after surgical cure of hypercortisolism, than expected.

The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory system mechanics and hemodynamics in postoperative cardiac surgery patients

We prospectively evaluated the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the respiratory mechanical properties and hemodynamics of 10 postoperative adult cardiac patients undergoing mechanical ventilation while still anesthetized and paralyzed. The respiratory mechanics was evaluated by the inflation inspiratory occlusion method and hemodynamics by conventional methods. Each patient was randomized to a different level of PEEP (5, 10 and 15 cmH2O), while zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) was established as control. PEEP of 15-min duration was applied at 20-min intervals. The frequency dependence of resistance and the viscoelastic properties and elastance of the respiratory system were evaluated together with hemodynamic and respiratory indexes. We observed a significant decrease in total airway resistance (13.12 ± 0.79 cmH2O l-1 s-1 at ZEEP, 11.94 ± 0.55 cmH2O l-1 s-1 (P<0.0197) at 5 cmH2O of PEEP, 11.42 ± 0.71 cmH2O l-1 s-1 (P<0.0255) at 10 cmH2O of PEEP, and 10.32 ± 0.57 cmH2O l-1 s-1 (P<0.0002) at 15 cmH2O of PEEP). The elastance (Ers; cmH2O/l) was not significantly modified by PEEP from zero (23.49 ± 1.21) to 5 cmH2O (21.89 ± 0.70). However, a significant decrease (P<0.0003) at 10 cmH2O PEEP (18.86 ± 1.13), as well as (P<0.0001) at 15 cmH2O (18.41 ± 0.82) was observed after PEEP application. Volume dependence of viscoelastic properties showed a slight but not significant tendency to increase with PEEP. The significant decreases in cardiac index (l min-1 m-2) due to PEEP increments (3.90 ± 0.22 at ZEEP, 3.43 ± 0.17 (P<0.0260) at 5 cmH2O of PEEP, 3.31 ± 0.22 (P<0.0260) at 10 cmH2O of PEEP, and 3.10 ± 0.22 (P<0.0113) at 15 cmH2O of PEEP) were compensated for by an increase in arterial oxygen content owing to shunt fraction reduction (%) from 22.26 ± 2.28 at ZEEP to 11.66 ± 1.24 at PEEP of 15 cmH2O (P<0.0007). We conclude that increments in PEEP resulted in a reduction of both airway resistance and respiratory elastance. These results could reflect improvement in respiratory mechanics. However, due to possible hemodynamic instability, PEEP should be carefully applied to postoperative cardiac patients.

Effect of lung resection and sham surgery on the frequency of infection in alloxan-diabetic rats

The present study was carried out in order to determine the effect of lung resection on the frequency of infections in alloxan-diabetic rats. Adult female Wistar rats were injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg, iv) to induce diabetes mellitus (group D; N = 45) or with vehicle (1.0 ml/kg, iv) to be used as controls (group C; N = 45). Thirty-six days after receiving alloxan both groups were randomly divided into three subgroups: no operation (NO; N = 15), sham operation (SO; N = 15), and left pneumonectomy (PE; N = 15). The rats were sacrificed 36 days after surgery and their lungs were examined microscopically and macroscopically. The occurrence of thoracic wall infection, thoracic wall abscess, lung abscess and pleural empyema was similar in groups D and C. In contrast, the overall infection rate was higher (P<0.05) in the diabetic rats (SO-D and PE-D subgroups, but not in the NO-D subgroup). Considering that the overall infection rate was similar in the SO-D and PE-D subgroups, we suggest that surgery but not pneumonectomy was related to the higher prevalence of infection in diabetic rats.

Transitory increased blood pressure after upper airway surgery for snoring and sleep apnea correlates with the apnea-hypopnea respiratory disturbance index

A transitory increase in blood pressure (BP) is observed following upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome but the mechanisms implicated are not yet well understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in BP and heart rate (HR) and putative factors after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and septoplasty in normotensive snorers. Patients (N = 10) were instrumented for 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, nocturnal respiratory monitoring and urinary catecholamine level evaluation one day before surgery and on the day of surgery. The influence of postsurgery pain was prevented by analgesic therapy as confirmed using a visual analog scale of pain. Compared with preoperative values, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in nighttime but not daytime systolic BP (119 ± 5 vs 107 ± 3 mmHg), diastolic BP (72 ± 4 vs 67 ± 2 mmHg), HR (67 ± 4 vs 57 ± 2 bpm), respiratory disturbance index (RDI) characterized by apnea-hypopnea (30 ± 10 vs 13 ± 4 events/h of sleep) and norepinephrine levels (22.0 ± 4.7 vs 11.0 ± 1.3 µg l-1 12 h-1) after surgery. A positive correlation was found between individual variations of BP and individual variations of RDI (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) but not between BP or RDI and catecholamines. The visual analog scale of pain showed similar stress levels on the day before and after surgery (6.0 ± 0.8 vs 5.0 ± 0.9 cm, respectively). These data strongly suggest that the cardiovascular changes observed in patients who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and septoplasty were due to the increased postoperative RDI.