Prevalência da co-infecção HIV-sífilis em um hospital universitário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2005

Estudo de prevalência da co-infecção HIV-sífilis realizado com 830 pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial para HIV/aids entre janeiro e maio de 2005 no Hospital na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes realizaram exames de VDRL (veneral disease research laboratory), contagens de células CD4+/CD8+ e de carga viral e responderam perguntas sobre características sócio-demográficas e história prévia de sífilis. A prevalência da sífilis foi de 2,7% (22), a relação entre homens e mulheres co-infectados foi de 4:1, aproximadamente. Homossexuais masculinos foram os mais acometidos e não encontramos associação entre co-infecção e idade, escolaridade e parâmetros laboratoriais testados. Do total de casos com sífilis, 73% (16) relataram tratamento prévio; destes, 14 (88%) pacientes foram re-infectados, enquanto 2 (12%) pacientes realizaram tratamento inapropriado. A presença de co-infecção HIV-sífilis em pacientes em acompanhamento rotineiro alerta-nos para necessidade de aconselhá-los a adotar práticas sexuais seguras durante os seus atendimentos ambulatoriais.

Detection of Cryptosporidium spp and other intestinal parasites in children with acute diarrhea and severe dehydration in Rio de Janeiro

The objective of the present study was to estimate the frequency of infection by Cryptosporidium spp and other intestinal parasites in dehydrated children with gastroenteritis who were admitted to a pediatric hospital. Stool examinations from 218 children were performed. Cryptosporidium spp was identified in eighteen out of 193 stool samples (9.3%) subjected to safranin-methylene blue staining. Giardia lamblia was detected in ten out of 213 (4.7%) samples examined via the direct or Ritchie methods. Other parasites identified were Ascaris lumbricoides (4.2%), Blastocystis hominis (1.4%), Entamoeba coli (0.9%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (0.5%), Endolimax nana (0.5%), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.5%).

Alterações hematológicas em pacientes com dengue

Dengue é uma doença negligenciada de alta morbidade e mortalidade em crianças e adultos, ocorrendo principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas de pacientes com quadro clínico de dengue. Foram estudados 543 prontuários de atendimentos referentes à epidemia pelo vírus tipo 3, ocorrida no ano de 2007, em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Houve predomínio de casos de dengue clássico (90,2%), com quadro clínico leve sem complicações. As principais alterações hematológicas observadas foram a leucopenia (68,3%), plaquetopenia (66,5%), linfocitopenia (67,2%) e presença de linfócitos atípicos (67%). A febre hemorrágica do dengue apresentou plaquetopenia mais prolongada e maior número de linfócitos atípicos, as demais alterações hematológicas apresentaram evolução diária semelhante às encontradas no dengue clássico. As alterações hematológicas observadas no dengue apresentaram-se de acordo com a evolução clínica e gravidade da doença.

Características clínico-evolutivas de 134 pacientes com histoplasmose disseminada associada a SIDA no Estado do Ceará

INTRODUÇÃO: Desde o início da epidemia de HIV no Ceará, histoplasmose disseminada tem sido detectada com frequência em pacientes com aids. MÉTODOS: De modo a conhecer características clínico-laboratoriais, evolução e sobrevida da co-infecção HD/AIDS, analisou-se retrospectivamente 134 prontuários casos de HD internados de 1999 a 2005 no hospital referência para HIV no Ceará. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com HD apresentaram maior frequência de febre diária, tosse, perda de peso, hepatoesplenomegalia e insuficiência renal aguda. Diagnóstico foi dado por pesquisa e/ou cultura. À admissão, foram fatores de risco relacionados ao óbito de pacientes com HD: vômitos, dispnéia, insuficiência respiratória e IRA, hemoglobina<8g/L, uréia>40mg/dL e creatinina >1,5mg/dL. CONCLUSÕES: pacientes com HD apresentaram caracteristicamente febre mais elevada, internamentos anteriores por infecção respiratória, mais complicações clínicas e como fatores independentes para óbito, anemia importante e elevação de uréia.

Distribuição espacial e características dos criadouros de Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti em Fortaleza, Estado do Ceará

INTRODUÇÃO: desde seu registro, em 2005, no município de Fortaleza, o Aedes albopictus tem exibido uma rápida dispersão. Um estudo visando à identificação das áreas de sua ocorrência, os seus criadouros e a associação com Aedes aegypti e outros culicídeos foi realizado durante o ano de 2008. MÉTODOS: foram coletadas, de janeiro a julho de 2008, amostras de formas imaturas de culicídeos provenientes de imóveis situados nos bairros de Fortaleza, ressaltando-se algumas características dos criadouros, tais como localização (intradomicílio ou peridomicílio), presença de cobertura (proteção contra a incidência de raios solares e chuva), turbidez da água (água límpida e não límpida), material constituinte, volume, altura em relação ao nível do solo e presença simultânea de diferentes espécies de culicídeos no mesmo criadouro. RESULTADOS: a localização no intradomicílio foi um fator importante para os criadouros do Aedes albopictus [RP=0,52 IC95% (0,33-0,81)], por outro lado, a turbidez da água e a cobertura do depósito não se mostraram como diferenciadores para a infestação [p>0,05]. Para o Aedes aegypti a ausência de turbidez da água foi significativa para a infestação nos criadouros [RP=1,14 IC95% (1,06-1,22)]. CONCLUSÕES: a ausência de uma das espécies nos criadouros favorecia sua infestação por outra; criadouros não infestados por Aedes albopictus tinham uma prevalência de infestação de 2,05 [IC95%1,72-2,44] vezes maior pelo Aedes aegypti. Não houve associação significativa entre volume e altura do criadouro e infestação por ambas as espécies. As duas espécies encontram-se dispersas por todo o município, ocupando os mais diversos tipos de criadouros. No entanto, pode-se identificar uma ligeira separação física, com uma infestação maior do Aedes albopictus no peridomicílio.

Reações adversas em pacientes com doença de Chagas tratados com benzonidazol, no Estado do Ceará

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é tratada com benzonidazol, tendo o inconveniente de apresentar efetividade parcial e alta toxicidade, que varia desde reações de hipersensibilidade a aplasia medular. O objetivo foi descrever e avaliar a ocorrência de reações adversas em pacientes chagásicos em tratamento com benzonidazol em Fortaleza, Ceará. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo prospectivo envolvendo 32 pacientes chagásicos crônicos tratados com benzonidazol entre janeiro de 2005 e abril de 2006. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram coletados de questionários, entrevistas e exames laboratoriais. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes, com 30 e 60 dias de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Reações adversas foram relatadas em 28 (87,5%) pacientes tratados, tendo sido as mais frequentes: prurido (50%), formigamento (43,8%), fraqueza muscular (37,5%) e rash cutânea (31,3%). Dos 28 pacientes com reações adversas, oito (28,57%) interromperam o tratamento. Reações adversas que culminaram com a suspensão do tratamento foram formigamento sete (87,5%) ou erupção cutânea cinco (62,5%). Observou-se aumento discreto dos níveis de aminotransferases durante o tratamento em (9,4%) pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: Concluindo, o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico dos pacientes chagásicos é de grande relevância na prevenção e detecção precoce das reações adversas a medicamentos.

Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.

Molecular characterization of the hepatitis B virus in autochthonous and endogenous populations in the Western Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health issue worldwide. Hepatitis B virus is classified into eight genotypes, varying from A to H, with distinct geographical distributions. In Brazil, the most frequent genotypes are A, D, and F. METHODS: This study aimed to characterize the HBV genotypes in cases of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infections in an endemic area in the Western Brazilian Amazon. We analyzed 86 serum samples reactive for HBsAg from indigenous and non-indigenous populations obtained from previous serological surveys. RESULTS: Of the 86 reactive serum samples, 39 were found to be HBV-DNA-positive by semi-nested PCR. The genotypes were established by sequencing the amplified S gene region. We obtained 20 sequences classified into three genotypes: A, D, and F. Genotype A was the most frequent (60%), followed by D (35%) and F (5%). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of the HBV genotypes reflected the pattern of historical occupation of the region.

Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in the region of Saquarema: potential area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in the Americas. METHODS: Phlebotomine captures were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in a rural area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis located in the municipality of Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Among other species captured, we observed the presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in this region, demonstrating the potential risk of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the coastal area of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Therefore, active vigilance by all municipalities in the area is necessary.

Hepatitis B virus infection in a population exposed to occupational hazards: firefighters of a metropolitan region in central Brazil

INTRODUCTION: By the nature of their activities, firefighters are exposed to a high risk of contracting hepatitis B virus (HBV) as most of the Fire Brigade occurrences in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, are related to the rescue of victims of traffic accidents and the transportation of clinical and psychiatric emergencies. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiological profile of HBV infection in firefighters from the City of Campo Grande, central Brazil. METHODS: The research involved 308 firefighters. After giving written consent, they were interviewed and blood was collected for the detection of HBsAg, anti-HBs and total anti-HBc of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: The participants had an average of 36.4 years of age (SD ± 6.5), being 89.9% male. Blood tests revealed 6.5% of seropositivity for hepatitis B (HB) infection (n=20), and 1% for HbsAg. Isolated anti-HBs markers, indicative of vaccine immunity, were found in 66.9% of the participants and 28.2% were susceptible to infection. With regard to risk factors for HB infection, multivariate regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with length of service; and prevalence was higher in individuals with over 20 years of service. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HB found among the firefighters was low and length of time in the profession was found to be a risk factor. Non-occupational risk factors did not influence the occurrence of HB infection in the population studied.

Bloodstream infection in patients with end-stage renal disease in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil

Introduction Vascular access in patients undergoing hemodialysis is considered a critical determinant of bloodstream infection (BSI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of BSI in patients with end-stage renal disease using central venous catheters for hemodialysis. Methods A cohort study was conducted in a public teaching hospital in central-western Brazil from April 2010 to December 2011. For every patient, we noted the presence of hyperemia/exudation upon catheter insertion, as well as fever, shivering, and chills during hemodialysis. Results Fifty-nine patients were evaluated. Thirty-five (59.3%) patients started dialysis due to urgency, 37 (62.7%) had BSI, and 12 (20%) died. Hyperemia at the catheter insertion site (64.9%) was a significant clinical manifestation in patients with BSI. Statistical analysis revealed 1.7 times more cases of BSI in patients with hypoalbuminemia compared with patients with normal albumin levels. The principal infective agents identified in blood cultures and catheter-tip cultures were Staphylococcus species (24 cases), non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (7 cases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 5 cases of Chryseobacterium indologenes), and Candida species (6). Among the Staphylococci identified, 77.7% were methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Of the bacteria isolated, the most resistant were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions Blood culture was demonstrated to be an important diagnostic test and identified over 50% of positive BSI cases. The high frequency of BSI and the isolation of multiresistant bacteria were disturbing findings. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism, although Gram-negative bacteria predominated overall. These results highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures in dialysis units.

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients.

Genes that encodes NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by Leishmania infantum

IntroductionKala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. However, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death. Among the parasite molecules that might influence the disease severity are the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-like proteins (MIF1 and MIF2) and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (NAGT), which act in the first step of protein N-glycosylation. This study aimed to determine whether MIF1, MIF2 and NAGT are virulence factors for severe kala-azar.MethodsTo determine the parasite genotype in kala-azar patients from Northeastern Brazil, we sequenced the NAGT genes of L. infantum from 68 patients as well as the MIF1 and MIF2 genes from 76 different subjects with diverse clinical manifestations. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the fragments were sequenced, followed by polymorphism identification.ResultsThe nucleotide sequencing of the 144 amplicons revealed the absence of genetic variability of the NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 genes between the isolates. The conservation of these genes suggests that the clinical variability of kala-azar does not depend upon these genes. Additionally, this conservation suggests that these genes may be critical for parasite survival.ConclusionsNAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 do not alter the severity of kala-azar. NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are highly conserved among different isolates of identical species and exhibit potential for use in phylogenetic inferences or molecular diagnosis.

High similarity of Trypanosoma cruzikDNA genetic profiles detected by LSSP-PCR within family groups in an endemic area of Chagas disease in Brazil

IntroductionDetermining the genetic similarities among Trypanosoma cruzi populations isolated from different hosts and vectors is very important to clarify the epidemiology of Chagas disease.MethodsAn epidemiological study was conducted in a Brazilian endemic area for Chagas disease, including 76 chronic chagasic individuals (96.1% with an indeterminate form; 46.1% with positive hemoculture).ResultsT. cruzi I (TcI) was isolated from one child and TcII was found in the remaining (97.1%) subjects. Low-stringency single-specific-primer-polymerase chain reaction (LSSP-PCR) showed high heterogeneity among TcII populations (46% of shared bands); however, high similarities (80-100%) among pairs of mothers/children, siblings, or cousins were detected.ConclusionsLSSP-PCR showed potential for identifying similar parasite populations among individuals with close kinship in epidemiological studies of Chagas disease.

Vitamin A, vitamin E, iron and zinc status in a cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their uninfected infants

Introduction We hypothesized that nutritional deficiency would be common in a cohort of postpartum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and their infants. Methods Weight and height, as well as blood concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, ferritin, hemoglobin, and zinc, were measured in mothers after delivery and in their infants at birth and at 6-12 weeks and six months of age. Retinol and α-tocopherol levels were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, and zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maternal body mass index during pregnancy was adjusted for gestational age (adjBMI). Results Among the 97 women 19.6% were underweight. Laboratory abnormalities were most frequently observed for the hemoglobin (46.4%), zinc (41.1%), retinol (12.5%) and ferritin (6.5%) levels. Five percent of the women had mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations < 31g/dL. The most common deficiency in the infants was α-tocopherol (81%) at birth; however, only 18.5% of infants had deficient levels at six months of age. Large percentages of infants had zinc (36.8%) and retinol (29.5%) deficiencies at birth; however, these percentages decreased to 17.5% and 18.5%, respectively, by six months of age. No associations between infant micronutrient deficiencies and either the maternal adjBMI category or maternal micronutrient deficiencies were found. Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies were common in HIV-infected women and their infants. Micronutrient deficiencies were less prevalent in the infants at six months of age. Neither underweight women nor their infants at birth were at increased risk for micronutrient deficiencies.