Aplicação de herbicidas pós-emergentes via irrigação por aspersão: revisão

A herbigação (aplicação de herbicidas via irrigação) vem se expandindo no Brasil, embora os resultados de pesquisas de avaliação desta técnica sejam escassos e pouco conhecidos, principalmente quando ela é feita com herbicidas aplicados em condições de pósemergência (PÓS) das plantas daninhas. O objetivo desta revisão foi fazer um levantamento das principais publicações científicas disponíveis relacionadas à aplicação de herbicidas de PÓS via irrigação por aspersão. Na maioria dos estudos revisados foi utilizado um simulador de irrigação por aspersão, e as doses de herbicidas empregadas na herbigação foram as mesmas utilizadas na aplicação convencional (pulverização). As lâminas de água empregadas na herbigação variaram de 1 a 14 mm (10.000 a 140.000 L ha-1). Os herbicidas mais estudados por essa técnica e que foram eficazes no manejo de plantas daninhas são: bromoxynil, acifluorfen, fomesafen, lactofen e os herbicidas ariloxifenoxipropionatos. Os herbicidas atrazine, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, sethoxydim e triasulfuron participaram de pelo menos um estudo e apresentaram potencial de controle eficiente de plantas daninhas através da herbigação. Esses herbicidas têm pelos menos duas das seguintes características: baixa solubilidade em água, rápida absorção pela folhagem e absorção pelas raízes. A eficiência desses herbicidas não foi alterada ou foi pouco alterada pela variação de lâminas de água empregadas na herbigação. A mistura de óleo não-emulsificante com o herbicida antes da injeção na água de irrigação pode aumentar a deposição e retenção do produto na folhagem das plantas daninhas. Outros fatores que também podem afetar a eficiência desses herbicidas via água de irrigação são a qualidade da água e o horário de aplicação. Não foram eficazes na herbigação os herbicidas bentazon, glyphosate e paraquat. São herbicidas de alta solubilidade em água, sendo mais lentamente absorvidos pelos tecidos foliares e/ou não são absorvidos pelas raízes.

Formação de pastagem via consórcio de Brachiaria brizantha com o milho para silagem no sistema de plantio direto

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar arranjos de semeadura e manejo de plantas daninhas na implantação de pastagem de B. Brizantha cv. MG5 Vitória consorciada com milho para silagem no sistema de plantio direto. Foram avaliados cinco arranjos de semeadura (milho em monocultivo; B. brizantha em monocultivo; duas linhas de B. brizantha na entrelinha do milho, em semeadura simultânea; B. brizantha a lanço no dia da semeadura do milho e 30 dias após), combinados com dois manejos de plantas daninhas (1,50 kg ha-1 de atrazine aplicado isoladamente e a mistura no tanque de 1,50 kg ha-1 de atrazine com 4,00 g ha¹ de nicosulfuron), mais quatro testemunhas (milho e B. brizantha em monocultivo, com e sem capina), no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os arranjos de semeadura colocados nas parcelas e os sistemas de manejo nas subparcelas, totalizando 14 tratamentos, com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi feita aos 18 dias após a emergência do milho. Trinta dias depois da aplicação dos herbicidas e na colheita do milho para silagem, foram avaliadas as biomassas secas das plantas daninhas e de B. brizantha. Aos 60 dias após a colheita, fez-se nova avaliação da biomassa seca de braquiária. A infestação de plantas daninhas foi baixa e a produção de milho para silagem não foi influenciada pelos arranjos de semeadura nem pelos sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas, demonstrando que, mesmo em semeadura simultânea, B. brizantha não afeta a produtividade do milho para silagem. Maior produção de biomassa seca de forragem foi obtida com o arranjo de duas linhas de B. brizantha na entrelinha do milho, em semeadura simultânea.

Aplicação do fomesafen via água de irrigação por aspersão no controle de Euphorbia heterophylla

A aplicação de herbicidas via água de irrigação (herbigação) por aspersão, especialmente por pivô central, vem crescendo no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficácia de doses de fomesafen aplicado via água de irrigação por aspersão no controle de Euphorbia heterophylla. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial (4 x 3 x 2) + 3, sendo quatro doses do fomesafen (60, 120, 180 e 240 g ha-1), três estádios de desenvolvimento de E. heterophylla (1, 7 e 14 dias após a emergência - DAE), dois métodos de aplicação (pulverização e herbigação) e testemunhas sem herbicida (uma para cada estádio de desenvolvimento da planta daninha). Foi empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental constou de um vaso com 4,0 L de solo, onde foram distribuídas 50 sementes dessa planta daninha. A pulverização foi feita com 200 L ha-1 de calda; na herbigação foi usada lâmina de água de 4,72 mm, aplicada por simulador de irrigação. E. heterophylla foi mais suscetível ao fomesafen com 1 DAE. Neste estádio, a herbigação controlou-a melhor que a pulverização nas doses de 180 e 240 g ha-1. Na aplicação aos 7 DAE, geralmente a pulverização foi mais eficaz que a herbigação, mas o controle da planta daninha não foi satisfatório. Aplicado com 14 DAE, o herbicida, independentemente da dose e do método de aplicação, proporcionou controle pobre ou nenhum.

Aplicações seqüenciais de fomesafen via água de irrigação por aspersão no controle de Bidens pilosa

Foi conduzido um ensaio em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da aplicação seqüencial de pequenas doses do fomesafen por via da água de irrigação (herbigação) por aspersão no controle de Bidens pilosa. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 2 + 3: doses de fomesafen (50, 100, 150 e 200 g ha-1), seqüências de dias após a emergência (DAE) de B. pilosa em que foram realizadas as aplicações do herbicida (7-14-21, 14-21-28 e 21-28-35 DAE), métodos de aplicação (pulverização e herbigação), mais três testemunhas sem herbicida (uma para cada idade da planta daninha). As três idades de B. pilosa foram conseguidas com a semeadura a intervalos de sete dias. Foi empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Cada unidade experimental constou de um vaso com 12 L de solo, onde 50 sementes de B. pilosa foram distribuídas. A primeira aplicação, em cada seqüência de dias, foi feita com um quarto da dose; a segunda, com um quarto; e a terceira, com metade da dose. Foi empregado um pulverizador costal de CO2 com volume de calda equivalente a 200 L ha-1. A herbigação foi feita com um simulador de irrigação (4,52 mm ou 45.200 L ha-1). Na pulverização, houve excelente controle da planta daninha com as doses de 100, 150 e 200 g ha-1, independentemente da seqüência de dias da aplicação. Na herbigação, as aplicações seqüenciais foram ineficazes.

Weed control via intercropping with gliricidia: I. cotton crop

The majority of cotton grown commercially in the world has white lint, but recently, there has been a growing interest in colored lint cotton in several countries, including Brazil. The use of naturally-colored fiber reduces chemical pollution. The objective of this paper was to evaluate cotton cultivar fiber yield in response to weed control via intercropping with gliricídia. Cultivars BRS-Verde (greenish fibers), BRS-Rubi (reddish brown fibers), BRS-Safira (brown fibers), and BRS-187 8H (white fibers) were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, two hoeings (at 20 and 40 days after transplanting), and cotton intercropped with gliricídia. In the intercropped treatment, gliricídia was planted between rows of cotton plants, using one seedling pit-1, in pits spaced 50.0 cm apart. Twelve weed species predominated in the experiment, many of them belonging to the Poaceae family. Weeds occurred at different frequencies and in a non-uniform manner in the experimental area. Cultivars did not influence weed dry matter. Intercropping with gliricídia reduced weed dry matter but did not prevent reductions in cotton fiber and seed cotton yield, which were higher in hoed plots. Cultivar BRS Safira had the highest fiber yield, but no differences were observed between cultivars regarding to seed cotton yield.

Weed control via intercropping with gliricidia: II. corn crop

A reduction in herbicide use is one of modern agriculture's main interests and several alternatives are being investigated with this objective, including intercropping. Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) mulch has no allelopathic effect on corn or beans but significantly decreased the population of some weed species. The objective of this study was to evaluate green ear and grain yield in corn cultivars as a response to weed control achieved via intercropping with gliricidia. A completely randomized block design with five replicates and split-plots was used. Cultivars AG 1051, AG 2060, BRS 2020, and PL 6880 (assigned to plots) were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, hoeing (performed at 20 and 40 days after sowing the corn), and corn intercropped with gliricidia. Gliricidia was grown in a transplanting system to ensure uniform germination and fast establishment in the field. Seeding was made in 200-cell trays with one seed per cell (35 mL volume). The plants emerged two to three days after sowing and were transplanted to a permanent site two to three days after emergence. Corn was sown on the same day gliricidia was transplanted. Sixteen weed species occurred at different frequencies, with uneven distribution in the experimental area. Cultivars AG 1051 and AG 2060 were the best with reference to most characteristics employed to evaluate green corn yield. Cultivar AG 1051 provided the highest grain yield. The highest green ear yield and grain yield values were obtained with hoeing. However, the fact that intercropped plots showed intermediate yield between the values obtained for hoed and non-hoed plots indicates that gliricidia was beneficial to corn, and exerted a certain level of weed control.

Nitrogen doses and weed control via intercropping with gliricidia for corn production

Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial influence of nitrogen doses on corn dry grain yield and green ear yield. Due to a growing concern with environmental degradation, many agricultural practices, adopted in the past, are being reexamined. With regard to weed control, strategies that employ mechanical control, including intercrops, are being the object of renewed interest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1; as ammonium sulfate) and weed control on the growth, green ear yield, and grain yield of the AG 1051 corn cultivar. A randomized block experimental design with split-plots and nine replications was adopted. In addition to nitrogen rates, the AG 1051 cultivar was submitted to the following treatments, applied to subplots: no weeding, two hoeings (at 20 and 40 days after sowing), and intercropping with gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium). Gliricidia was sowed at corn planting, between the corn rows, using two seedlings per pit, in pits spaced 0.30 m apart. Gliricidia did not provide weed control, and gave plant growth, green ear yield and grain yield values similar to the no weeding treatment. However, regarding the number of mature ears got, intercropping with gliricidia did not differ from the two-hoeing treatment. Weed control did not have an effect on plant height and number of marketable, husked green ears, with the application of 120 kg N ha-1; indicating that nitrogen improved the corn's competitive ability. The two-hoeing treatment provided the best means for total green ears weight, number of marketable husked ears, both unhusked and husked marketable ear weight, grain yield and its components than the other treatments. Nitrogen application increased corn growth, green ear yield, and grain yield, as well as weed green biomass, but reduced the stand and growth of gliricidia.

Weed control in corn via intercropping with gliricidia sown by broadcasting

There has been interest in reducing the use of herbicides for weed control in order to decrease environmental degradation problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gliricidia planting density sown by broadcasting and intercopping on green ear and corn grain yield as well as on weed control. A randomized block design with split-plots and five replicates were adopted. Cultivars AG 1051, BM 2022, and BM 3061, assigned to plots, were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, two hoeings (at 20 and 40 days after sowing), and intercropped with gliricidia sown at densities of 10 and 20 seeds m-2. Thirty weed species occurred in the experiment area, with Cucumis anguria as the most frequent ones. Cultivar BM 2022 was the best for the total number of ears (TNE) and number (NMHE) and weight of marketable husked ears. Together with cultivar AG 1051, this cultivar had the highest total weight and marketable unhusked ear weight (MUEW). However, the cultivars did not differ with respect to grain yield (GY). The highest green ear and corn grain yield and weed control percentages were obtained with two hoeings; in MUEW, NMHE and GY, intercropping provided intermediate means in comparison with those obtained in hoed and non-hoed plots, indicating that gliricidia was partially beneficial to corn. Increased gliricidia seeding density heightened the benefits to corn (TNE and MUEW). The lack of hoeing produced the poorest green ear and grain yields.

Crescimento do milho com controle de plantas daninhas via consorciação com gliricídia

A consorciação com a gliricídia controla as plantas daninhas do milho. Com o objetivo de entender melhor esse controle, realizou-se uma análise do crescimento do milho em consorciação com a gliricídia. O híbrido duplo AG 1051 foi cultivado com capinas (duas capinas, aos 20 e 40 dias após a semeadura), sem capinas e em consorciação com a gliricídia. Na consorciação, a gliricídia foi semeada a lanço, com 25 sementes viáveis m-2, por ocasião da semeadura do milho, entre as fileiras desta cultura. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições. O controle de plantas daninhas foi aplicado às parcelas, e as 13 coletas da parte aérea das plantas, para avaliação da área foliar e da matéria seca, às subparcelas. As coletas foram feitas de sete em sete dias, a partir dos 14 dias após a semeadura. Pode ser concluído que o controle das plantas daninhas com duas capinas determinou maiores valores na área e matéria seca foliares, bem como na matéria seca total da planta. Nessas características, as plantas das parcelas consorciadas apresentaram comportamento intermediário entre plantas das parcelas capinadas e das não capinadas. Portanto, as plantas daninhas reduzem o crescimento do milho, e a gliricídia provavelmente controla parcialmente o mato, beneficiando o milho. Não houve diferenças entre tratamentos de controle de plantas daninhas nas taxas de crescimento absolutas e relativas, área foliar específica e taxa assimilatória líquida. A maior razão de área foliar foi observada com a consorciação com gliricídia.

In vitro somatic embryogenesis and adventitious root initiation have a common origin in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Somatic embryogenesis was induced from cotyledon explants of eggplant cultured on MS medium supplemented with 54 µM NAA. Anatomical analysis of somatic embryo initiation and development was performed during the first four weeks. Proembryo formation was observed after the second day of culture, directly from perivascular cells or via pro-embryogenic masses derived from indeterminate meristematic masses (IMMs) originated in the vascular tissue. Those IMMs also gave rise to root primordia after 10 days of culture. The origin of embryos is discussed as well as the similarities between somatic embryogenesis and adventitious root formation.

Butyrate induces apoptosis in murine macrophages via caspase-3, but independent of autocrine synthesis of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide

We demonstrated that 4 mM butyrate induces apoptosis in murine peritoneal macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner as indicated by studies of cell viability, flow cytometric analysis of annexin-V binding, DNA ladder pattern and the determination of hypodiploid DNA content. The activity of caspase-3 was enhanced during macrophage apoptosis induced by butyrate and the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK (100 µM) inhibited the butyrate effect, indicating the major role of the caspase cascade in the process. The levels of butyrate-induced apoptosis in macrophages were enhanced by co-treatment with 1 µg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, our data indicate that apoptosis induced by butyrate and LPS involves different mechanisms. Thus, LPS-induced apoptosis was only observed when macrophages were primed with IFN-gamma and was partially dependent on iNOS, TNFR1 and IRF-1 functions as determined in experiments employing macrophages from various knockout mice. In contrast, butyrate-induced macrophage apoptosis was highly independent of IFN-gamma priming and of iNOS, TNFR1 and IRF-1 functions.

Impaired beta-adrenergic response and decreased L-type calcium current of hypertrophied left ventricular myocytes in postinfarction heart failure

Infarct-induced heart failure is usually associated with cardiac hypertrophy and decreased ß-adrenergic responsiveness. However, conflicting results have been reported concerning the density of L-type calcium current (I Ca(L)), and the mechanisms underlying the decreased ß-adrenergic inotropic response. We determined I Ca(L) density, cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients, and the effects of ß-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol) in a model of postinfarction heart failure in rats. Left ventricular myocytes were obtained by enzymatic digestion 8-10 weeks after infarction. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained using the patch-clamp technique. [Ca2+]i transients were investigated via fura-2 fluorescence. ß-Adrenergic receptor density was determined by [³H]-dihydroalprenolol binding to left ventricle homogenates. Postinfarction myocytes showed a significant 25% reduction in mean I Ca(L) density (5.7 ± 0.28 vs 7.6 ± 0.32 pA/pF) and a 19% reduction in mean peak [Ca2+]i transients (0.13 ± 0.007 vs 0.16 ± 0.009) compared to sham myocytes. The isoproterenol-stimulated increase in I Ca(L) was significantly smaller in postinfarction myocytes (Emax: 63.6 ± 4.3 vs 123.3 ± 0.9% in sham myocytes), but EC50 was not altered. The isoproterenol-stimulated peak amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients was also blunted in postinfarction myocytes. Adenylate cyclase activation through forskolin produced similar I Ca(L) increases in both groups. ß-Adrenergic receptor density was significantly reduced in homogenates from infarcted hearts (Bmax: 93.89 ± 20.22 vs 271.5 ± 31.43 fmol/mg protein in sham myocytes), while Kd values were similar. We conclude that postinfarction myocytes from large infarcts display reduced I Ca(L) density and peak [Ca2+]i transients. The response to ß-adrenergic stimulation was also reduced and was probably related to ß-adrenergic receptor down-regulation and not to changes in adenylate cyclase activity.

An improved in vivo method for atrioventricular node ablation via thoracotomy

The atrioventricular (AV) node is permanently damaged in approximately 3% of congenital heart surgery operations, requiring implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Improvements in pacemaker design and in alternative treatment modalities require an effective in vivo model of complete heart block (CHB) before testing can be performed in humans. Such a model should enable accurate, reliable, and detectable induction of the surgical pathology. Through our laboratory’s efforts in developing a tissue engineering therapy for CHB, we describe here an improved in vivo model for inducing chronic AV block. The method employs a right thoracotomy in the adult rabbit, from which the right atrial appendage may be retracted to expose an access channel for the AV node. A novel injection device was designed, which both physically restricts needle depth and provides electrical information via electrocardiogram interface. This combination of features provides real-time guidance to the researcher for confirming contact with the AV node, and documents its ablation upon formalin injection. While all animals tested could be induced to acute AV block, those with ECG guidance were more likely to maintain chronic heart block >12 h. Our model enables the researcher to reproduce both CHB and the associated peripheral fibrosis that would be present in an open congenital heart surgery, and which would inevitably impact the design and utility of a tissue engineered AV node replacement.

Testosterone therapy delays cardiomyocyte aging via an androgen receptor-independent pathway

The testicular feminized (Tfm) mouse carries a nonfunctional androgen receptor (AR) and reduced circulating testosterone levels. We used Tfm and castrated mice to determine whether testosterone modulates markers of aging in cardiomyocytes via its classic AR-dependent pathway or conversion to estradiol. Male littermates and Tfm mice were divided into 6 experimental groups. Castrated littermates (group 1) and sham-operated Tfm mice (group 2, N = 8 each) received testosterone. Sham-operated Tfm mice received testosterone in combination with the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole (group 3, N = 7). Castrated littermates (group 4) and sham-operated untreated Tfm mice (group 5) were used as controls (N = 8 and 7, respectively). An additional control group (group 6) consisted of age-matched non-castrated littermates (N = 8). Cardiomyocytes were isolated from the left ventricle, telomere length was measured by quantitative PCR and expression of p16INK4α, retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 proteins was detected by Western blot 3 months after treatment. Compared with group 6, telomere length was short (P < 0.01) and expression of p16INK4α, Rb and p53 proteins was significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated in groups 4 and 5. These changes were improved to nearly normal levels in groups 1 and 2 (telomere length = 0.78 ± 0.05 and 0.80 ± 0.08; p16INK4α = 0.13 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.04; Rb = 0.45 ± 0.05 and 0.39 ± 0.06; p53 = 0.16 ± 0.04 and 0.13 ± 0.03), but did not differ between these two groups. These improvements were partly inhibited in group 3 compared with group 2 (telomere length = 0.65 ± 0.08 vs 0.80 ± 0.08, P = 0.021; p16INK4α = 0.28 ± 0.05 vs 0.15 ± 0.04, P = 0.047; Rb = 0.60 ± 0.06 vs 0.39 ± 0.06, P < 0.01; p53 = 0.34 ± 0.06 vs 0.13 ± 0.03, P = 0.004). In conclusion, testosterone deficiency contributes to cardiomyocyte aging. Physiological testosterone can delay cardiomyocyte aging via an AR-independent pathway and in part by conversion to estradiol.

SIRT1 negatively regulates amyloid-beta-induced inflammation via the NF-κB pathway

Chronic inflammation induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays a key role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 may be associated with chronic inflammation in AMD. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates inflammation via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, and resveratrol has been reported to prevent Aβ-induced retinal degeneration; therefore, we investigated whether this action was mediated via activation of SIRT1 signaling. Human adult retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were exposed to Aβ, and overactivation and knockdown of SIRT1 were performed to investigate whether SIRT1 is required for abrogating Aβ-induced inflammation. We found that Aβ-induced RPE barrier disruption and expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9 were abrogated by the SIRT1 activator SRT1720, whereas alterations induced by Aβ in SIRT1-silenced RPE cells were not attenuated by SRT1720. In addition, SRT1720 inhibited Aβ-mediated NF-κB activation and decrease of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα. Our findings suggest a protective role for SIRT1 signaling in Aβ-dependent retinal degeneration and inflammation in AMD.