Nutrient leaching potential following application of papermill lime-sludge to an acidic clay soil

This experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with soil pots during 210 days, to evaluate the effect of calcitic papermill lime-sludge application (at the rates 0, 773, 1.547, and 2.320 mg kg-1 or respective equivalents to control, 2, 4, and 6 t ha-1), on chemical composition of soil leachate and its effects on eucalypt growth and yield. Highest soil leachate pH, SO4, and Na concentrations occurred in the 4 and 6 t ha-1 treatments. Soil leachate nitrate concentrations decreased with increasing lime-sludge rate. Soil leachate phosphate remained low (below the detection limit) in all treatments until 120 days, while the concentration increased in the lime-sludge treatments at 210 days (last sampling) in about 600 mg L-1. Lime-sludge decreased leachate Mg concentration, but had no significant effect among rates. Soil leachate Ca, K, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn did not change significantly for any lime-sludge application rates. The maximum NO3, Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in the soil leachate occurred at 60 days after lime-sludge application (leaching equivalent to 1 pore volume), but for pH and SO4, the maximum occurred at 210 days (leaching equivalent to 4 pore volumes). Lime-sludge application decreased the concentration of exchangeable Al in the soil. Plant diameter growth and dry matter yield were increased with increasing lime-sludge rate. Beneficial effects on mineral nutrition (P, K, Ca, B, and Zn) of eucalypts were also obtained by the application of 4 and 6 t ha-1 of lime-sludge.

Teores de metais pesados e caracterização mineralógica de solos do Cemitério Municipal de Santa Cândida, Curitiba (PR)

As partes metálicas dos caixões, como alças e adereços, são consideradas as principais fontes de contaminação dos solos de cemitério por metais pesados. Outras fontes de poluentes são os produtos usados no embalsamento de corpos, conservantes da madeira de caixões e líquidos humurosos liberados na decomposição. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar a mineralogia da fração de argila e os teores de metais pesados de solos do Cemitério Municipal de Santa Cândida, Curitiba (PR), e estimar o risco de contaminação ambiental por esses poluentes. Foram selecionados sete locais, de onde se coletaram amostras em três profundidades (0-20, 20-80 e 80-120 cm), representando dois materiais de origem (granito/gnaisse e argilito) e dois tipos de sepultura (de indigentes e por jazigos). A fração de argila foi estudada por difratometria de raios X e análises térmicas. Determinaram-se os teores de Fe e Al nos extratos das amostras com oxalato de amônio ácido (óxidos de Fe e Al de baixa cristalinidade) e com ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato (óxidos de Fe cristalinos) por espectrometria de absorção atômica (EAA). Os teores totais e trocáveis de Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni e Zn foram determinados por EAA, após digestão das amostras com HF concentrado e solução de BaCl2 1 mol L-1, respectivamente. A ocorrência de vermiculita hidroxi-Al entrecamadas e esmectita, além do predomínio de caulinita na fração de argila, determinou os altos valores de capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) dos solos. Na área de jazigos, as amostras de solos apresentaram os maiores teores de metais pesados, com valores máximos de Cr e Pb, na ordem de 516,3 e 260,2 mg kg-1, respectivamente. A menor contaminação na área de indigentes pode ser atribuída à maior simplicidade dos sepultamentos, com menor quantidade de fontes potenciais de metais pesados, como conservantes da madeira e as partes metálicas dos caixões. As características químicas e mineralógicas do solo, em parte determinadas pelo material de origem, não apresentaram relação de causa e efeito com metais pesados nas áreas estudadas.

Behavioral avoidance tests to evaluate effects of cattle slurry and dairy sludge application to soil¹

The application of organic wastes to agricultural soils is not risk-free and can affect soil invertebrates. Ecotoxicological tests based on the behavioral avoidance of earthworms and springtails were performed to evaluate effects of different fertilization strategies on soil quality and habitat function for soil organisms. These tests were performed in soils treated with: i) slurry and chemical fertilizers, according to the conventional fertilization management of the region, ii) conventional fertilization + sludge and iii) unfertilized reference soil. Both fertilization strategies contributed to soil acidity mitigation and caused no increase in soil heavy metal content. Avoidance test results showed no negative effects of these strategies on soil organisms, compared with the reference soil. However, results of the two fertilization managements differed: Springtails did not avoid soils fertilized with dairy sludge in any of the tested combinations. Earthworms avoided soils treated with sludge as of May 2004 (DS1), when compared with conventional fertilization. Possibly, the behavioral avoidance of earthworms is more sensitive to soil properties (other than texture, organic matter and heavy metal content) than springtails

Growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of cowpea in soils amended with composted tannery sludge

Tannery wastes generation is increasing every year and a suitable method for tannery sludge management is necessary in order to decrease this environmental problem. The composting is recognized as a suitable method for sludge recycling.. The effect of tannery sludge compost (TSC) rates on growth, nodulation and N fixation of cowpea was investigated. Sandy and clayey soils were amended with TSC at rates of 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 t ha-1. The shoot dry weight of cowpea plants 45 days after emergence (DAE) was greater in the TSC-amended than in the unamended soil. In the sandy soil, nodule dry weight increased with TSC application 45 DAE. In the clayey soil, 45 DAE, nodule dry weight decreased with TSC amendment levels greater than 7.5 t ha-1 compared to the unamended control. The application of TSC increased N accumulation in the cowpea plants. The results suggest that cowpea responds differently to TSC depending on the amendment rate and initial soil type.

Chemical properties of soils treated with biological sludge from gelatin industry

The impact of agro-industrial organic wastes in the environment can be reduced when used in agriculture. From the standpoint of soil fertility, residue applications can increase the organic matter content and provide nutrients for plants. This study evaluated the effect of biological sludge from gelatin industry on the chemical properties of two Ultisols (loamy sand and sandy clay) and an Oxisol (clay). The experiment lasted 120 days and was carried out in laboratory in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, combining the three soils and six biological sludge rates (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m³ ha-1), with three replications. Biological sludge rates of up to 500 m³ ha-1 decreased soil acidity and increased the effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and N, Ca, Mg, and P availability, without exceeding the tolerance limit for Na. The increase in exchangeable base content, greater than the effective CEC, indicates that the major part of cations added by the sludge remains in solution and can be lost by leaching.

CHROMIUM IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND COWPEA AFTER FOUR CONSECUTIVE ANNUAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSTED TANNERY SLUDGE

Tannery sludge contains high concentrations of inorganic elements, such as chromium (Cr), which may lead to environmental pollution and affect human health The behavior of Cr in organic matter fractions and in the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was studied in a sandy soil after four consecutive annual applications of composted tannery sludge (CTS). Over a four-year period, CTS was applied on permanent plots (2 × 5 m) and incorporated in the soil (0-20 cm) at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 Mg ha-1 (dry weight basis). These treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. In the fourth year, cowpea was planted and grown for 50 days, at which time we analyzed the Cr concentrations in the soil, in the fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin fractions, and in the leaves, pods, and grains of cowpea. Composted tannery sludge led to an increase in Cr concentration in the soil. Among the humic substances, the highest Cr concentration was found in humin. The application rates of CTS significantly increased Cr concentration in leaves and grains.

Gestão de recursos para manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino na esfera municipal

O trabalho objetivou desvelar a gestão dos recursos para manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino no município de Campo Grande, capital do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de 1997 a 2012. O propósito foi verificar em que medida o montante de recursos disponíveis seria suficiente para a garantia do direito à educação nas etapas da educação básica sob a responsabilidade e a competência do município. Trabalhou-se com a legislação e documentos de âmbito federal e municipal, com destaque para os balanços gerais do município e a literatura pertinente à temática. Constatou-se que as receitas municipais se mostraram ascendentes no período, o que pode ter contribuído para a universalização do ensino fundamental e para a expansão obrigatória da educação básica.

Processo analítico hierárquico na identificação de áreas favoráveis ao agroecossistema cafeeiro em escala municipal

O objetivo deste trabalho foi delimitar áreas favoráveis ao agroecossistema cafeeiro, em quatro municípios do Estado de Minas Gerais, pela aplicação do processo analítico hierárquico (AHP). Uma função de ponderação aritmética foi obtida, com base nas premissas de favorabilidade à cafeicultura, considerando-se as seguintes variáveis: solo, declividade, orientação de vertentes, altimetria e as possíveis áreas de preservação permanente. Essa função permitiu combinar as condições adequadas ao cultivo do café e ressaltar as áreas com maior favorabilidade. Foi verificado que os quatro municípios diferem entre si quanto à favorabilidade ao agroecossistema cafeeiro; porém, ao se considerar apenas as áreas cultivadas com café, foi verificado que os municípios de Boa Esperança e Cristais não diferem entre si.

Indicadores geoespaciais para avaliação do impacto ambiental da suinocultura no licenciamento em âmbito municipal

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e avaliar indicadores geoespaciais para analisar o impacto ambiental da atividade suinícola no licenciamento em âmbito municipal. O estudo foi conduzido no Município de Quinze de Novembro, RS. Foram avaliados indicadores ambientais em glebas agrícolas e bacias hidrográficas. Uma base de dados geoespacial foi criada, com uso de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e de levantamento sistemático dos suinocultores e das glebas que recebem dejetos líquidos de suínos, o que incluiu propriedades suinícolas, uso atual das terras, tipos de solos, rede de drenagem e modelo digital do terreno. Os indicadores geoespaciais obtidos com as ferramentas de geoprocessamento foram: áreas da bacia com aplicação de dejetos suínos; áreas de preservação permanente existentes e a serem recuperadas; taxa de aplicação de dejetos; declividade; resistência à degradação; distância entre glebas com aplicação de dejetos e curso d'água; largura da faixa com potencial de amortecimento para dejetos entre glebas e curso d'água; distância entre instalação suinícola e curso d'água; conflito de instalações com área de preservação; e áreas que requerem recuperação ambiental. A interpretação desses indicadores possibilita avaliar os impactos ambientais potenciais da atividade suinícola nas propriedades rurais e nas bacias em que estão localizadas, o que permite identificar os locais de maior risco e subsidiar o licenciamento ambiental da atividade.

Influência de métodos de digestão e massa de amostra na recuperação de nutrientes em resíduos orgânicos

The influence of nitric-perchloric, aqua regia, dry ashing and microwave digestion methods, in combination with 100 and 200 mg of sample, on the characterization and recovery of nutrients in samples of sludge sewage, poultry, swine, quail and bovine manures, organic compost, organic substrate and humic material were studied. Nitric-perchloric digestion with 200 mg samples recovered the higher nutrient contents. The nitric-perchloric method recovered also low levels of K. Dry ashing caused S volatilization and microwave digestion produced dark color extracts and this impaired S determination. Aqua regia recovered the lowest contents of nutrients in the organic residues evaluated.

Perfil espacial e temporal de poluentes nas águas da represa municipal de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

In this manuscript, seasonal and spatial trends of water collected from two sampling places in the Preto River in the Turvo-Grande watershed were evaluated. Water samples were collected during June/07 to July/08 and parameters sulphate, total organic carbon, ammonia, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, dissolved total solids and nitrate were quantified. Seasonal trend indicated sanitary effluents as a point source of contamination in both sampling points. Vertical trends demonstrated that the Municipal Dam was not stratified and received a diffuse source of pollutants from flooding and agriculture runoffs. It was also verified that there is relatively fast ammonia consumption kinetics having a half-life time of 1.43 h which can explain the low ammonia concentrations found in these aquatic bodies.

Recent research data on the removal of pharmaceuticals from sewage treatment plants (STP)

Pharmaceutical compounds have been detected in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface waters and, less frequently, in groundwater and drinking water, all over the world. Different sources are responsible for their appearance in the aquatic environment, however, it is widely accepted that the main sources of this type of pollutant are STP effluents. The adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment include aquatic toxicity, development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Thus, the discharge of these compounds to the environment in STP effluents should be minimized.

Caracterização de contaminantes presentes em sistemas de tratamento de esgotos, por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas tandem em alta resolução

This work shows results on the characterization, by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) with electrospray ionization, of organic compounds present in raw and treated effluents from a combined sewage treatment systems (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket-trickling filter). The sewage samples were prepared by C18 solid phase extraction and the spectra obtained from the various extracts were submitted to principal component analysis to evaluate their pattern and identify the major deprotonated species. Some target compounds were submitted to semiquantitative analysis, using phenolphtalein as internal standard. The results showed the anaerobic step had little impact on the removal of anionic surfactants (LAS), fatty acids, and some contaminantes such as bisphenol A and bezafibrate, whereas the aerobic post-treatment was very efficient in removing these organics.

Treated domestic sewage: kinetics of Escherichia coli and total coliform inactivation by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has been used for decades in developed countries as an oxidizing agent in the treatment of water, domestic sewage and industrial effluents. This study evaluated the influence of the concentration of H2O2 and pH on the inactivation of Escherichia coli cells and the disinfection of sewage treated. The results showed that the inactivation rate increased with pH and H2O2. The presence of other contaminants dissolved in the effluent is probably the cause of these differences, because E. coli inactivation in synthetic wastewater was found to be much faster than in the real treated domestic sewage.