Immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis by using semi-purified scolex antigens from Taenia solium cysticerci

Crude antigen and semi-purified proteins from scolices of Taenia solium cysticerci were evaluated for the immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis neurocysticercosis. Semi-purified proteins obtained by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and by electroelution were tested by means of the immunoenzymatic reaction against sera from normal individuals and from patients with neurocysticercosis or other parasitic diseases. The 100kDa protein provided 100% sensitivity and specificity in the immunodiagnosis. When 95 or 26kDa proteins were used, 95 and 100% sensitivity and specificity were obtained, respectively. The assays involving crude antigen and sera from normal individuals or from patients with neurocysticercosis, diluted to 1:256, gave excellent agreement with those in which 100, 95 or 26kDa proteins were tested against the same serum samples diluted to 1:64. (Kappa: 0.95 to 1.00). Crude scolex antigen may be useful for serological screening, while 100, 95 or 26kDa protein can be used in confirmatory tests on neurocysticercosis-positive cases.

Prevalência de anticorpos antileishmania spp em cães de Garanhuns, Agreste de Pernambuco

INTRODUÇÃO: Desconhecida a realidade da leishmaniose visceral canina em Garanhuns, objetivou-se investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos antileishmania spp em cães domiciliados e semidomiciliados e os possíveis fatores de risco envolvidos. MÉTODOS: Em uma primeira etapa foram coletadas 256 amostras de sangue de cães que foram submetidas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) na diluição 1:40. Adicionalmente, 23 amostras positivas na RIFI foram testadas com um teste rápido imunocromatográfico. Em uma segunda etapa, novas amostras de sangue de 18 cães positivos na RIFI na primeira fase do estudo foram coletadas, retestadas pela RIFI (1:40 e 1:80) e, adicionalmente, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase para pesquisa de DNA de Leishmania infantum. Ademais, 16 dessas amostras foram retestadas pelo teste rápido imunocromatográfico. RESULTADOS: Na primeira etapa, 16% das amostras foram positivas na RIFI (1:40) e apenas três (13%) foram positivas no teste rápido imunocromatográfico. Na segunda etapa, 12 amostras foram positivas na RIFI na diluição 1:40 e sete também na diluição 1:80. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva na reação em cadeia da polimerase e no teste rápido imunocromatográfico. Sinais clínicos de leishmaniose visceral ocorreram em 4,9% dos cães positivos. Não houve diferença estatística entre idade, sexo e status clínico dos cães, porém entre seus locais de origem. CONCLUSÕES: Os cães domiciliados e semidomiciliados de Garanhuns apresentam anticorpos antileishmania spp, sendo, em sua grande maioria, assintomáticos.

Study of infection by Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group in humans and ticks in an urban park located in the City of Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Spotted fevers are emerging zoonoses caused by Rickettsia species in the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsia rickettsii is the main etiologic agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) and it is transmitted by Amblyomma spp. ticks. METHODS: The study aimed to investigate SFG rickettsiae in the Arthur Thomas Municipal Park in Londrina, PR, by collecting free-living ticks and ticks from capybaras and blood samples from personnel working in these areas. Samples from A. dubitatum and A. cajennense were submitted for PCR in pools to analyze the Rickettsia spp. gltA (citrate synthase gene). RESULTS: All the pools analyzed were negative. Human sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay with R. rickettsii and R. parkeri as antigens. Among the 34 sera analyzed, seven (20.6%) were reactive for R. rickettsii: four of these had endpoint titers equal to 64, 2 titers were 128 and 1 titer was 256. None of the samples were reactive for R. parkeri. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the park staff, but no statistically significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The serological studies suggest the presence of Rickettsiae related to SFG that could be infecting the human population studied; however, analysis of the ticks collected was unable to determine which species may be involved in transmission to humans.

Human immunodeficiency virus/Leishmania infantum in the first foci of urban American visceral leishmaniasis: clinical presentation from 1994 to 2010

INTRODUCTION:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection with Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani, the agents of visceral leishmaniasis (or kala-azar), has become a fatal public health problem in the tropics where kala-azar is endemic.METHODS:The clinical presentation of patients with HIV and L. infantum coinfection is described using two unique databases that together produce the largest case series of patients with kala-azar infected with HIV in South America. First, a retrospective study paired the list of all patients with kala-azar from 1994 to 2004 with another of all patients with HIV/AIDS from the reference hospital for both diseases in the City of Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. Beginning in 2005 through to 2010 this information was prospectively collected at the moment of hospitalization.RESULTS:During the study, 256 admissions related to 224 patients with HIV/L. infantum coinfection were registered and most of them were males between 20-40 years of age. Most of the 224 patients were males between 20-40 years of age. HIV contraction was principally sexual. The most common symptoms and signs were pallor, fever, asthenia and hepatosplenomegaly. 16.8% of the cohort died. The primary risk factors associated to death were kidney or respiratory failure, somnolence, hemorrhagic manifestations and a syndrome of systemic inflammation. The diagnosis of HIV and kala-azar was made simultaneously in 124 patients.CONCLUSIONS:The urban association between HIV and kala-azar coinfection in South America is worrisome due to difficulty in establishing the diagnosis and higher mortality among the coinfected then those with either disease independently. HIV/L. infantum coinfection exhibits some singular characteristics and due to its higher mortality it requires immediate assistance to patients and greater research on appropriate combination therapy.

An analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in counties located along road and railway corridors in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

Introduction The incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is increasing in Latin America, especially in Brazil, where 256,587 cases were confirmed in the last decade. Methods This study used a Bayesian model to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of ACL cases between 2000 and 2009 in 61 counties of State of Maranhão located along the three main road and railway corridors. Results During the study period, 13,818 cases of ACL were recorded. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL in the ten study years. The recorded incidence rate ranged from 7.36 to 241.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk increased in 77% of the counties, decreased in 18% and was maintained in only five counties. Conclusions Although there was a decreased incidence of the disease, ACL was present in all of the examined municipalities, thus maintaining the risk of contracting this illness.

Do differences exist between chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2 and 3?

Introduction Six genotypes of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been identified thus far, and their distribution is well defined. Genotype 1, which is the most prevalent worldwide, is always compared to genotypes 2 and 3, particularly in terms of treatment response. However, little is known about the differences between genotypes 2 and 3 because these genotypes are analyzed together in most studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and histological parameters between HCV-2 and HCV-3. Methods Patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotypes 2 and 3 were studied retrospectively and compared according to clinical, laboratory, and histological aspects. Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was analyzed quantitatively by TaqMan® real-time PCR, and the HCV genotype was determined by sequencing the 5′-untranslated region. Results A total of 306 patients with chronic HCV-2 (n=50) and HCV-3 (n = 256) were studied. Subtype 2b (n=17/50) and subtype 3a (n=244/256) were the most prevalent among patients infected with HCV-2 and HCV-3, respectively. The mean age was 47 ± 10 years, and there was a predominance of men in the group studied (61%). Comparative analysis between HCV-2 and HCV-3 showed a younger age (p=0.002), less prevalence of arterial hypertension (p=0.03), higher serum albumin levels (p=0.01), more advanced stage of liver fibrosis (p=0.03), and higher frequency of steatosis in patients with HCV-3 (p=0.001). After multivariate regression analysis, all the variables, except serum albumin, remained as variables associated with HCV-3 in the final model. Conclusions Clinical and histological differences exist between HCV-2 and HVC-3, which suggests the need for separate analyses of these genotypes.

Evaluation of the reference value for the Montenegro skin test

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:The Montenegro skin test (MST) has good clinical applicability and low cost for the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). However, no studies have validated the reference value (5mm) typically used to discriminate positive and negative results. We investigated MST results and evaluated its performance using different cut-off points.METHODS:The results of laboratory tests for 4,256 patients with suspected ATL were analyzed, and 1,182 individuals were found to fulfill the established criteria. Two groups were formed. The positive cutaneous leishmaniasis (PCL) group included patients with skin lesions and positive direct search for parasites (DS) results. The negative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NCL) group included patients with skin lesions with evolution up to 2 months, negative DS results, and negative indirect immunofluorescence assay results who were residents of urban areas that were reported to be probable sites of infection at domiciles and peridomiciles.RESULTS:The PCL and NCL groups included 769 and 413 individuals, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation MST in the PCL group was 12.62 ± 5.91mm [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.20-13.04], and that in the NCL group was 1.43 ± 2.17mm (95% CI: 1.23-1.63). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis indicated 97.4% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity for a cut-off of 5mm and 95.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity for a cut-off of 6mm.CONCLUSIONS:Either 5mm or 6mm could be used as the cut-off value for diagnosing ATL, as both values had high sensitivity and specificity.

Neuroptera of the Amazon basin. Part 11a. Introduction and chrysopint.

33 species of Chrisopini are described and illustrated, of wich 30 are recorded from the Amazon Basin. Ten new species are described in Chrisopodes(duckei, spínella, nebulosa, lineafrons, polygonica, indetata, conisetosa, breviata, mediocris, and tetifera(, and nine in Ceraesochrysa(squalidens, acutipuppis, rafaeli, reddyi, nigripes, teneuícornis, ariasi, falceifera, and michaelmuris). Neosuarus (type species collaris (Schneider), a new subgenus of Chrysopodes, also contains divisa (Walker), escomeli (Navás) porterina (Navás), and flavescens (Blanchard). Orlandsia Navás and Ancylochrysa Navás are synonymized with Chrysopodes limbata (Navás), Chrysoperla asoralis (Banks) and Suarius nesotala (Banks). A neotype is designate for Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen). Ceraeochrysa caligata(Banks) and scapularis (Navás) are valid species. C. gloriae Alayo is synonymized with Ceraeochrysa everes (Banks).

Lophopidae of the amazon basin with keys to new world genera and species (HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA).

The two especies of Lophopidae found in the lowland Amazon Basin, Hesticus rufimanus, (walker) and H. sanguinifrons Muir, are redescribed and their geographical distributions given. Keys are provided to genera of New World lophopidae, and to species of Hesticus .

RESERVA FLORESTAL DUCKE: DIVERSIDADE E COMPOSIÇÃO DA FLORA VASCULAR

A Reserva Florestal Ducke, localizada próxima a Manaus (AM), com uma área de 100 Km2, é um dos locais com maior densidade de coletas depositadas no herbário do INPA. Sua flora vascular foi aqui caracterizada, através do levantamento de 7.107 exsicatas, das quais 4.946 estão determinadas ao nível de espécie. Embora muitas amostras estejam estéreis, indeterminadas e ainda não examinadas por especialistas, esta amostragem permitiu uma caracterização preliminar da flora da Reserva. Foi constatada a presença de 1.199 espécies (ou 1.453, se incluídas as indeterminadas), distribuídas em 510 gêneros e 112 famílias. Os 10 gêneros mais diversificados — com um total de 222 espécies — são predominantemente arborescentes: Pouteria(38 espécies), Miconia(27), Protium(24), Licania(23), Inga(21), Ocotea(20), Swartzia(19), Eschweilera( 19), Virola( 16) Sloanea(15). As 10 espécies mais coletadas constituem apenas 8,2% do universo de amostras determinadas ao nível específico. Estas, também, são árvores: Micropholis guyanensis(A. DC.) Pierre, Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum(Pierre) Baehni, Trattinnickia glazioviiSwart, Goupia glabraAubl., Scleronema micranthumDucke, Aniba panurensis(Meissner) Mez, Laetia procera(Poeppig) Eicbler, Caryocar villosum(Aublet) Pers., Brosimum rubescensTaubert, Cecropia sciadopliyllaMart. Apenas 123 espécies (10,3% das espécies determinadas) são consideradas comuns, sendo aquelas com 10 ou mais coletas. A maioria das 1.199 espécies determinadas são muito raras: 68% representadas por três ou menos coletas e 43% representadas por apenas uma coleta. Portanto, muitas outras espécies "raras" serão acrescentadas após novas visitas ao local, ou através do estudo do material ainda indeterminado. E apresentada uma discussão e gráficos sobre as famílias e gêneros mais diversificados e mais coletados.

Densidade de oviposição, e quantificação de Larvas e Pupas de Mansonia Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae), em Eichhornia crassipes Solms. e Pistia stratiotes Linn. Na ilha da Marchantaria, Amazônia Central

A população de imaturos de Mansonia em águas brancas da várzea da ilha da Marchantaria, na Amazônia Central se constituiu de 74% de Mansonia (M.) humeralis Dyar & Knab, 1916, 14% de Mansonia (M.) titillans (Walker, 1848) e 12% de Mansonia (M.) amazonensis Theobald, 1901, como foi indicado pela frequência, medida por oviposição (posturas). O número de posturas de M. humeralis e M. titillans foi maior em Pistia stratiotes Linn. enquanto que M. amazonensis foi mais abundante em Eichhornia crassipes Solms. O número total de larvas e pupas de Mansonia spp. foi de 6997 e 570 respectivamente, sendo maior em E. crassipes (4372 e 328) que em P. stratiotes (2625 e 242). Ao longo do ano, o maior número de larvas e pupas foi encontrado nos meses da vazante (agosto-outubro), tendo um pico no mês de agosto, que não foi correlacionado significativamente com os fatores abióticos.

Observations on aquatic Macrophyte Dynamics In the Reservoir Of The Balbina Hydroelectric Powerplant, Amazonas State, Brazil

Between 1991 and 1995 aquatic macrophyte composition was observed in the lower part of the reservoir of the hydroelectric power plant of Balbina (Amazonas, Brazil). After closure of the dam in 1987, vegetation cover - mostly Eichhornia crassipes - was high, but was not quantified. After 1990 it declined rapidly with a characteristic succession pattern: Eichhornia ® Vincularia + Cyperaceae ® Salvinia. The Cyperaceae, and many other less dominant species, were mostly associated with drift wood, produced by the decomposing, emergent forest. Comparison of the chemical data of the Uatumã river before the construction of the dam (1983) with those of later years (1989 - 1995) suggests that the succession was the result of a relatively mild and short period of eutrophication, followed by declining nutrient levels. Annual variation of water levels, followed by aquatic and terrestrial decomposition of the marginal vegetation, may allow for the maintenance of relatively productive vegetation belts along the shore lines of islands and inundated stream valleys.

Efeitos da ocupação urbana sobre a macrofauna de invertebrados aquáticos de um Igarapé da cidade de Manaus/AM - Amazônia Central

A qualidade da água e a fauna composta pelos macroinvertebrados aquáticos do Igarapé do Mindú, o qual tem suas nascentes em áreas florestadas e atravessa a cidade de Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil), foram estudadas de 1993 a 1995. Desmatamentos e ocupação das áreas ao longo do igarapé, juntamente com a poluição orgânica doméstica causaram drásticas alterações nas características físico-químicas das águas e na composição da fauna aquática. Assim, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, pH e sedimentos em suspensão aumentaram significativamente, enquanto que os valores de oxigênio dissolvido na água diminuíram. Esses fatores de alterações, associados com a redução natural da velocidade de corrente d'água e aumento da radiação solar, resultaram em eutrofização e mudança marcante da fauna bentônica.

The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat

The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is the most intensively commercialized ornamental fish from the Rio Negro Basin (Amazonas State, Brasil). Analysis of the stomach and gut contents of fish caught in their natural habitats show conclusively that the cardinal is essentially a predator, feeding on the mesofauna that adheres to submerged litter, roots and waterplants. Microcrustacea and chironomid larvae (Diptera) were the most frequently ingested prey, while algae intake was relatively infrequent. It is argued that the relatively small size of the cardinals captured in their natural habitat is due to the annual migrations imposed by the inundation cycles, rather than to resource limitation, because it is known from earlier investigations of similar habitats, that these plant substrates are densely colonized by the aquatic mesofauna. Cardinals raised in captivity are larger and have higher rates of growth.

Baratas (Insecta, Blattaria) sinantrópicas na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

A coleta de baratas na cidade de Manaus resultou em seis espécies associadas às habitações, estabelecimentos comerciais e educacionais, sendo quatro predominantemente dentro das habitações, Blatella germanica (Linnaeus, 1758), Supella longipalpa (Fabricius, 1798), Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758), P. australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) e duas fora das habitações, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758) e Blaberus parabolicus Walker, 1868. P. americana foi comum tanto interna como externamente às instalações urbanas; P. australasiae foi predominante em barcos; P. surinamensis e B. parabolicus foram invasoras ocasionais de residências na estação chuvosa. São apresentadas fotos coloridas, em tamanho natural, para reconhecimento das espécies.