ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

ERICA: prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescent students, according to geographical macro-regions, school type, sex, and age. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national, school-based study conducted in 2013-2014 in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. A self-administered questionnaire and an electronic data collector were employed. The presence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of common mental disorders by sex, age, and school type, in Brazil and in the macro-regions, considering the sample design. RESULTS The prevalence of common mental disorders was of 30.0% (95%CI 29.2-30.8), being higher among girls (38.4%; 95%CI 37.1-39.7) when compared to boys (21.6%; 95%CI 20.5-22.8), and among adolescents who were from 15 to 17 years old (33.6%; 95%CI 32.2-35.0) compared to those aged between 12 and 14 years (26.7%; 95%CI 25.8-27.6). The prevalence of common mental disorders increased with age for both sexes, always higher in girls (ranging from 28.1% at 12 years to 44.1% at 17 years) than in boys (ranging from 18.5% at 12 years to 27.7% at 17 years). We did not observe any significant difference by macro-region or school type. Stratified analyses showed higher prevalence of common mental disorders among girls aged from 15 to 17 years of private schools in the North region (53.1; 95%CI 46.8-59.4). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of common mental disorders among adolescents and the fact that the symptoms are often vague mean these disorders are not so easily identified by school administrators or even by health services. The results of this study can help the proposition of more specific prevention and control measures, focused on highest risk subgroups.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

ERICA: prevalence of dyslipidemia in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in Brazilian adolescents, as well as the prevalence of altered levels of such parameters. METHODS Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were used. This is a country-wide, school-based cross-sectional study that evaluated 12 to 17-year old adolescents living in cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. The average and distribution of plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated. Dyslipidemia was determined by levels of total cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL, or triglycerides ≥ 130 mg/dl. The data were analyzed by gender, age, and regions in Brazil. RESULTS We evaluated 38,069 adolescents – 59.9% of females, and 54.2% between 15 and 17 years. The average values found were: total cholesterol = 148.1 mg/dl (95%CI 147.1-149.1), HDL cholesterol = 47.3 mg/dl (95%CI 46.7-47.9), LDL cholesterol = 85.3 mg/dl (95%CI 84.5-86.1), and triglycerides = 77.8 mg/dl (95%CI 76.5-79.2). The female adolescents had higher average levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, without differences in the levels of triglycerides. We did not observe any significant differences between the average values among 12 to 14 and 15- to 17-year old adolescents. The most prevalent lipid alterations were low HDL cholesterol (46.8% [95%CI 44.8-48.9]), hypercholesterolemia (20.1% [95%CI 19.0-21.3]), and hypertriglyceridemia (7.8% [95%CI 7.1-8.6]). High LDL cholesterol was found in 3.5% (95%CI 3.2-4.0) of the adolescents. Prevalence of low HDL cholesterol was higher in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of Brazilian adolescents has alterations in their plasma lipids. The high prevalence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia, especially in Brazil’s North and Northeast regions, must be analyzed in future studies, to support the creation of strategies for efficient interventions.

Response rate in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the response rate and characteristics of people who either took part or not in from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) , according to information subsets. METHODS ERICA is a school-based, nation-wide investigation with a representative sample of 12 to 17-year-old adolescents attending public or private schools in municipalities with over 100,000 inhabitants in Brazil. Response rate of eligible subjects were calculated according to macro-regions, sex, age, and type of school (public or private). We also calculated the percentages of replacement schools in comparison with the ones originally selected as per the sample design, according to the types of schools in the macro-regions. The subjects and non-subjects were compared according to sex, age, and average body mass indices (kg/m2). RESULTS We had 102,327 eligible adolescents enrolled in the groups drawn. The highest percentage of complete information was obtained for the subset of the questionnaire (72.9%). Complete information regarding anthropometric measurements and the ones from the questionnaire were obtained for 72.0% of the adolescents, and the combination of these data with the 24-hour dietary recall were obtained for 70.3% of the adolescents. Complete information from the questionnaire plus biochemical blood evaluation data were obtained for 52.5% of the morning session adolescents (selected for blood tests). The response percentage in private schools was higher than the one in public schools for most of the combination of information. The ratio of older and male adolescents non-participants was higher than the ratio among participants. CONCLUSIONS The response rate for non-invasive procedures was high. The response rate for blood collection – an invasive procedure that requires a 12-hour fasting period and the informed consent form from legal guardians – was lower. The response rate observed in public schools was lower than in the private ones, and that may reflect lower school frequency of registered students.

ERICA: smoking prevalence in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalences of tobacco use, tobacco experimentation, and frequent smoking among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated participants of the cross-sectional, nation-wide, school-based Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which included 12- to 17-year-old adolescents from municipalities of over 100 thousand inhabitants. The study sample had a clustered, stratified design and was representative of the whole country, its geographical regions, and all 27 state capitals. The information was obtained with self-administered questionnaires. Tobacco experimentation was defined as having tried cigarettes at least once in life. Adolescents who had smoked on at least one day over the previous 30 days were considered current cigarette smokers. Having smoked cigarettes for at least seven consecutive days was an indicator for regular consumption of tobacco. Considering the complex sampling design, prevalences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated according to sociodemographic and socio-environmental characteristics. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents. Among these, 18.5% (95%CI 17.7-19.4) had smoked at least once in life, 5.7% (95%CI 5.3-6.2) smoked at the time of the research, and 2.5% (95%CI 2.2-2.8) smoked often. Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years had higher prevalences for all indicators than those aged 12 to 14 years. The prevalences did not differ significantly between sexes. The highest prevalences were found in the South region and the lowest ones, in the Northeast region. Regardless of sex, the prevalences were found to be higher for adolescents who had had paid jobs, who lived with only one parent, and who reported having been in contact with smokers either inside or outside their homes. Female public school adolescents were found to smoke more than the ones from private schools. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use among adolescents is still a challenge. Intending to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among young people, especially the ones under socioeconomic vulnerability conditions, Brazil must consolidate and increase effective public health care measures.

Placentite chagásica apresentação de um caso com estudo à microscopia óptica e eletrônica

Novo caso de placentite chagásica no Triângulo Mineiro, observou-se, à mioroscopia óptica, o parasitismo de miócitos das paredes vasculares, fato não descrito anteriormente na literatura. O estudo à microscopia eletrônica revelou. (1) abundantes amastigotas do Trypanosoma cruzi em células de Hofbauer; (2) proliferação fibroblástica e colágena na parede de pequenas artérias e arteríolas, ocluindo-lhes, por vezes, o lume; (3) parasitas em células musculares degeneradas e fibroblastos da parede vascular. Este é o primeiro relato de placentite chagásica humana com análise ultra-estrutural.

Imunofluorescência indireta no pênfigo foliáceo endêmico. contribuição para sua padronização

O propósito da presente investigação foi padronizar a reação de imunofluorescência indireta para Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (Fogo Selvagem). Verificamos que a pele humana normal é o substrato ideal e que pode proceder de prepúcio, cabeça, pescoço ou da parede abdominal anterior. A lavagem prévia da pele precedendo a incubação com o soro deve ser evitada pois a antigenicidade pode ser diminuída. O TAS-cálcio preserva as propriedades antigênicas da pele e deve ser preferido como diluente para os soros. Lâminas cobertas com albumina são úteis porque aumentam a aderência dos cortes de pele. A diluição apropriada do conjugado é convenientemente determinada pelo teste de imunodifusão radial (método de Ouch-terlony). Com referência à correlação entre título de anticorpos e atividade clínica, concluímos que um título igual ou maior do que 160 era de mau prognóstico pois estava associado à forma generalizada da doença ou à casos de forma localizada refratários à terapêutica usual. Contudo, esta obervação requer confirmação através de estudos que envolvam uma abordagem clínica apropriada.

Contribuição ao estudo da anatomia patológica do megaesôfago chagásico

Estudo anatomopatológico sistematizado foi feito em 56 esôfagos de chagásicos crônicos (17 com e 39 sem mega) e em 26 de não chagásicos com as seguintes finalidades: 1) avaliar as variações de calibre e espessura da parede do órgão; 2) analisar qualitativa e quantitativamente o plexo mientérico, na tentativa de avaliar a eventual relação entre suas lesões e o aparecimento de megaesôfago (ME); 3) estudar as lesões das musculares procurando verificar sua contribuição na gênese da visceromegalia; 4) pesquisar formas amastigotas do T. cruzi e sua possível relação com o processo inflamatorio; 5) identificar as principais alterações da mucosa. Confirmou-se que as lesões mais intensas localizavam-se na muscular própria e no plexo de Auerbach. Na primeira, as principais alterações foram miosite e fibrose e nos gânglios mientéricos observou-se inflamação e despopulação neuronal, maior nos esôfagos dos chagásicos com dilatação em relação aos sem dilatação e destes em relação aos controles. Entretanto, foram vistos esôfagos de calibre normal, com intensa denervação. Conclui-se que parecem ser múltiplos os fatores que desencadeiam a esofagopatia, especialmente, o ME. A pesquisa de parasitas em oito esófagos com mega e em oito sem ME foi positiva somente em quatro casos, do primeiro grupo. As lesões da mucosa e submucosa não parecem participar do processo.

Aspectos imunológicos do sistema enzimático fenoloxidase de Schistosoma mansoni

O sistema enzimático fenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1, EC 1.10.3.2) está amplamente distribuido entre os seres vivos, tendo sido descrito em diferentes espécies do reino animal e vegetal. Apesar de desempenhar um papel fundamental na formação da cápsula ou parede dos ovos de trematódeos, o sistema enzimático fenoloxidase (PO) tem sido pouco estudado nesses organismos. No presente trabalho são apresentados os resultados iniciais de imunizações de coelhos contra PO de fêmeas adultas de S. mansoni e tirosinase de cogumelo (Sigma). As análises imunológicas, realizadas através de imunodifusão dupla (teste de Ouchterlony) e imunoeletroforese, revelaram identidade imunitária parcial entre a PO de machos e fêmeas. Não se observou reação cruzada entre os antissoros de coelhos imunizados contra PO e aqueles com tirosinase, indicando que, embora os sítios catalíticos de ambas as enzimas devam ser semelhantes, já que atuam sobre os mesmos substratos, os determinantes antigênicos devem ser diferentes. Os resultados descritos no presente trabalho representam um primeiro passo no sentido da purificação das isoenzimas da fenoloxidase e sua posterior utilização ao estudo dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na esclerotização da parede dos ovos de S. mansoni.

Efficacy of euphorbia hirta latex as plant derived molluscicides against freshwater snails

The toxic effect of binary and tertiary combinations of Euphorbia hirta Linn latex powder with other plant molluscicidal compounds, were evaluated against the freshwater snails Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus in pond. These combinations showed significant time and dose dependent effect against both the snails. These compounds at higher doses were also lethal to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae {Ophicephalidae}), which shares the habitat with these snails, but the LC90 (24h) doses of snails have no apparent killing properties in fish populations when treated in mixed population of snails and fish.

Tipos de colágeno nas áreas de fibrose da cardiopatia chagásica crônica com lesão vorticilar esquerda e insuficiência cardíaca

Foi feita a identificação dos tipos de colágeno em cortes histológicos de fragmentos de 15 corações de indivíduos portadores de doença de Chagas crônica com lesão vorticilar esquerda e ICC. As preparações coradas pelo Sirius Supra Red F3BA, preconizada por Junqueira e cols e examinadas em microscópio de polarização (Leitz) revelaram colágeno de tipo I e III nas zonas de fibrose. As primeiras preponderaram nos dois terços externos da região vorticilar, nas áreas de fibrose endomisial e perimisial do miocárdio sem ou com escasso infiltrado inflamatório e na região subendocárdica dos músculos papilares. O tipo III foi mais freqüente no terço interno da região vorticilar, no endocárdio da parede ventricular, em certas áreas do miocárdio onde a inflamação ainda estava em atividade e nas porções mais centrais dos músculos papilares. Os AA fazem um breve comentário sobre o possível mecanismo patogenético da fibrose na doença de Chagas.

Modificações nucleares em células parasitadas pelo Trypanosoma cruzi em chagásicos crônicos

Através do estudo da musculaturalisa da parede da veia central das supra-renais de chagásicos crônicos foram identificados núcleos em 18 dentre 40 células parasitadaspelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Com o auxílio de uma ocular micrométrica foram tomados dois diâmetros de cada ninho e núcleo, obtendo-se suas médias e desvios padrões (25,7 µm ± 17,2 e 12 µm ± 5,3 e 7,5 µm ± 2,82 para diâmetros dos ninhos e dos núcleos para células mononucleadas e binucleadas respectivamente). A relação diâmetro do núcleo/diâmetro do ninho foi de 0,5 ± 0,16. 83,3% dos ninhos eram mononucleados e apenas 16,7% binucleados. A média do volume nuclear para as células parasitadas foi de 1204µm³ ± 807,0 e para as células musculares lisas não parasitadasfoi de 69,6µm ± 7,2. A forma e o contorno nucleares eram variados e irregulares. Os núcleos hipercromáticos ou vesiculosos, com membrana cromatínica geralmente espessa e bem definida, freqüentemente mostrando um a dois nucléolos por secção, podendo, no entanto, serem encontrados até 8 nucléolos. Sendo as alterações nucleares descritas freqüentes nos chagásicos crônicos, épossível que sejam a expressão morfológica de importantes interações entre o T. cruzi e o leiomiócito.

Comportamento da musculatura das arteríolas intra-hepáticas na forma hepatesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica

A determinação da relação parede-lume das arteríolas intra-hepáticas, na esquistossomose mansônica (forma hepatesplênica), demonstra a existência de uma hipotrofia da camada muscular daqueles vasos. Esse achado sugere redução do fluxo sangüíneo arterial hepático nessa entidade.

Morte súbita por ruptura espontânea do ventrículo direito em mulher chagásica crônica

Mulher chagásica de 49 anos teve morte súbita devido a hemopericárdio conseqüente à ruptura espontânea do ventrículo direito. Em nosso conhecimento este é o terceiro relato de rotura cardíaca espontânea da cardiopatia chagásica humana. Neste caso os fatores que determinaram a ruptura foram o adelgaçamento, o grande raio de curvatura da parede anterior do ventrículo direito e, possivelmente, o aumento de pressão no interior desta câmara. Não havia infarto e o adelgaçamento da região rota foi causado pela miocardite crônica chagásica.