Notes on social wasps of the group of Mischocyttarus(Omega) punctatus (Ducke), with description of six new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)

ABSTRACTA revision of the taxonomic status and an identification key for wasp species of the genus Mischocyttarus related to M. punctatus (Ducke, 1904) are presented here. Six new species are proposed (M. tayrona Silveira sp. nov.; M. anchicaya Silveira sp. nov.; M. caxiuana Silveira sp. nov.; M. verissimoi Silveira sp. nov.; M. rodriguesi Silveira sp. nov.; M. ryani Silveira sp. nov.), raising to nine the number of species in the M. punctatus group. The highest diversity of the group concentrates in northern South America, in Andean areas and Amazonia. New information concerning the very peculiar nests of these wasps is also given.

Sampling strategies for tropical forest nutrient cycling studies: a case study in São Paulo, Brazil

The precise sampling of soil, biological or micro climatic attributes in tropical forests, which are characterized by a high diversity of species and complex spatial variability, is a difficult task. We found few basic studies to guide sampling procedures. The objective of this study was to define a sampling strategy and data analysis for some parameters frequently used in nutrient cycling studies, i. e., litter amount, total nutrient amounts in litter and its composition (Ca, Mg, Κ, Ν and P), and soil attributes at three depths (organic matter, Ρ content, cation exchange capacity and base saturation). A natural remnant forest in the West of São Paulo State (Brazil) was selected as study area and samples were collected in July, 1989. The total amount of litter and its total nutrient amounts had a high spatial independent variance. Conversely, the variance of litter composition was lower and the spatial dependency was peculiar to each nutrient. The sampling strategy for the estimation of litter amounts and the amount of nutrient in litter should be different than the sampling strategy for nutrient composition. For the estimation of litter amounts and the amount of nutrients in litter (related to quantity) a large number of randomly distributed determinations are needed. Otherwise, for the estimation of litter nutrient composition (related to quality) a smaller amount of spatially located samples should be analyzed. The determination of sampling for soil attributes differed according to the depth. Overall, surface samples (0-5 cm) showed high short distance spatial dependent variance, whereas, subsurface samples exhibited spatial dependency in longer distances. Short transects with sampling interval of 5-10 m are recommended for surface sampling. Subsurface samples must also be spatially located, but with transects or grids with longer distances between sampling points over the entire area. Composite soil samples would not provide a complete understanding of the relation between soil properties and surface dynamic processes or landscape aspects. Precise distribution of Ρ was difficult to estimate.

Gênese e micromorfologia de solos sob vegetação xeromórfica (caatinga) na região dos Lagos (RJ)

Na região dos Lagos do Rio de Janeiro, a existência de um clima mais seco condiciona um ambiente peculiar no sudeste brasileiro, com forte tendência à salinização e xerofitismo. Foram realizados estudos físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos em transectos de solos da região. Os solos são eutróficos, considerando a ciclagem de nutrientes, o baixo grau de intemperismo e a presença de minerais primários com reserva de nutrientes. Os perfis mais desenvolvidos e latolizados são eutróficos e mostram evidências de pré-intemperismo em condições mais úmidas, nos topos mais conservados da região. Estes Latossolos (P2 e P7) são cauliníticos, com microestrutura granular, e apresentam índice Ki, feições micromorfológicas e submicroscópicas, relação Fe o/Fe d e valores de Fe-ataque sulfúrico típicas da classe. Apresentam também goethita, ilita e gibbsita, subordinadamente. A presença de ilita, a reserva em K e o caráter "intergrade" indicam menor grau de evolução dos Latossolos da região em relação aos Latossolos típicos da região Sudeste. Todos os solos estudados são geneticamente policíclicos e revelam uma tendência atual à acidificação superficial, mostrando que, em tempos subatuais relativamente recentes, prevaleceram condições de sazonalidade mais pronunciadas. Em subsuperfície, a acidificação provoca a desestabilização dos minerais 2:1 expansíveis e liberação de Al e Mg estruturais para formas mais solúveis, originando desbalanço da relação Ca:Mg no horizonte B. Há um papel destacado do Na e, ou, Na + Mg na dispersão de colóides, tendo como conseqüências os valores de argila dispersa nos solos e o gradiente textural observados. Teores elevados de Na e K trocáveis são atribuíveis a "sprays" salinos da laguna nos horizontes superficiais, além do intemperismo de plagioclásios de Na e Ca e feldspatos potássicos em subsuperfície. Pelo fracionamento de substâncias húmicas, observou-se uma tendência à formação e migração de complexos orgânicos por soluções ricas em sódio, como fulvatos e humatos de sódio, conforme mostram as altas e significativas correlações entre o Na trocável e as frações fúlvicas e húmicas.

Coesão e resistência ao cisalhamento relacionadas a atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo Amarelo de tabuleiro costeiro

Os solos coesos de tabuleiros costeiros têm como característica peculiar horizontes minerais subsuperficiais, que apresentam consistência friável quando úmidos, porém, quando secos, têm consistência dura, muito dura ou extremamente dura. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o comportamento mecânico de horizontes coesos e não-coesos de um Latossolo Amarelo de tabuleiro costeiro por meio de características de cisalhamento relacionadas com propriedades físicas, químicas e teor de água do solo. Os resultados mostraram que a coesão do solo e a resistência ao cisalhamento aumentaram expressivamente com a redução do teor de água no horizonte coeso. Este horizonte apresentou os maiores valores de densidade do solo, microporosidade e óxidos de Fe, Si e Al, resultando em maiores valores de coesão do solo e resistência ao cisalhamento, em relação aos horizontes não-coesos. Os maiores valores de coesão do solo resultaram em maiores valores de resistência à penetração no horizonte coeso, em relação aos não-coesos. As características de cisalhamento (coesão do solo, ângulo de atrito interno e resistência ao cisalhamento) mostraram-se sensíveis à identificação de horizontes coesos em solos de tabuleiros costeiros.

Projeto pedagógico e qualidade do ensino público: algumas categorias de análise

Este artigo analisa alguns usos do conceito de projeto pedagógico aplicado à escola pública e discute o sentido e as condições para sua plena realização. São identificados alguns elementos que favoreceriam as escolas públicas na execução de um projeto próprio e dificuldades enfrentadas nessa tarefa. Longe de significar apenas um documento escrito, descritivo de objetivos gerais e métodos de ensino, o projeto pedagógico pode traduzir uma dinâmica peculiar de funcionamento, proporcionada pelo trabalho coletivamente organizado dos agentes institucionais da escola, com base no entendimento e na discussão do princípio maior da formação do cidadão. Explicitam-se, assim, alguns elementos indissociáveis à formulação de um padrão de qualidade em educação, a partir de práticas concretas em que cada escola pública possa, de forma coerente, cumprir o papel que lhe cabe nessas condições.

Trabalho docente na escola fundamental: questões candentes

Derivado de investigação mais ampla sobre a estrutura da escola fundamental, este trabalho apresenta e discute resultados de pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, realizada em escola pública de ensino fundamental, analisando questões relacionadas ao trabalho docente, com destaque para a assistência pedagógica, para as condições objetivas de trabalho na escola e para a gestão do tempo na prática docente cotidiana. O artigo se ampara num conceito de educação como prática democrática, construtora de personalidades humano-históricas, para sugerir a necessidade de transformação na estrutura da escola atual, e traz conclusões a respeito da necessidade de se considerar o caráter peculiar e único do trabalho docente, no encaminhamento de soluções e iniciativas visando à efetiva realização de um ensino de qualidade.

Is there any influence of breastfeeding on the cerebral blood flow? A review of 256 healthy newborns

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether breastfeeding influence the cerebral blood-flow velocity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 256 healthy term neonates, all of them with appropriate weight for gestational age, 50.8% being female. Pulsatility index, resistance index and mean velocity were measured during breastfeeding or resting in the anterior cerebral artery, in the left middle cerebral artery, and in the right middle cerebral artery of the neonates between their first 10 and 48 hours of life. The data were analyzed by means of a paired t-test, Brieger's f-test for analysis of variance and linear regression, with p < 0.01 being accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: Mean resistance index decreased as the mean velocity increased significantly during breastfeeding. Pulsatility index values decreased as much as the resistance index, but in the right middle cerebral artery it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding influences the cerebral blood flow velocities.

Ultrasonographic study and Doppler flow velocimetry of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy

AbstractObjective:Longitudinal study with B-mode ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy, to establish and quantify normality parameters, correlating them with physiological changes.Materials and Methods:Twenty-five pregnant women were assessed and selected to participate in the study, each of them undergoing four examinations at the first, second, third trimesters and postpartum.Results:Findings during pregnancy were the following: increased renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation with incidence of 45.4% in the right kidney, and 9% in the left kidney; nephrolithiasis, 18.1% in the right kidney, 13.6% in the left kidney. With pyelocaliceal dilatation, mean values for resistivity index were: 0.68 for renal arteries; 0.66 for segmental arteries; 0.64 for interlobar arteries; 0.64 for arcuate arteries. Without pyelocaliceal dilatation, 0.67 for renal arteries; 0.64 for segmental arteries; 0.63 for interlobar arteries; and 0.61 for arcuate arteries. Portal vein flow velocities presented higher values in pregnancy, with mean value for maximum velocity of 28.9 cm/s, and 22.6 cm/s postpartum. The waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein presented changes persisting in the postpartum period in 31.8% of the patients. Cholelithiasis was observed in 18.1% of the patients.Conclusion:Alterations in renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation, nephrolithiasis, cholelithiasis, changes in portal vein flow velocity, alterations in waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein, proved to be significant.

Riboflavina: uma vitamina multifuncional

Riboflavin, a component of the B2 vitaminic complex, plays important roles in biochemistry, especially in redox reactions, due to the ability to participate in both one- and two-electron transfers as well as acting as a photosensitizer. Accordingly, low intakes of this vitamin have been associated with different diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Riboflavin is thought to contribute to oxidative stress through its capacity to produce superoxide but, interestingly, it can also promote the reduction of hydroperoxides. This peculiar and multifunctional behavior allows riboflavin to take part in various biochemical pathways as a nucleophile and an electrophile, turning it into a versatile and important biological compound.

Origens da Universidade Brasileira

Higher education was precariously installed in Brazil in colonial times, and during that period it led a difficult life. From the early nineteenth century on several institutions were founded and developed in different parts of the country. Those institutions were kept independent from one another without forming full universities until the beginning of the twentieth century, in a peculiar historical process that sets the country apart in this respect. This article examines this unique development and searches the past for the earliest origins of the nation's present university network.

O estado da arte da cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) retains the same principles as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), but uses 1-2.1 mm i.d. columns with sub-2 µm particles. It is considered the newest advance in analytical separation science. The use of these small particles with mobile phases at high linear velocities increases resolution and detectability and decreases analysis time. Thus, the analyses are faster, the solvent volume is smaller, the efficiency is higher and the detectability is 2-3 times higher when compared with HPLC analysis.

Peptídeos cíclicos de biomassa vegetal: características, diversidade, biossíntese e atividades biológicas

Natural peptides are outstanding as the most promising macromolecules in the search for new drugs, especially those of cyclic nature. The higher plants revealed a very peculiar composition of their cyclic peptides, which distinguish themselves by a "head-to-tail" cyclization. It is possible to define two groups of cyclic peptides from plant biomass. Those called in this review as Eucyclopeptides formed by 2-12 amino acid, and Cyclotides considered as circular polypeptides, composed of 29-37 amino acid that retain three disulfides bridges in an arrangement known as cyclic cystine knot. Searching for plant peptides should form into a subject for scientific research in the forefront of great importance for bioprospecting natural products macromolecular.

Tribocorrosão da liga TI6AL4V em solução salina tamponada com fosfato

The tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy was investigated in a Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution by a reciprocating wear, using alumina ball as the counterface material, at different normal forces and sliding velocities. Dry wear experiments were performed in order to compare with the tribocorrosion experiments at open circuit potential and under anodic polarization. Dry wear induced a superior damage on the counterface, forming larger and shallower wear tracks compared with those experiments performed in PBS solution. The anodic current was increased by wear; however the volume of oxidized metal in tribocorrosion experiments correspond to a relative low percentage of the wear track volume.

Influência das características físico-químicas dos solos no ciclo hidrobiogeoquímico do mercúrio na região do Rio Aracá - AM

The region of Aracá River (Middle and Upper Rio Negro-AM) has peculiar characteristics, having soils with atypical profile and high organic matter contents in great deep. The levels of aluminum and iron in the soil samples increased as a function of depth and concentrations of mercury ranged from 0.097 to 0.964 µg g-1. Statistical analysis showed the degree of similarity between soil samples collected. The highest concentrations of mercury in soil samples are directly related to soil higher content of organic matter, directly influencing the fate and bioavailability of mercury species to the environment.

Methanol steam reforming over Cu/CeO2 catalysts: influence of zinc addition

Methanol steam reforming reaction was studied over Cu(5 wt.%)/CeO2 with and without the presence of Zn. The Zn addition decreased the Cu+2 reducibility and increased the oxygen mobility of ceria. The main products were CO2 and H2 with small amount of CO. Selectivity to CO decreased with the Zn addition and it was lower at lower reaction temperatures and lower space velocities. At 230 ºC and W/F MeOH = 648 g min mol-1 selectivities to H2 and to CO2 were 100% on Zn/Cu/Ce. The catalytic results indicated that CO was mainly a secondary product formed from reverse water gas shift reaction.