Ausência de descenso noturno se associa a acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do miocárdio

FUNDAMENTO: A pressão arterial (PA) varia de acordo com o ciclo circadiano, apresentando quedas fisiológicas durante o sono (descenso noturno - DN). A ausência dessa queda se associa a maior incidência de lesões em órgãos-alvo. OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de DN em indivíduos hipertensos, correlacionar DN aos níveis pressóricos, variáveis clínicas, fatores sociodemográficos e bioquímicos e associá-lo a eventos cardiovasculares (acidente vascular cerebral - AVC e infarto agudo do miocárdio - IAM). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 163 hipertensos, submetidos a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial. DN foi definido como queda >10% da PA sistólica do período da vigília para o de sono. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos dipper (D) e não dipper (ND). Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos quanto a idade, sexo, raça, tempo de hipertensão, glicemia, LDL-colesterol, colesterol total, triglicérides, escolaridade, tabagismo, história de diabetes. Grupo dipper apresentou PA superior a ND durante a vigília e inferior durante o sono. Grupo ND cursou com maior índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (p=0,0377), menor HDL-colesterol (p=0,0189) e maior pressão de pulso durante o sono (p=0,0025). História de AVC ou IAM foram mais frequentes em ND. À regressão logística, apenas a ausência de descenso noturno associou-se independentemente a AVC ou IAM. CONCLUSÃO: A ausência de DN associou-se de maneira independente às lesões em órgãos-alvo analisadas, o que demonstra a sua importância e reforça a necessidade de tratamento mais agressivo com objetivo de se atingir as metas pressóricas e, consequentemente, evitar o desenvolvimento de novos eventos cardiocerebrovasculares.

Análise de custo-efetividade da trombólise com alteplase no Acidente Vascular Cerebral

FUNDAMENTO: Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) é a principal causa de óbito no Brasil e pouca informação está disponível sobre custo do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Elaborar análise de custo-efetividade da trombólise no AVC, até três horas após o início dos sintomas, comparando o tratamento com alteplase versus conservador, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: Modelo de análise de decisão foi desenvolvido para comparar os dois tratamentos. Ciclos foram considerados, durante os quais pacientes poderiam transitar entre cinco estágios de incapacidade pós-AVC, baseados na escala modificada de Rankin. A probabilidade de apresentar hemorragia intracerebral no primeiro ano foi obtida do ensaio NINDS. Para os anos subsequentes, ciclos de um ano foram considerados, para contabilizar a mortalidade dos pacientes. O desfecho foi expresso em Anos de Vida Ajustados pela Qualidade (QALY). Tanto os custos diretos quanto os indiretos foram considerados na análise. Custos e desfecho foram descontados em 5% ao ano. RESULTADOS: No primeiro ano, o QALY ganho foi de 0,06 para ambos os gêneros, com custo incremental de R$ 2.558 para homens e R$ 2.312 para mulheres. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental em um ano foi de R$ 40.539 / QALY (USD 28.956) para homens e R$ 36.640 / QALY (USD 26.171) para mulheres. Após o segundo ano, o tratamento com alteplase reduziu o custo do tratamento (índice de Paridade do Poder de Compra US$ 1 = R$ 1,4). CONCLUSÃO: Terapia trombolítica com alteplase nas primeiras três horas após o AVC é custo-efetiva no cenário do Sistema Único de Saúde.

O espessamento da íntima-média associa-se independentemente ao Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isquêmico

FUNDAMENTO: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) constitui uma das primeiras causas de morte a nível mundial. A importância do espessamento da íntima-média na estratificação de risco cardiovascular tem sido recorrentemente estudada; contudo, essa relação gera ainda alguma controvérsia. OBJETIVOS: Determinar se o espessamento da íntima-média na Artéria Carótida Comum (ACC) pode ser utilizado como um marcador independente de alto risco para a ocorrência do AVC. MÉTODOS: A amostra compreende um grupo de 948 doentes consecutivamente estudados por Triplex Scan Cervical no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2004 e junho de 2009. Esses doentes foram agrupados em razão da presença ou ausência de AVC recente, do que resultou um grupo de doentes com AVC Isquémico (AVC I) (n = 452, 48%), outro com AVC Hemorrágico (AVC H) (n = 22, 2%) e um grupo de doentes Sem Eventos (n = 474, 50%). RESULTADOS: Na análise de regressão logística ajustada para fatores de risco cardiovascular clássicos, o espessamento da íntima-média na ACC associou-se significativamente e de forma aproximadamente linear com o AVC I (Odds Ratio = 1.808, Intervalo de Confiança: 1.291-2.534, p = 0,01), mas não com o AVC H (p = ns). Uma interação significativa com a idade foi também encontrada, demonstrando-se uma capacidade discriminativa do risco de AVC I maior em indivíduos com idade inferior a 50 anos. CONCLUSÕES: O espessamento da íntima-média na ACC revelou-se um preditor de risco independente para o AVC I, mas não para AVC H reforçando assim a utilidade da sua avaliação na prática clínica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Análise da tendência da mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral no Brasil no século XXI

FUNDAMENTO: Embora seja mundialmente a segunda principal causa de óbitos, o Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) vem apresentando uma importante redução das taxas de mortalidade nas últimas décadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência da taxa de mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral no Brasil, em ambos os sexos, a partir dos 30 anos de idade, entre 2000 e 2009. MÉTODOS: Os dados populacionais foram obtidos no banco de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e os óbitos, por meio do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, sendo incluídos os códigos I60 a I69 de acordo com a 10ª Classificação Internacional de Doenças. Foi calculada a incidência de óbitos/1.000 habitantes, as taxas de mortalidade bruta e padronizada/100.000 habitantes. A modelagem da tendência das taxas foi feita com modelos de regressão. RESULTADOS: Observou-se um aumento na incidência de óbitos até 2006, seguindo-se um declínio até 2009, quando ocorreu a incidência mínima. Comparando os anos 2000 e 2009, nota-se uma tendência de queda da taxa de mortalidade padronizada em ambos os sexos (masculino = -14,69%; feminino = -17%) e no total (-14,99%), com oscilações no período. Entre 30 e 49 anos em ambos os sexos, houve uma tendência de redução contínua e linear da taxa de mortalidade, enquanto os demais grupos etários apresentaram uma função curvilínea, culminando com uma efetiva diminuição dos valores. CONCLUSÃO: Houve uma tendência de queda na taxa de mortalidade em todas as faixas etárias e em ambos os sexos. A redução da taxa de mortalidade bruta foi mais acentuada no sexo masculino, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade padronizada mostrou uma maior redução no sexo feminino.

A distensibilidade da aorta prediz o acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes hipertensos

FUNDAMENTO: A doença cardiovascular continua a ser principal causa de morte nos países desenvolvidos e não é inteiramente prevista por fatores de risco clássicos. O aumento da rigidez arterial constitui um importante determinante de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a velocidade da onda de pulso prediz a ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, observacional, prospetivo, multicêntrico, incluindo 1.133 pacientes hipertensos (586 homens), com uma média de idade de 51,05 ± 12,64 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação da VOP pelo método Complior, a uma avaliação clínica pormenorizada e à medição da pressão arterial. RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de risco de AVC nos hipertensos com VOP aumentada foi de 3,25% (IC: 1,97%-5,25%), em comparação com 0,78% (IC: 0,28% - 1,87%) nos hipertensos com VOP normal (risco relativo (RR) = 4,15; IC: 1,53 - 11,26). Numa análise multivariável, ajustando o modelo aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares clássicos, a VOP foi um preditor independente de AVC, com um hazard ratio (HR) = 1,40 (IC: 1,13 - 1,73, p < 0,002), indicando um incremento de 40% no risco de AVC por cada incremento de 1 m/seg na VOP. A adição da VOP a um modelo composto pelos fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais melhorou significativamente a sua capacidade discriminativa para o risco de AVC (C de Harrel aumentou de 0,68 para 0,71 após inclusão da VOP; p <0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A distensibilidade arterial aferida pela VOP aórtica é um fator de risco independente de AVC em pacientes hipertensos, sendo recomendável a sua integração em programas de follow-up de situações em que o risco cardiovascular é manifesto.

Resistance Exercise Restores Endothelial Function and Reduces Blood Pressure in Type 1 Diabetic Rats

Background: Resistance exercise effects on cardiovascular parameters are not consistent. Objectives: The effects of resistance exercise on changes in blood glucose, blood pressure and vascular reactivity were evaluated in diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (n = 8); sedentary diabetic (n = 8); and trained diabetic (n = 8). Resistance exercise was carried out in a squat device for rats and consisted of three sets of ten repetitions with an intensity of 50%, three times per week, for eight weeks. Changes in vascular reactivity were evaluated in superior mesenteric artery rings. Results: A significant reduction in the maximum response of acetylcholine-induced relaxation was observed in the sedentary diabetic group (78.1 ± 2%) and an increase in the trained diabetic group (95 ± 3%) without changing potency. In the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the acetylcholine-induced relaxation was significantly reduced in the control and trained diabetic groups, but not in the sedentary diabetic group. Furthermore, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in mean arterial blood pressure was observed in the sedentary diabetic group (104.9 ± 5 to 126.7 ± 5 mmHg) as compared to that in the control group. However, the trained diabetic group showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the mean arterial blood pressure levels (126.7 ± 5 to 105.1 ± 4 mmHg) as compared to the sedentary diabetic group. Conclusions: Resistance exercise could restore endothelial function and prevent an increase in arterial blood pressure in type 1 diabetic rats.

Resistance Training After Myocardial Infarction in Rats: Its Role on Cardiac and Autonomic Function

Background: Although resistance exercise training is part of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs, little is known about its role on the cardiac and autonomic function after myocardial infarction. Objective: To evaluate the effects of resistance exercise training, started early after myocardial infarction, on cardiac function, hemodynamic profile, and autonomic modulation in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary infarcted and trained infarcted rats. Each group with n = 9 rats. The animals underwent maximum load test and echocardiography at the beginning and at the end of the resistance exercise training (in an adapted ladder, 40% to 60% of the maximum load test, 3 months, 5 days/week). At the end, hemodynamic, baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic modulation assessments were made. Results: The maximum load test increased in groups trained control (+32%) and trained infarcted (+46%) in relation to groups sedentary control and sedentary infarcted. Although no change occurred regarding the myocardial infarction size and systolic function, the E/A ratio (-23%), myocardial performance index (-39%) and systolic blood pressure (+6%) improved with resistance exercise training in group trained infarcted. Concomitantly, the training provided additional benefits in the high frequency bands of the pulse interval (+45%), as well as in the low frequency band of systolic blood pressure (-46%) in rats from group trained infarcted in relation to group sedentary infarcted. Conclusion: Resistance exercise training alone may be an important and safe tool in the management of patients after myocardial infarction, considering that it does not lead to significant changes in the ventricular function, reduces the global cardiac stress, and significantly improves the vascular and cardiac autonomic modulation in infarcted rats.

Obesity Preserves Myocardial Function During Blockade of the Glycolytic Pathway

Background: Obesity is defined by excessive accumulation of body fat relative to lean tissue. Studies during the last few years indicate that cardiac function in obese animals may be preserved, increased or diminished. Objective: Study the energy balance of the myocardium with the hypothesis that the increase in fatty acid oxidation and reduced glucose leads to cardiac dysfunction in obesity. Methods: 30-day-old male Wistar rats were fed standard and hypercaloric diet for 30 weeks. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed. In this paper was viewed the general characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity. The structure cardiac was determined by weights of the heart and left ventricle (LV). Myocardial function was evaluated by studying isolated papillary muscles from the LV, under the baseline condition and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers: myocardial stiffness; postrest contraction; increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration; change in heart rate and inhibitor of glycolytic pathway. Results: Compared with control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and co-morbities associated with obesity. Functional assessment after blocking iodoacetate shows no difference in the linear regression of DT, however, the RT showed a statistically significant difference in behavior between the control and the obese group, most notable being the slope in group C. Conclusion: The energy imbalance on obesity did not cause cardiac dysfunction. On the contrary, the prioritization of fatty acids utilization provides protection to cardiac muscle during the inhibition of glycolysis, suggesting that this pathway is fewer used by obese cardiac muscle.

Impact of Intensive Physiotherapy on Cognitive Function after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a standard surgical option for patients with diffuse and significant arterial plaque. This procedure, however, is not free of postoperative complications, especially pulmonary and cognitive disorders. Objective: This study aimed at comparing the impact of two different physiotherapy treatment approaches on pulmonary and cognitive function of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: Neuropsychological and pulmonary function tests were applied, prior to and following CABG, to 39 patients randomized into two groups as follows: Group 1 (control) - 20 patients underwent one physiotherapy session daily; and Group 2 (intensive physiotherapy) - 19 patients underwent three physiotherapy sessions daily during the recovery phase at the hospital. Non-paired and paired Student t tests were used to compare continuous variables. Variables without normal distribution were compared between groups by using Mann-Whitney test, and, within the same group at different times, by using Wilcoxon test. The chi-square test assessed differences of categorical variables. Statistical tests with a p value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Changes in pulmonary function were not significantly different between the groups. However, while Group 2 patients showed no decline in their neurocognitive function, Group 1 patients showed a decline in their cognitive functions (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Those results highlight the importance of physiotherapy after CABG and support the implementation of multiple sessions per day, providing patients with better psychosocial conditions and less morbidity.

Chronic Stress Improves NO- and Ca2+ Flux-Dependent Vascular Function: A Pharmacological Study

Background: Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This study aimed at assessing whether chronic stress induces vascular alterations, and whether these modulations are nitric oxide (NO) and Ca2+ dependent. Methods: Wistar rats, 30 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control (C) and Stress (St). Chronic stress consisted of immobilization for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 15 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was assessed. Vascular studies on aortic rings were performed. Concentration-effect curves were built for noradrenaline, in the presence of L-NAME or prazosin, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and KCl. In addition, Ca2+ flux was also evaluated. Results: Chronic stress induced hypertension, decreased the vascular response to KCl and to noradrenaline, and increased the vascular response to acetylcholine. L-NAME blunted the difference observed in noradrenaline curves. Furthermore, contractile response to Ca2+ was decreased in the aorta of stressed rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the vascular response to chronic stress is an adaptation to its deleterious effects, such as hypertension. In addition, this adaptation is NO- and Ca2+-dependent. These data help to clarify the contribution of stress to cardiovascular abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary to better elucidate the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular dysfunction associated with stressors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Assessment of Autonomic Function by Phase Rectification of RRInterval Histogram Analysis in Chagas Disease

Background:In chronic Chagas disease (ChD), impairment of cardiac autonomic function bears prognostic implications. Phase‑rectification of RR-interval series isolates the sympathetic, acceleration phase (AC) and parasympathetic, deceleration phase (DC) influences on cardiac autonomic modulation.Objective:This study investigated heart rate variability (HRV) as a function of RR-interval to assess autonomic function in healthy and ChD subjects.Methods:Control (n = 20) and ChD (n = 20) groups were studied. All underwent 60-min head-up tilt table test under ECG recording. Histogram of RR-interval series was calculated, with 100 ms class, ranging from 600–1100 ms. In each class, mean RR-intervals (MNN) and root-mean-squared difference (RMSNN) of consecutive normal RR-intervals that suited a particular class were calculated. Average of all RMSNN values in each class was analyzed as function of MNN, in the whole series (RMSNNT), and in AC (RMSNNAC) and DC (RMSNNDC) phases. Slopes of linear regression lines were compared between groups using Student t-test. Correlation coefficients were tested before comparisons. RMSNN was log-transformed. (α < 0.05).Results:Correlation coefficient was significant in all regressions (p < 0.05). In the control group, RMSNNT, RMSNNAC, and RMSNNDCsignificantly increased linearly with MNN (p < 0.05). In ChD, only RMSNNAC showed significant increase as a function of MNN, whereas RMSNNT and RMSNNDC did not.Conclusion:HRV increases in proportion with the RR-interval in healthy subjects. This behavior is lost in ChD, particularly in the DC phase, indicating cardiac vagal incompetence.

Left Atrial Function in Patients with Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy

Background:Chagas disease is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and information about left atrial (LA) function in this disease still lacks.Objective:To assess the different LA functions (reservoir, conduit and pump functions) and their correlation with the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions.Methods:10 control subjects (CG), and patients with Chagas disease as follows: 26 with the indeterminate form (GI); 30 with ECG alterations (GII); and 19 with LV dysfunction (GIII). All patients underwent M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging.Results:Reservoir function (Total Emptying Fraction: TEF): (p <0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.003), GI (p <0.001) and GII (p <0.001). Conduit function (Passive Emptying Fraction: PEF): (p = 0.004), lower in GIII (GIII and CG, p = 0.06; GI and GII, p = 0.06; and GII and GIII, p = 0.07). Pump function (Active Emptying Fraction: AEF): (p = 0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.05), GI (p<0.0001) and GII (p = 0.002). There was a negative correlation of E/e’average with the reservoir and pump functions (TEF and AEF), and a positive correlation of e’average with s’ wave (both septal and lateral walls) and the reservoir, conduit and pump LA functions.Conclusion:An impairment of LA functions in Chagas cardiomyopathy was observed.

Diastolic Function in Paced Children with Cardiac Defects: Septum vs Apex

AbstractIn children with structural congenital heart disease (CHD), the effects of chronic ventricular pacing on diastolic function are not well known. On the other hand, the beneficial effect of septal pacing over apical pacing is still controversial.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different right ventricular (RV) pacing site on left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with cardiac defects.Twenty-nine pediatric patients with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) and CHD undergoing permanent pacing were prospectively studied. Pacing sites were RV apex (n = 16) and RV septum (n = 13). Echocardiographic assessment was performed before pacemaker implantation and after it, during a mean follow‑up of 4.9 years.Compared to RV septum, transmitral E-wave was significantly affected in RV apical pacing (95.38 ± 9.19 vs 83 ± 18.75, p = 0.038). Likewise, parameters at the lateral annular tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were significantly affected in children paced at the RV apex. The E´ wave correlated inversely with TDI lateral myocardial performance index (Tei index) (R2= 0.9849, p ≤ 0.001). RV apex pacing (Odds ratio, 0.648; confidence interval, 0.067-0.652; p = 0.003) and TDI lateral Tei index (Odds ratio, 31.21; confidence interval, 54.6-177.4; p = 0.025) predicted significantly decreased LV diastolic function.Of the two sites studied, RV septum prevents pacing-induced reduction of LV diastolic function.