112 resultados para Traços culturais nacionais
Resumo:
The most common difficulties which occur in trace analysis are those which involve contamination, mainly when the measurement is at very low concentration of ubiquitous elements as aluminium. The worst situation is when a separation step is necessary, because it requires extra-manipulations of the sample. This article describes the degree of contamination and its control for the aluminium trace analysis in dialysis solutions, when aluminium content of about 15 µg/l must be determinated.
Resumo:
The Potentiometric Stripping Analysis (PSA) is described with emphasis on ultramicroelectrode applications with a laboratory developed computer based instrumentation. The technique potentialities as compared with the voltammetric approach are pointed out based on the current literature. Some results of trace metals analysis including zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in vinegar and canned food samples are presented. The mainly advantage found in our laboratory was the technique capability to analyse natural samples with minimum matrix interference and the low level of noise found in our determinations.
Resumo:
Two models of a glass micro-extractor were constructed after modification of a model proposed in the literature. The two models were used for the simultaneous extraction and enrichment of organochlorinated pesticides from aqueous matrixes to an organic solution appropriate for the gas chromatographic analysis of the pesticide. It was established that the performance of one of the modified micro-extractors permits the pre-concentration of the pesticides to a level that allow their quantitation at the trace level with electron capture detection. It is thus concluded that the glass micro-extractor is a suitable tool for the sample preparation step in the gas chromatographic analysis of environmental pollutants of the class of pesticides.
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In the present paper, we report on the analytical use of a dynamic droplet based gas collection and an analysis system. A droplet formed at the tip of a tube represents a sampling approach that provides an indefinitely renewable surface and uses very little reagent. Sample gas flows past the droplet at a low flow rate. After the gas was sampled , the analysis can be carried out by different methodologies. The feasibility of the sensor is demonstrated by continuos determination of gaseous as: NO2, Cl2 and SO2.
Resumo:
The present work describes a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at low concentration levels, on line, in ethylene and hydrogen lines. These gases were separated in a column filled with Porapak Q, converted to methane and quantified by a flame ionization detector. Some modifications were made in the injection system and in the lines of the carrier gas. The detection limits of 2,6 ppbV and 4,85 ppbV for CO and CO2, respectively, were reached after modifications.
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Probably one of the most difficult and challenging aspects of measuring trace metals in natural waters is to avoid contamination during sampling, manipulation and analysis. This work discusses how to avoid contamination using simple procedures, and considers alternative methods to purify deionised water and low grade reagents to enable accurate determination of trace metals in natural waters in a common laboratory. Measurements were performed by cathodic stripping voltammetry and copper was used as a model metal to test the procedures. It was possible to evaluate copper speciation in natural waters even when total dissolved copper concentration was as low as 1.5 nmol L-1. The methods' accuracy was confirmed by analysis of certified seawater.
Resumo:
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering - SERS - underwent huge advances since a single-molecule Raman spectrum was obtained in 1997. New theoretical and experimental approaches emerged since then leading to a better understanding of the enhancement mechanisms and to a significant improvement in the Raman signal. This review presents the current status of the SERS effect and the promising ways of designing and preparing high performance SERS-active substrates.
Resumo:
In the present paper we studied the recoveries of glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (GLY) and its major metabolite, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA) in soil using national (Brazilian) ion-exchange resins, derivatization by a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroethanol and analyses by GC-MS. The quantification limits were 12 ng.g-1 for both compounds and the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 85 to 94% with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 4.07 to 6.91% for GLY. For AMPA, the mean recoveries ranged from 87 to 102% with CVs ranging from 5.81 to 6.99%. Additional studies showed that, due to the instability of the derivatized compounds, they must be analysed keeping constant time between derivatization and analysis, preferably less than 24 h.
Resumo:
The spatial and temporal retention of metals has been studied in water and sediments of the Gavião River, Anagé and Tremedal Reservoirs, located in the semi-arid region, Bahia - Brazil, in order to identify trends in the fluxes of metals from the sediments to the water column. The determination of metals was made by ICP OES and ET AAS. The application of statistical methods showed that this aquatic system presents suitable conditions to move Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the water column to the sediment.
Resumo:
Rainfall samples collected in the downtown area of São Paulo city, during 2003, exhibited average concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper of 1.33, 8.52 and 49.5 nmol L-1, respectively. Among the major ions, NH4+ was the predominant species followed by NO3-, SO4(2-) and Ca2+, with volume weighed mean (VWM) concentrations of 37.1, 20.1, 11.9 and 10.8 µmol L-1, respectively. All the determined species showed high inter-events variability, including free H+ ions whose VWM concentration was 4.03 µmol L-1, corresponding to a pH value of 5.39.
Resumo:
The Curricular Proposals for Chemistry Teaching Courses aim at producing a reflexive-researcher teacher, who will be able to deal with cross-disciplinary subjects. The challenge faced by the majority of the federal universities, in implementing these guidelines, is to attain these objectives inside their departmental structure. We present here the formulation of the Chemistry Teaching Course Pedagogic Project from Federal University of Pelotas concerning on the CNE/CP 1/2002 and 2/2002 Resolutions. We discuss the impact of these Proposals, the difficulties faced and the new perspectives of organization inside of these institutions, which resulted in new spaces with cross-disciplinary and cross-departmental orientation.
Resumo:
Environmental chambers were designed for the accelerated ageing of materials used in artistic artifacts to study the synergistic action of temperature, humidity, UV and visible radiation and gaseous pollutants. Two inox-steel/PTFE compartments are kept under controlled temperature and relative humidity, whose values are transmitted to a PC, which stores, plots in real time and continuously feedback heating and humidifying devices through logical signals. A borosilicate, or quartz, window allows the irradiation inside the chamber from an external source. A flow of purified air purges the chamber and conveys selected pollutants from an external source. Each independent compartment works under either stationary or cyclic conditions.
Resumo:
A quantificação do inóculo de Diplodia macrospora e de D. maydis nos restos culturais do milho (Zea mays)é fundamental para demonstrar a importância desta fonte de inóculo, bem como servir de base para o desenvolvimento de estratégias alternativas de controle. Em experimentos conduzidos no campo, nas safras de verão de 1995/96 e 1996/97, quantificaram-se a quantidade de restos culturais do milho sobre o solo após a semeadura, a densidade de conídiosnos resíduos e o inóculo disseminado pelo ar, bem como a incidência de cada espécie de Diplodia nos grãos de milho colhidos. A quantidade de conídios nos restos culturais foi de 2,1 x 10(5), para D. macrospora, e de 1,0 x 10(5) para D. maydis, no primeiro ano e de 4,2 x 10(5) e 3,4 x 10(6) m-2, respectivamente, no segundo. A dispersão anemófila de conídios foi mais intensa da semeadura até a quarta semana para D. maydis, e da décima semana até a colheita para D. macrospora. O número médio de conídios por cirro foi de 865 para D. macrospora e de 685 para D. maydis. A incidência média nos grãos foi de 75,5% para D. macrospora e de 25,5% para D. maydis. Com este trabalho, observou-se a importância relativa das espécies de Diplodia envolvidas no processo infeccioso de espigas de milho, demonstrando-se que D. macrospora foi a mais freqüente. Comprovou-se também que os restos culturais são necessários à sobrevivência desses patógenos na área cultivada, servindo como fonte de inóculo à infecção da planta e espigas de milho.
Resumo:
A partir de sementes de feijão (Phaseulus vulgaris) armazenadas no estado da Paraíba, foram isolados os fungos Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. lucknowensis, A.niger, A.ochraceus e A. parasiticus. Os fungos foram identificados com base nas características culturais exibidas em meio de Czapek-Agar e morfológicas através de microscópio ótico composto. No oitavo dia de crescimento em meio de BDA, cada espécie apresentou diferenças quanto à curva de crescimento, taxa de crescimento durante o período de incubação e diâmetro das colônias no oitavo dia de acordo com a procedência das amostras de sementes.
Resumo:
Em amostras de colmos de milho (Zea mays) coletadas em lavouras comerciais, conduzidas no sistema plantio direto, localizadas na Região do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 1998 a 2000, determinou-se a sobrevivência saprofítica dos fungos Stenocarpella macrospora e S. maydis. Constatou-se que a presença da palha de milho infetada na época de semeadura assegura a sobrevivência destes fungos e garante a presença do inóculo para a cultura do milho. Nas avaliações feitas no ano de 1995, a decomposição da palha do milho, mantida na superfície do solo, foi de 78,5% aos 29 meses após a exposição no campo. Nas avaliações procedidas no ano de 1999, aonde foi comparado o efeito da posição do resíduo cultural no solo, estimou-se que a decomposição de segmentos de colmos infetados por S. maydis e S. macrospora mantidos na superfície do solo foi mais lenta do que quando foram enterrados. Apesar da freqüência dos picnídios de S. maydis e S. macrospora ter diminuído ao longo do tempo, a sua presença foi detectada até 320 dias em colmos mantidos na superfície do solo. A viabilidade dos conídios de S. maydis e S. macrospora nos colmos mantidos na superfície do solo foi superior a 90%, após 320 dias de exposição dos colmos no campo. Os resultados demonstraram que no sistema plantio direto a presença da palha de milho infetada assegura a sobrevivência dos fungos S. maydis e S. macrospora.