Perfil lipídico de ovos desidratados com ênfase no seu teor de gorduras trans

O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação do perfil lipídico de ovos integrais desidratados, bem como de gemas desidratadas, a fim de enfatizar seu conteúdo de ácidos graxos de configuração trans. A fração lipídica das amostras foi extraída com hexano/isopropanol e, a seguir, metilada. Os ácidos graxos foram identificados via cromatografia gasosa. Constatou-se que a natureza lipídica dos ovos tem caráter predominantemente insaturado: 63,65% dos lipídios totais nos ovos integrais e 62,63% nas gemas. Além disso, foram identificados apenas traços de gorduras trans (0,24% nos ovos integrais e 0,27% nas gemas).

Avaliação do consumo e análise da rotulagem nutricional de alimentos com alto teor de ácidos graxos trans

Nas últimas décadas, diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados visando avaliar os efeitos dos ácidos graxos trans sobre o organismo e identificar seu mecanismo de ação. Entretanto, somente a cerca de um ano, este item foi incluído na rotulagem nutricional obrigatória brasileira, permitindo ao consumidor controlar o consumo de ácidos graxos trans. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adequação de alguns alimentos com alto teor de ácidos graxos trans (biscoitos, sorvetes, chocolates e fast-food) frente à legislação pertinente e, ainda, o consumo diário por adultos e crianças observando a recomendação da OMS. A avaliação da rotulagem nutricional demonstrou que a maioria das amostras analisadas ainda não se adequou à nova legislação. Com base na análise dos questionários de consumo, identificou-se que 39,7% dos adultos e 41,4% das crianças consomem, diariamente, pelo menos um alimento com alto teor de ácidos graxos trans. Observou-se ainda, através do consumo estimado, que a ingestão parcial ou total destes produtos ultrapassa a recomendação diária para adultos (2 g) e crianças (1 ano-0,8 g e 10 anos-1,9 g). Assim, uma atuação efetiva dos órgãos de fiscalização e a promoção de ações educativas visando à menor utilização desses produtos na alimentação deveriam ser estimuladas.

Ácidos graxos trans em óleos vegetais refinados poli-insaturados comercializados no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados da composição de ácidos graxos, principalmente trans, de óleos vegetais poli-insaturados refinados, coletados no comércio do estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2005 e 2007. Foram analisadas 34 amostras de óleo de soja, 7 de girassol, 2 de canola e 6 de milho. Os ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos foram preparados por transesterificação alcalina a frio e analisados por cromatografia gasosa em coluna capilar de 100 m (SP 2560), após a otimização das condições analíticas. Dezesseis amostras de óleo de soja, duas de canola e quatro de girassol apresentaram níveis de ácidos graxos trans acima de 2,0% (p/p de ésteres metílicos). De acordo com a Resolução RDC 360/2003 da ANVISA/MS, é obrigatória a declaração dos níveis de ácidos graxos trans na rotulagem dos alimentos embalados quando os teores forem superiores a 0,2 g na porção do alimento. No caso de óleos vegetais, a porção é de 13 mL (uma colher de sopa) e, portanto, na rotulagem nutricional de várias amostras deverá constar valor superior a zero. A melhoria no processo de refino dos óleos vegetais insaturados como soja, canola e girassol, pelo controle das temperaturas de desodorização, poderá contribuir para atender às recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde, no sentido de minimizar os níveis de ácidos graxos trans dos alimentos preservando a saúde da população.

Storage stability of snacks with reduced saturated and trans fatty acids contents

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil has been used in snack flavoring for its ability to entrap hydrophobic aroma compounds. However, increasing concerns about the health risks of saturated and trans fatty acids (TFA) consumption led to the development of alternative agents for this use. We studied the use of rapeseed oil (O) as a replacement for partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (F) in snack flavoring. Products with several different rapeseed oil contents were designed, packed, and then stored for twenty weeks at room temperature. Fatty acids compositions, TBA reactive substances (TBARS), shear strength and sensory acceptability were assessed throughout storage time. Total replacement reduced saturated fat by 72.5% in relation to market available snacks. TFA were initially absent in these products, but their production occurred spontaneously on the 8th week with gradual increase during storage up to levels still lower than those observed in commercially available snacks. Low TBARS levels and stability of shear strength during the twenty-week of storage were also observed. Snacks flavored with F or O were equally well accepted during the storage period. It is feasible to develop a storage stable snack with reduced saturated and trans fatty acid contents while maintaining the high sensory acceptability typical of this food product.

Phase transitions in biodegradable films based on blends of gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol)

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the hydrolysis degree (HD) and the concentration (C PVA) of two types of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and the effect of the type and the concentration of plasticizers on the phase properties of biodegradable films based on blends of gelatin and PVA, using a response-surface methodology. The films were made by casting and the studied properties were their glass (Tg) and melting (Tm) transition temperatures, which were determined by diferential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the data obtained on the first scan, the fitting of the linear model was statistically significant and predictive only for the second melting temperature. In this case, the most important effect on the second Tm of the first scan was due to the HD of the PVA. In relation to the second scan, the linear model could be fit to Tg data with only two statistically significant parameters. Both the PVA and plasticizer concentrations had an important effect on Tg. Concerning the second Tm of the second scan, the linear model was fit to data with two statistically significant parameters, namely the HD and the plasticizer concentration. But, the most important effect was provoked by the HD of the PVA.

Volatile compounds from organic and conventional passion fruit (Passiflora edulis F. Flavicarpa) pulp

The volatile compositions from organic and conventional passion fruit pulps produced in Brazil were investigated. The pulps were also physicochemically characterized. The volatile compounds from the headspace of the passion fruit pulp were stripped to a Porapak Q trap for 2 hours; they were eluted with 300 µL of dichloromethane, separated by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection and identified through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both pulps conformed to the requirements of the Brazilian legislation, indicating they were suitable to be industrialized and consumed. A total of 77 compounds were detected in the headspace of the passion fruit pulps - 60 of which were identified, comprising 91% of the total chromatogram area. The major compounds were the following: ethyl butanoate, 52% and 57% of the total relative area of the chromatogram for the organic and conventional passion fruit pulps, respectively; ethyl hexanoate, 22% and 9%, respectively; and hexyl butanoate, 2% and 5%, respectively. The aroma of the organic passion fruit pulp is mainly related to the following volatile compounds: ethyl hexanoate, methyl hexanoate, β-myrcene and D-limonene. The conventional passion fruit pulp presented methyl butanoate, butyl acetate, hexanal, 1-butanol, butyl butanoate, trans-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, hexyl butanoate, 3-hexenyl butanoate and 3-hexenyl hexanoate as the main volatile compounds for aroma.

Vinegar rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced by a submerged fermentation process from alcoholic fermented rice

Considering the limited availability of technology for the production of rice vinegar and also due to the potential consumer product market, this study aimed to use alcoholic fermented rice (rice wine (Oryza sativa L.)) for vinegar production. An alcoholic solution with 6.28% (w/v) ethanol was oxidized by a submerged fermentation process to produce vinegar. The process of acetic acid fermentation occurred at 30 ± 0.3°C in a FRINGS® Acetator (Germany) for the production of vinegar and was followed through 10 cycles. The vinegar had a total acidity of 6.85% (w/v), 0.17% alcohol (w/v), 1.26% (w/v) minerals and 1.78% (w/v) dry extract. The composition of organic acids present in rice vinegar was: cis-aconitic acid (6 mg/L), maleic acid (3 mg/L), trans-aconitic acid (3 mg/L), shikimic + succinic acid (4 mg/L), lactic acid (300 mg/L), formic acid (180 mg/L), oxalic acid (3 mg/L), fumaric acid (3 mg/L) and itaconic acid (1 mg/L).