Aprendendo a ser negro: a perspectiva dos estudantes

O artigo trata de identificar e compreender de que modo os estudantes negros da rede municipal de ensino de Porto Alegre constituem interações sociais, e como essas se manifestam na cultura estudantil e na Educação Física. Por meio de uma etnografia educativa, reflete sobre a participação do negro na construção da sociedade, que não é isenta de contradições e controvérsias. Os autores realizam análise de documentos, observação participante, diário de campo, grupos de discussão e entrevista semiestruturada. A análise enfatiza o modo pelo qual os colaboradores do estudo se percebem nas relações étnico-raciais, ao tratar dos códigos de significados na cultura estudantil, especialmente quanto ao seu reconhecimento no grupo, revelando que os negros manifestam certa naturalização de uma posição social de inferioridade. As diferentes culturas da escola dão sentidos distintos às ações, rituais e códigos que serão interpretados por aqueles envolvidos com os elementos dessa cultura.

Transmisión del Mal de Río Cuarto virus por ninfas de primer y tercer estadio de Delphacodes kuscheli

Se comparó la capacidad de ninfas de primer y tercer estadío de Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) para adquirir y posteriormente transmitir el Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV), bajo condiciones controladas. Ninfas I y III avirulíferas se alimentaron separadamente de plantas de trigo infectadas durante 48 horas, para luego ser colocadas en subgrupos de tres individuos sobre plantas de trigo sanas. Se realizaron transmisiones seriales utilizando períodos de inoculación de 24 horas. Ambos estadií os lograron adquirir y transmitir el MRCV, pero se evidenció una mayor cantidad de subgrupos infectivos cuando la adquisición se efectuó como ninfas I, así como una disminución significativa en la duración del período de latencia del virus respecto de los insectos que adquirieron el MRCV durante el tercer estadio ninfal.

Linhagens de feijão do cruzamento 'Ouro Negro' x 'Pérola' com características agronômicas favoráveis

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar e caracterizar, em casa de vegetação e campo, linhagens do cruzamento entre as cultivares Ouro Negro e Pérola, quanto à reação às principais raças de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum e Uromyces appendiculatus. Quatrocentas progênies F7:8, de 40 famílias F3:7 previamente selecionadas na população 'Ouro Negro' x 'Pérola', foram pulverizadas com uma suspensão contendo a raça 89 de C. lindemuthianum. Linhagens resistentes à raça 89 receberam inóculo com as raças 73 e 81 de C. lindemuthianum e com mistura de seis raças de U. appendiculatus. Nas avaliações em campo, realizadas em Viçosa e Coimbra, MG, um látice quadrado triplo 9x9 foi utilizado e foram avaliados produtividade de grãos, severidade de mancha-angular e aspecto do grão. Foram identificadas 42 linhagens resistentes às raças de C. lindemuthianum e U. appendiculatus. Foram selecionadas dez linhagens de grãos tipo 'Carioca', com produtividade igual à da cultivar Pérola e resistentes à antracnose, ferrugem e mancha-angular.

Factors affecting Hg (II) adsorption in soils from the Rio Negro basin (Amazon)

Mercury (II) adsorption studies in top soils (top 10 cm) from the Rio Negro basin show this process depends strongly on some selected parameters of the aqueous phase in contact with the soils. Maximum adsorption occurred in the pH range 3.0-5.0 (>90%). Dissolved organic matter shows an inhibitory effect on the availability of Hg (II) to be adsorbed by the soils, whereas a higher chloride content of the solution resulted in a lower adsorption of Hg (II) at pH 5.0. Soils with higher organic matter content were less affected by changes in the salinity. An increase in the initial Hg (II) concentration increased the amount of Hg (II) adsorbed by the soil and decreased the time needed to reach equilibrium. A Freundlich isotherm provided a good model for Hg (II) adsorption in the two types of soil studied. The kinetics of Hg (II) adsorption on Amazonian soils showed to be very fast and followed pseudo-second order kinetics. An environmental implication of these results is discussed under the real scenario present in the Negro River basin, where acidic waters are in contact with a soil naturally rich in mercury.

Quantificação de fluxos de mercúrio gasoso na interface solo/atmosfera utilizando câmara de fluxo dinâmica: aplicação na bacia do Rio Negro

Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.

Distribuição de mercúrio em diferentes solos da Bacia do médio Rio Negro-AM: influência da matéria orgânica no ciclo biogeoquímico do mercúrio

Soils play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of mercury as a sink for and source of this metallic species to atmospheric and hydrological compartments. In the study reported here, various types of soil were evaluated to ascertain the influence of parameters such as pH, organic matter content, Fe, Al, sand, silt, clay, C/H, C/N, C/O atomic ratios, and cation exchange capacity on the distribution of Hg in Amazonia's mid-Negro River basin. The data obtained were interpreted by multivariate exploratory analyses (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis), which indicated that organic matter plays an important role in mercury uptake in the various soils studied. The soils in floodable areas were found to contain 1.5 to 2.8-fold higher Hg concentrations than those in non-floodable areas. Since these soils are flooded almost year-round, they are less available to participate in redox processes at the soil/atmosphere interface. Hence, floodable areas, which comprise humic-rich soils, accumulate more mercury than non-floodable soils, thus playing an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of Hg in Amazonia's mid-Negro River basin.

Metales pesados y toxicidad de aguas del Río Aconcagua en Chile

The toxicity of surface waters in a zone with mining activity in the Aconcagua River was determined through growth inhibition bioassays of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and correlated with heavy metal concentrations. Results show that the waters near the discharge of the mining effluent displayed toxicity during all periods of study; the molybdenum and copper concentration exceeded the norms of water quality. The correlations between the concentrations of metals and the growth rate of P. subcapitata varied in the different periods of the study; inverse and significant correlations with copper stand out in some periods.

Daño oxidativo en la microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata expuesta a aguas receptoras de un efluente minero en del Río Blanco (V Región, Chile)

In this investigation antioxidant response and toxicity of metals in receiving water effluent miner in the Blanco river in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was assessed. The catalase activity, lipid damage through Tbars, the growth rate of was determined. The result showed an inhibition of the growth rate of P. subcapitata which correlated with increased catalase activity and the lipid liperoxidation. These responses were correlated with the concentrations of copper and iron.

Estudos de biodegradação de óleo diesel por consórcio microbiano coletado em Porto Velho - RO, amazônia

The goal of this research was to evaluate the biodegradation of diesel by a microbial consortium collected in a region close to distributors of fuel. The experiments were monitored by SPME-GC-FID and SPME-GC-MS. The consortium showed a high potential for production of biosurfactants, presenting an emulsification index of 53%. The consortium degraded completely n-alkanes, while dimethylnaphtalene, hepthyl-cyclohexane and 2,6,10-trimethyl-undecane were partially degraded and pristane was not degraded. From this consortium five strains were isolated and identified as Acinetobacter baumannii. Based on this initial investigation this consortium appears to be effective for bioremediation in Porto Velho - RO region.

Análise espacial e quimiométrica da distribuição de espécies metálicas em solos alagáveis e não alagáveis da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro, Amazônia

This study used chemometric tools and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the influence of organic matter and anthropogenic activity on the distribution of metal species between two major communities of the Middle Negro River Basin-AM. Higher concentrations of metal species were determined in flooded regions. The chemometric analysis showed the affinity of organic matter for potentially toxic metals, indicating its selectivity. GIS spatial analysis has shown that proximity to urban areas is a variable that is likely to influence the pattern of concentration of organic matter, and consequently the distribution of metal species between flooded and non-flooded areas.

Transmisión experimental del virus del mal de Río Cuarto por Delphacodes kuscheli

Entre las enfermedades que afectan al cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) en Argentina, la producida por el virus del mal de Río Cuarto (MRCV) es la más importante. El MRCV pertenece a la familia Reoviridae, género Fijivirus, y su propagación en la naturaleza es realizada por Delphacodes kuscheli (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). La modalidad de transmisión para los miembros de este género de virus es persistente propagativa. Se estableció la necesidad de ajustar un sistema de transmisión eficiente del virus para estudios de caracterización, partiendo de poblaciones libres de virus criadas en laboratorio, para lo cual se ensayaron distintos períodos de adquisición, latencia e inoculación, evaluándose además un rango de hospedantes diferenciales. Se lograron obtener insectos libres de virus en cantidad suficiente para llevar a cabo los trabajos, mediante su cría en fitotrones y cámaras aclimatadas. La transmisión experimental del MRCV se efectuó exitosamente, bajo idénticas condiciones, empleando períodos de adquisición, latencia e inoculación de dos, 10 y uno día respectivamente para los cereales de grano fino y de dos, 10 y dos días para el maíz. Se infectaron de este modo las siguientes especies: maíz, cebada (Hordeum vulgare), avena (Avena sativa), trigo (Triticum aestivum), centeno (Secale cereale), grama rhodes (Chloris gayana) y alpiste (Phalaris canariensis). La detección del virus en las plantas inoculadas se efectuó mediante pruebas serológicas, análisis de dsRNA en electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida (obteniéndose las 10 bandas típicas de los fijivirus) y microscopía electrónica, detectándose las partículas isométricas de entre 60 y 70 nm de diámetro.

Cytopathological characterization of Mal de Río Cuarto virus in corn, wheat and barley

The Mal de Río Cuarto disease is caused by Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) transmitted by Delphacodes kuscheli. Comparative studies were carried out on the cytopathological alterations produced by MRCV in corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), as seen with a transmission electron microscope. Corn plants were infected with viruliferous D. kuscheli collected from the endemic disease area (i.e. Río Cuarto County, Córdoba, Argentina). For the viral transmission to small grain cereal plants, laboratory rared insects were used. In this case, the inoculum source was wheat and barley plants infected with MRCV isolate grown in a greenhouse. Leaf samples with conspicuous symptoms were collected: enations and size reduction in corn; crenatures, swelling veins and dark green color in small grain cereals. Viral infection was corroborated by DAS-ELISA. Viroplasms containing complete and incomplete virus particles and fibrillar material were found in the cytoplasm of infected cells in all species. Mature virions were between 60 and 70 nm diameter. In wheat and barley, viroplasms and dispersed particles were observed only in phloem, while in corn virions were also found in cells of the bundle sheath. Crystalline arrays of particles were detected in corn enation constitutive cells. Tubular inclusions were found only in wheat samples. The three species showed abnormalities in the chloroplasts of affected cells. The results showed that MRCV cytopathology has similarities with other viruses from the genus Fijivirus, family family Reoviridae, but slight differences depending upon the host plant.

Aptitud combinatoria entre líneas de maíz resistentes a Mal de Río Cuarto

Se realizó un experimento dialélico entre nueve líneas de maíz (Zea mays) (Método 4, modelo I de Griffing (1956)) con el objeto de determinar Aptitud combinatoria general y específica (ACG y ACE) para Resistencia a Mal de Río Cuarto (MRC). Los ambientes seleccionados fueron Pergamino, Junín, Ferré (región maicera VI) y Sampacho y Holmberg (región maicera IV). La severidad de la enfermedad, evaluada a través del Grado Medio de Ataque (GMA), resultó nula en Pergamino y Junín, y de 0,14 en Ferré, con diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. En Holmberg fue de 0,59 y en Sampacho 1,57. El análisis de variancia para esta región detectó diferencias significativas entre ambientes y entre tratamientos, no detectándose interacción. El GMA promedio de los híbridos experimentales no se diferenció del promedio los testigos resistentes, si lo hizo de los testigos comerciales (más susceptibles). Veinticinco materiales experimentales no se diferenciaron del mejor de los testigos resistentes. La selección por pedigrí fue efectiva para mejorar este carácter. Los materiales experimentales en general demostraron poseer características que les darían competitividad en el mercado. Por su ACG, las líneas más resistentes a MRC fueron la 2526 y la 2378 (con efectos significativos y negativos: resistentes) por los efectos de ACE, se destacaron los híbridos: 2378 x 2600, 2335 x 2600, LP561 x 2568-2 y 2526 x 2600. En Sampacho el 42% de la disminución en el rendimiento pudo atribuirse al MRC, en Holmberg el 8%.

Análise econômica de sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia ocidental, Machadinho d'Oeste- RO

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise financeira e a simulação de risco de investimento em sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) implantados em 1987, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Rondônia, localizado no município de Machadinho d'Oeste, RO. A análise financeira foi realizada mediante os métodos de avaliação de projetos florestais, e para a análise de risco utilizou-se a técnica de simulação de Monte Carlo, mediante o programa @RISK. Entre os arranjos testados, o SAF T1 Castanha-do-brasil-banana-pimenta-do-reino-cupuaçu apresentou o melhor desempenho financeiro em relação aos SAFs T2 Freijó-banana-pimenta-do-reino-cupuaçu e T3 Pupunha-banana-pimenta-do-reino-cupuaçu . Os custos com tratos culturais e colheita representaram mais de 70% da composição dos custos totais, e a participação da mão-de-obra foi superior a 50% nas fases de preparo da área e de manutenção (tratos culturais) dos SAFs. A simulação da análise de risco indicou que as variáveis que afetaram o Valor Presente Líquido no Horizonte Infinito (VPL*), de acordo com a ordem de importância (R), foram: taxa de desconto, preço do fruto de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), custo de colheita, preço da madeira de castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) e o custo de tratos culturais. Apesar do alto custo de implantação e manutenção, o SAF T1 apresentou uma probabilidade de 15% de os valores do Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) se concentrarem em torno de R$35.000 ha-1.ano-1.