Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo

The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown concern about the burden of tuberculosis in the developing countries. Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the modulatory effect of vitamins C and E on the hepatotoxicity, sperm quality and brain toxicity of Rifampicin. Forty Wistar albino rats were used, 10 animals per group. Group 1 animals received 0.3 mL of distilled water, the Group 2 animals received the therapeutic dose of rifampicin, Group 3 animals received therapeutic doses of rifampicin plus vitamin E, while Group 4 received therapeutic doses of rifampicin and vitamin C. The administration was performed orally during three months; the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of that period. Blood samples were collected and liver function and lipid profile was analyzed using fully automated clinical chemistry device. The liver, brain and reproductive organs underwent histopathological examination. Sperm samples were collected from the epididymis to achieve count and motility and morphological analysis. Results showed rifampicin alone to raise (p < 0.05) liver function enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase [AST], Serum alanine amino transferase [ALT] and Total Bilirubin) when compared with controls. While the vitamin E treated group showed remarkable protection, the vitamin C treated group showed questionable protection against the rifampicin induced liver damage. Sperm count results showed an important (p < 0.05) increase in the sperm quality in vitamin E and C treated groups. However, the vitamin E plus Rifampicin treated group showed increased lipid peroxidation. The histopathological findings revealed structural damages by rifampicin in liver, brain and epididymis while some remarkable architectural integrity was observed in the antioxidant-treated groups. It can be concluded that vitamin E or C improved sperm quality and protected against the brain damage caused by rifampicin. Moreover, vitamin E demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotection against rifampicin induced damage while vitamin C shows a questionable hepatoprotection.

EXPERIMENTAL PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN PREGNANT RATS

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. There are few reports in the literature about the disease damages during pregnancy and the consequences to the fetuses and breeding. This study evaluated the implications of PCM during pregnancy on offspring and mothers in Wistar rats. Groups of rats were submitted to systemic Pb infection, by intraperitoneal infusion, and mated 30 days after the infection date. Immediately after birth, rats and neonates were sacrificed to obtain organs for standard histological examination, morphometric analysis, fungi recovery by plating (CFU) and dosing of anti-Pb antibodies by ELISA. There were no stillbirths or miscarriages, however, the fetuses from infected pregnant rats had lower body and organ weight but the fertility rate was 100%. The largest number of CFU was recovered from the organ of pregnant rats, the pathological examination revealed more severe infection in the same group, further on the largest number of granulomas and fungal field. It can be concluded that the PCM was more severe in the group of pregnant rats, with implications to the weight of offspring.

Infecção natural do rato, Oryzomys nigripes (Desmarest. 1819) pelo T. cruzi

Os autores, após uma revisão dos achados de roedores da família Cricetidae e do gênero Oryzomys infectados pelo T. cruzi, assinalam a infecção de um exemplar do rato, Oryzomys nigripes (Desmarest, 1819), capturado no Bairro da Ilha, município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e cuja amostra de T. cruzi foi isolada através do xenodiagnóstico. O tripanossomo em estudo mostrou-se patogênico para ratos Wistar e camundongos brancos jovens, infectando 100,0% dos animais inoculados. As formas sanguícolas nos camundongos têm 24,25μ. de comprimento total médio e 1,27μ, de índice nuclear médio. Nos animais sacrificados durante a fase aguda da infecção ninhos de leishmânias foram observados, em fibras cardíacas. A infecção experimental de camundongos inoculados com sangue parasitado é leve, com período prepatente relativamente longo (média de 7,1 dias), com baixa parasitemia, e duração da fase aguda variando de 55 a 64 dias. Provas de proteção mostraram que a amostra em estudo confere aos camundongos que sobreviveram alto grau de resistência contra reinfecções pela amostra Y. O tripanossomo cultiva-se bem em meio de Mac Neal - Novy e em meio líquido de Warren. Infecta regularmente triatomíneos, dando os seguintes índices de infecção: P. megistus - 100,0%, T. infestans - 76,7%, T. sórdida - 86,7%o e R. neglectus - 100,0%.

Hemodinâmica glomerular renal no roedor Calomys callosus

A função renal do roedor Calomys callosus, envolvido no ciclo de transmissão de diversos agentes patogênicos para o homem foi avaliada no animal intacto, através da técnica de depuração e micropunção renal. Os resultados mostraram que este roedor apresenta níveis pressóricos, hematócrito e proteinas plasmáticas semelhantes aos dos ratos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento experimental. Os pesos corporal e renal, bem como a filtração glomerular global e por nefro assemelham-se aos do camundongo. Surpreendentemente estes roedores apresentaram significante número de glomérulos superficiais por rim, permitindo a avaliação da hemodinàmica glomerular. Apesar da pressão arterial semelhante à dos ratos Munich-Wistar (MW), a pressão hidráulica intraglomerular no Calomys callosus foi inferior. Esta redução foi conseqüente à menor resistência pós-glomerular quando comparada à dos ratos MW. O fluxo plasmático glomerular atingiu valor bastante elevado em relação à filtração glomerular por nefro, fato que não só compensaria a reduzida pressão intraglomerular, como também seria suficiente para elevar a filtração (por g/rim) a níveis superiores neste roedor, pois o coeficiente de ultrafiltração glomerular (Kj) foi semelhante ao do rato MW. O presente trabalho sugere que apesar das dificuldades técnicas que este animal impõe devido ao seu reduzido tamanho, o estudo da função renal global bem como da hemodinàmica glomerular é factível, podendo portanto ser utilizado como modelo para estudo da função renal em doenças tropicais.

Effects of water deprivation on renal hydroelectrolytic excretion in chronically Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats

The effect of an 8 hour-period of water deprivation on fluid and electrolyte renal excretion was investigated in male Wistar rats infected with the strain São Felipe (12SF) of Trypanosoma cruzi, in comparison with age and sex matched non-infected controls. The median percent reductions in the urinary flow (-40% v -63%) and excretion ofsodium (-57% v-79%) were smaller in chagasic than in control rats, respectively. So, chagasic rats excreted more than controls. On the other hand, the median percent decrement in the clearance of creatinine was higher in chagasic (-51%) than in controls (-39%). Thus, chagasic rats showed some disturbed renal hydroelectrolytic responses to water deprivation, expressed by smaller conservation, or higher excretion of water and sodium in association with smaller glomerularfiltration rate. This fact denoted an elevation in the fractional excretion of sodium and water.

Alterações hematológicas, hemostáticas e bioquímicas induzidas pela clofazimina e claritromicina, em doses única e múltiplas, em ratos

Claritromicina e clofazimina têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da hanseníase, tuberculose e infecções causadas pelo complexo Mycobacterium avium. Como os dados sobre a toxicidade de esquemas terapêuticos que incluem estes fármacos são escassos, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos adversos destas terapias, por meio da avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos, hemostáticos e bioquímicos. Os fármacos foram administrados em ratos machos Wistar, em monoterapia, em regime de doses única e múltipla. Claritromicina provocou aumento de leucócitos mono e polimorfonucleares. Ambos os fármacos inverteram a proporção entre células mono e polimorfonucleares e provocaram aumento do número de células polimorfonucleares e células em degeneração. Clofazimina e claritromicina prolongaram o tempo de protrombina e claritromicina também prolongou o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativa. Claritromicina causou aumento de bilirrubinas total e direta e, ambos os fármacos, elevaram os níveis plasmáticos de gama-glutamiltransferase. Portanto, clofazimina e claritromicina induzem alterações hematológicas, hemostáticas e hepáticas.

Esporotricose cutânea experimental: Avaliação in vivo do itraconazol e terbinafina

O estudo objetivou avaliar a atividade in vivo do itraconazol e terbinafina no tratamento da esporotricose cutânea experimental. Foram utilizados 80 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos (TERB20, TERB30, ITRA e CONT) inoculados no coxim plantar esquerdo com 0,2ml de solução contendo 2x103 células de Sporothrix schenckii/ml e tratados com terbinafina (20 e 30mg/kg), itraconazol (10mg/kg) e placebo durante 13 semanas. As lesões do sítio de inoculação foram avaliadas e mensuradas semanalmente, assim como a disseminação das mesmas. Após foi realizada análise micológica e histopatológica. Os resultados demonstraram que os animais do grupo ITRA diferiram estatisticamente em todos os parâmetros avaliados em relação ao CONT. Em relação à terbinafina, não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos tratados e controle. Pode-se confirmar a boa atividade do itraconazol no tratamento da esporotricose e a pouca eficácia da terbinafina nas doses utilizadas, sendo necessários mais estudos com este antifúngico.

Capillaria hepatica-induced septal fibrosis in rats: a contribution to the study of liver fibrogenesis

INTRODUCTION: Septal fibrosis of the liver regularly develops in rats infected with the nematode Capillaria hepatica. Curative treatment of the infection prevents the development of septal fibrosis when intervention occurs up to postinfection day (PID) 15, but not later. The present investigation aimed to demonstrate which parasitic factors are present when the process of septal fibrosis can no longer be prevented by curative treatment. METHODS: Wistar rats were infected with 600 embryonated eggs of C. hepatica administered by gavage and treated with ivermectin and mebendazole in separate groups at PIDs 10, 12, 15, 17 or 20. Rats from each group and their nontreated controls, were killed and examined 40 days after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Findings by PID 15 were compatible with the stage of complete maturation of infection, when worms and eggs were fully developed and a complex host-parasite multifocal necroinflammatory reaction showed greater intensity, but with no signs of septal fibrosis, which appeared from PID 17 onward. CONCLUSIONS: Since the worms spontaneously died by PID 15, not only septal fibrosis production, but also its maintenance and further development appeared dependent on the presence of eggs, which were the only parasitic factor remaining thereafter.

Efficacy of voriconazole in experimental rat paracoccidioidomycosis

INTRODUCTION: Amphotericin B, azole or sulfamide drugs are used for treatment of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Among the azole drugs, voriconazole was active in vitro against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and showed efficacy in the treatment of patients infected with this fungus.In the present study the antifungal activity of voriconazole and of other drugs was compared in a rat model of paracoccidioidomycosis. METHODS: Wistar rats were inoculated intravenously with the BOAS strain of P. brasiliensis and antifungal drugs were administered to the animals by gavage at the following doses (mg/kg weight/day): voriconazole (5 to 20), ketoconazole (12 to 15), fluconazole (6), itraconazole (4), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (120 to 150). The antifungal activity of the drugs was assessed by determining the P. brasiliensis colony forming units in the lungs and spleen of the animals at the end of treatment and by a survival study. RESULTS: Voriconazole reduced the total tissue fungal burden of P. brasiliensis, particularly at doses of ≥10mg/kg weight/day but its antifungal activity was less intense than that of fluconazole, itraconazole and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The mean survival of animals treated with the last three drugs, 29.1±10.7, 26.1± 10.1 and 28.4±9.6 days, respectively, was higher than that achieved with voriconazole 10mg/kg weight/day (18.5±8.3 days) and that observed in untreated animals (15.7±3.6 days). CONCLUSIONS: At doses similar to those used for clinical treatment, voriconazole showed lower antifungal activity in experimental rat paracoccidioidomycosis than that obtained with itraconazole and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.

Rat allotransplantation of epigastric microsurgical flaps: a study of rejection and the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporin A

The rejection of allotransplantation of epigastric microsurgical flaps and the effect of immunosuppression have been studied in 58 rats. Three sets of experiments were planned: (1) Wistar Furth isogenic donors and receptors (control set); (2) Brown Norway donors and Wistar Furth receptors (rejection set); and (3) Brown Norway donors and Wistar Furth immunosuppressed receptors (cyclosporin A set). Cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg/d) treated rats had a transplantation survival rate of up to 30 days: 83.3% among isogenic animals and 60% among allogeneic. There was 100% rejection by the 9th day after the transplantation in allogeneic non-immunosuppressed rats. Biopsies embedded with historesin were taken from the flap and normal contralateral skin (used as control) on the 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 30th days after the surgery. A quantitative study of infiltrating lymphocytes in the flaps, with and without cyclosporin A, was done by evaluating the local inflammatory infiltrate. A significant increase in the number of lymphocytes among the rejection and immunosuppressed groups was seen, as compared to the isogenic set. Local lymphocytosis in allogeneic non-immunosuppressed transplantations reached its highest level on the 3rd day after surgery, before gross findings of rejection, which could only be seen by naked eye on the 5th or 6th day. Therefore, we conclude that cyclosporin A is effective in preserving allogenic transplantation in rats. Biopsies of transplanted areas may contribute to earlier diagnosis of the need for immunosuppressive therapy.

An experimental model for the transplantation of fetal central nervous system cells to the injured spinal cord in rats

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic spinal cord injury is one of the most disabling conditions occurring in man and thus stimulates a strong interest in its histopathological, biochemical, and functional changes, primarily as we search for preventive and therapeutic methods. PURPOSE: To develop an experimental model for transplantation of cells from the fetal rat central nervous system to the site of an injured spinal cord of an adult rat in which the transplanted cells survive and become integrated. This experimental model will facilitate investigations of factors that promote regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen adult Wistar rats underwent laminectomy, and an spinal cord lesion was made with microdissection. Fetal spinal cord tissue was then transplanted to the site of the injury. The rats were monitored over a 48-hour period, and then their vertebral column was completely removed for histological analysis. RESULTS: In 60% of transplanted rats, the fetal tissue at the injured site remained viable in the site of the lesion.

Low coronary perfusion pressure is associated with endocardial fibrosis in a rat model of volume overload cardiac hypertrophy

Left ventricular hypertrophy following volume overload is regarded as an example of cardiac remodeling without increased fibrosis accumulation. However, infarction is associated with increased fibrosis within the noninfarcted, hypertrophied myocardium, particularly in the subendocardial regions. It is conceivable to suppose that, as also occurs postinfarction, low coronary driving pressure may also interfere with accumulation of myocardial fibrosis following aortocaval fistula. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of acute hemodynamic changes in subsequent deposition of cardiac fibrosis in response to aortocaval fistula. METHOD: Aortocaval fistula were created in 4 groups of Wistar rats that were followed over 4 and 8 weeks: aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8 (10 rats each) and their respective controls (sham-operated controls - Sh), Sh4 and Sh8 (8 rats each). Hemodynamic measurements were performed 1 week after surgery. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were quantified by myocyte diameter and collagen volume fraction at the end of follow up. RESULT: Compared with Sh4 and Sh8, pulse pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and +dP/dt were higher in aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8, but -dP/dt was similar. Coronary driving pressure (mm Hg), used as an estimate of perfusion pressure, was lower in aortocaval fistula 8 (52.6 ± 4.1) than in Sh8 (100.8 ± 1.3), but comparable between aortocaval fistula 4 (50.0 ± 8.9) and Sh4 (84.8 ± 2.3). Myocyte diameter was greater in aortocaval fistula 8, whereas interstitial and subendocardial fibrosis were greater in aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8. Coronary driving pressure correlated inversely and independently with subendocardial fibrosis (r² = .86, P <.001), whereas left ventricular systolic pressure (r² = 0.73, P = .004) and end-diastolic pressure (r² = 0.55, P = 012) correlated positively and independently with interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Coronary driving pressure falls and ventricular pressures increase early after aortocaval fistula and are associated with subsequent myocardial fibrosis deposition.

Weight loss and morphometric study of intestinal mucosa in rats after massive intestinal resection: influence of a glutamine-enriched diet

Short-bowel syndrome is responsible for significant metabolic alterations that compromise nutritional status. Glutamine is considered an essential nutrient for enterocytes, so beneficial effects from supplementation of the diet with glutamine are hypothesized. PURPOSE: In this study, the effect of a diet enriched with glutamine was evaluated in rats undergoing extensive small bowel resection, with analysis of postoperative weight loss and intestinal morphometrics of villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the duodenal and remnant jejunal mucosa. METHODS: Three groups of male Wistar rats were established receiving the following diets: with glutamine, without glutamine, and the standard diet of laboratory ration. All animals underwent an extensive small bowel resection, including the ileocecal valve, leaving a remnant jejunum of only 25 cm from the pylorus that was anastomosed lateral-laterally to the ascendant colon. The animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment (20th postoperative day). Then they were killed and the remnant intestine was removed. Fragments of duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected from the remnant intestine and submitted to histopathologic exam. The morphometric study of the intestinal mucosa was accomplished using a digital system (KS 300) connected to an optic microscope. Morphometrics included villi height, crypt depth, and the total thickness of intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: The weight loss comparison among the 3 groups showed no significant loss difference. The morphometric studies showed significantly taller duodenal villi in the glutamine group in comparison to the without glutamine group, but not different from the standard diet group. The measurements obtained comparing the 3 groups for villi height, crypt depth, and thickness of the remnant jejunum mucosa were greater in the glutamine-enriched diet group than for the without-glutamine diet group, though not significantly different from with standard-diet group. CONCLUSIONS: In rats with experimentally produced short-bowel syndrome, glutamine-enrichment of an isonitrogenous test diet was associated with an improved adaptation response by the intestinal mucosa but not reduced weight loss. However, the adaptation response in the group receiving the glutamine-enriched diet was not improved over that for the group fed regular chow.

BIODISPONIBILIDADE DE ZINCO EM DIETA REGIONAL DE MANAUS, AM. ESTUDO EM RATOS

Foi estudada a biodisponibilidade de zinco em ratos recebendo uma dieta regional de Manaus, AM. A dieta foi elaborada segundo os dados de SHRIMPTON & GIUGLIANO, (1979) para famílias com rendimentos inferiores a 2 salários mínimos. O ensaio biológico com ratos da linhagem Wistar se baseou inicialmente, na depleção de zinco e vitamina A na lactação, adaptação dos filhotes com a dieta regional por 7 dias e período de repleção onde se realizou a suplementação com zinco de acordo com as recomendações do "COMMITTEE ON LABORATORY ANIMAL DIETS" (1979). Os resultados nos permitiram concluir que a quantidade de zinco presente na dieta, avaliada pelos parâmetros de medida de biodisponibilidade de zinco como crescimento, concentração nos órgãos e de enzima zinco dependente, foi utilizada adequadamente pelos animais, provavelmente pelos fatores promotores da dieta.

Biodisponibilidade dos Carotenóides do Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa l.) em Ratos

Considerando a magnitude da hipovitaminose A como problema de saúde pública no mundo e a disponibilidade de frutos ricos em pró-vitamina A na região Amazônica, determinou-se a biodisponibilidade dos carotenóides do Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) em ratos. Quarenta e oito ratos machos da linhagem Wistar (Rattus novergicus, var. albinus, Rodentia: Mammalia) recém-desmamados, com peso médio inicial de 33,8 ± 1,7g, foram distribuídos em cinco grupos, ou seja, Grupos: Deficiente, Controle 1200, Controle 2400, Buriti 1200 e Buriti 2400. As rações foram elaboradas de acordo com a recomendação do Committee on Laboratory Animal Diets (1993). Após o período experimental de 28 dias, todos os animais foram sacrificados para a determinação de vitamina A e caroteno no plasma e no fígado. A menor concentração de vitamina A hepática e plasmática foi observada no Grupo Deficiente. Por sua vez, as reservas hepáticas de vitamina A dos animais dos grupos Buriti 1200 e 2400 foram significativamente superiores quando comparados com os grupos Controle 1200 e 2400, respectivamente. Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram ser o buriti uma fonte de pró-vitamina A altamente biodisponível, com eficiência relativa de 254,6% (1200ER/Kg ração) e 179,4% (2400 ER/Kg ração) quando comparado com os respectivos grupos controle, indicando a maior biodisponibilidade dos carotenóides em doses próximas à recomendada.