Riqueza e distribuição temporal de anuros (Amphibia: Anura) em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista

Apesar do Brasil abrigar uma riqueza elevada de anfíbios anuros, muitas regiões ainda são consideradas subamostradas, incluindo ecossistemas que estão degradados e ameaçados. Esse é o caso da Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), formação que possui apenas 3% de sua distribuição original, sendo que apenas uma porcentagem menor ainda constitui florestas em estágio primário ou avançado. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a estrutura de uma taxocenose de anuros em um remanescente de FOM, avaliar a variação de riqueza e abundância em função de variáveis climáticas, comparar a taxocenose com outras oito inseridas na mesma formação e verificar se a riqueza registrada nas localidades varia em função da área total, da quantidade ou dos tipos de ambientes presentes. Foram realizadas 12 campanhas entre setembro de 2008 e agosto de 2009, totalizando 72 horas de amostragem. Por meio dos métodos de amostragem em sítio de reprodução em sete corpos d'água e de busca aural em quatro transecções no interior da floresta, foi registrada a ocorrência de 24 espécies de sete famílias, correspondendo a 96% da riqueza estimada para a área. Tanto a riqueza quanto a abundância foram registradas no período com maior volume de chuva. O número de espécies nos ambientes amostrados variou de um a 15, e quase metade (41%) delas foram exclusivas de ambientes florestais. Para os inventários de anuros em FOM, o que explica a maior riqueza de espécies é a quantidade de tipos de ambientes amostrados, indicando que amostragens em localidades mais heterogêneas, que podem satisfazer os requisitos reprodutivos de um maior número de espécies, aumentam o registro da riqueza local. Mesmo sendo um fragmento pequeno e alterado, a riqueza registrada foi alta se comparada com outras áreas cuja anurofauna foi inventariada, e que estão inseridas na FOM e apresentam esforço amostral semelhante. Devido à ocorrência de muitas espécies dependentes da integridade da floresta a minimização de atividades antrópicas e estudos mais detalhados devem ser as principais diretrizes para a manutenção e conservação local.

Variación espacio-temporal de Chironomidae (Diptera) bentónicos y derivantes en un arroyo serrano en Córdoba, Argentina

Chironomidae es una de las familias más abundantes y diversas en los ecosistemas de agua dulce, sin embargo su complejidad sistemática ha sido motivo de su escaso desarrollo en muchos estudios limnológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los ensambles de Chironomidae bentónicos y derivantes de un arroyo serrano de la región central de Argentina evaluando abundancia, diversidad y composición de especies en diferentes hábitats fluviales y distintas estaciones del año. Se tomaron muestras cuantitativas de bentos y deriva en el arroyo Achiras (Córdoba, Argentina) en hábitats de rabión y corredera, y se registraron variables ambientales en las cuatro estaciones del año, entre 2007 y 2008. Se registró un total de 25 taxones pertenecientes a cuatro subfamilias. Los quironómidos bentónicos constituyeron el 19% de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados, mientras que en deriva representaron el 33%. En el bentos dominó Thienemannimyia sp. y en la deriva, Corynoneura sp. De acuerdo con los resultados de ANOVAs de dos vías, los mayores valores de riqueza taxonómica y densidad bentónica se registraron en el periodo de aguas bajas (otoño e invierno) y la diversidad de quirónomidos bentónicos fue mayor en rabión. Por el contrario, para el ensamble de derivantes sólo la equitatividad fue diferente entre hábitats y entre estaciones. El análisis TWINSPAN mostró una separación espacio-temporal de las muestras de bentos, mientras que las muestras de deriva se segregaron sólo temporalmente lo que sugiere que el transporte aguas abajo de los invertebrados homogeniza la variación espacial observada en el bentos. La densidad de bentos y deriva varió de manera similar a través de las estaciones del año y el coeficiente de Jaccard presentó un alto índice de similitud entre bentos y deriva (86%). Este trabajo posibilitó conocer la dinámica temporal y espacial de los quironómidos bentónicos y derivantes en un arroyo serrano. La ampliación del conocimiento taxonómico, biológico y ecológico de Chironomidae posibilitará adecuar e implementar estrategias de manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas lóticos en la región central de Argentina.

Distribuição espacial e temporal de espécies de Bledius (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) em praias arenosas no sul do Brasil

Besouros da família Staphylinidae são comuns em zonas costeiras inundáveis pelas marés, como praias arenosas, manguezais, estuários e marismas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a distribuição espacial e a variação temporal da abundância ao longo de um ano, das espécies ocorrentes em duas praias arenosas (Assenodi e Cem) no Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brasil. Coletas semanais com um cilindro de PVC com 15 cm de diâmetro (0,017 m²) enterrado a 5 cm de profundidade, foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2012. A praia Assenodi apresentou altos valores de umidade de sedimento no supralitoral e pós-praia. Nesta praia, Bledius bonariensis foi dominante, mas também houve registro de B. fernandezi, ambas distribuídas nas porções superiores do perfil praial e ocorreram ao longo de todo o ano. A praia Cem apresentou valores altos de umidade do sedimento apenas no mesolitoral, em decorrência da subida e descida da maré, neste estrato B. hermani, foi a espécie dominante. Bledius bonariensis teve ocorrência ocasional em alguns meses do outono e inverno, associada a um aumento nas precipitações. A variação na abundância de B. hermani foi grande, sendo os maiores valores associados às altas temperaturas do verão. As espécies de Bledius mostraram uma clara separação espacial relacionada a distintos requerimentos ambientais, o que possibilita a coocorrência das três espécies na mesma praia em função de variações ambientais ao longo do ano.

Diversidad, distribución espacio-temporal y turnos de vocalización de anuros (Amphibia, Anura) en un área ecotonal del nordeste de Argentina

RESUMEN Estudios acerca de la diversidad e historia natural de comunidades de anuros son elementales para distinguir entre fluctuaciones naturales de aquellas causadas por impactos antrópicos (herramienta clave en programas de conservación), evaluar el papel que juegan en la dinámica de los ecosistemas y permitir comparaciones de gradientes de diversidad. En este contexto, se analiza la diversidad, la distribución temporal y espacial, y los turnos de vocalización de anuros de tres sitios de reproducción en los Esteros del Iberá, en el nordeste de Argentina. Los muestreos fueron mensuales entre julio de 2008 y junio de 2010. Se registraron 26 especies pertenecientes a cinco familias: Bufonidae (2), Hylidae (11), Leptodactylidae (11), Microhylidae (1), y Odontophrynidae (1). Se encontraron variaciones en la riqueza de especies por sitio, en el periodo, frecuencia y turno de vocalización y en la abundancia de machos vocalizadores. La riqueza es similar al de otros humedales similares, incluyendo un importante dominio de leptodactílidos e hílidos, patrón frecuente en ensambles neotropicales. La concentración de las especies en actividad de vocalización en los meses más cálidos y lluviosos estuvo asociada con los cambios en la temperatura y en las precipitaciones, las cuales fueron señaladas como algunos de los factores que inician la actividad reproductiva en ambientes estacionales.

Distribuição temporal de perfis eletrofocéticos de Acido nucleico de rotavírus em fezes de crianças em Belém, Pará

Amostras de rotavírus provenientes de crianças habitantes na periferia de Belém, Pará, foram analisadas por eletroforese em gel de policrilamida (PAGE). As bandas correspondentes aos 11 segmentos de ARN foram detectadas em 46 (76,7%) das 60 amostras de rotavírus. Das amostras classificadas 5 (109%) foram relativas ao subgrupo I, 41 (89,1%) ao subgrupo II e, em 23,3%) não foi possível classificação face a ausência das bandas 10 e 11. As amostras de rotavírus sub-grupo II e codificadas como "1N2L" foram as mais freqüentes, ocorrendo em 30 (65,2%) das 46 classificadas.

Spatial and temporal distribution of anopheline larvae in two malarious areas in Sucre State, Venezuela

The spatial and temporal distribution of anopheline larvae was studied in two coastal malarious areas of Sucre, State, Venezuela. Seven habitat types were sampled in the village of Guayana and eight species of Anopheles were collected. Anopheles aquasalis was the predominant species collected and was most abundant in the brackish marsh habitat (71 larvae per 100 samples). It was most abundant during the rainy season. At the second location, Santa F e, six habitat types were sampled and four anopheline species were collected. Habitats where An. aquasalis was most abundant were temporary freshwater ponds (34 larvae per 100 samples) and mangroves (10.5 larvae per 100 samples). At this location it was also most abundant in the rainy season. During the dry season it was collected in small numbers in river pools (1.3 larvae per 100 samples) along with large numbers of An. pseudopunctipennis (479 larvae per 100 samples). Larval control could be an important component of the malaria control program because major habitats could be defined and presence and abundance of larvae was limited to specific times of year.

Temporal change of the aggregation response in Triatoma infestans

Adults and larvae of Triatoma infestans spend daylight hours assembled in shaded places. An assembling factor has been demonstrated in the excrement of this species. We analysed different aspects of the dynamics of the response of bugs. Recently fed insects do not aggregate around faeces. They start to show a significant assembling response from the 8th hour after feeding onwards. Just deposited faeces do not evoke assembling, but a significant rejection instead. This reaction switches 3 h after deposition, when the faeces become attractive to the insects. The attractiveness of faeces persists for about 10 days and can be recovered after this time by rehydration. These findings are discussed in relation to the biological role of faeces and the dynamics of the use of refuges by T. infestans.

Spatio-temporal dynamics and transition from asymptotic equilibrium to bounded oscillations in Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

The sensitivity of parameters that govern the stability of population size in Chrysomya albiceps and describe its spatial dynamics was evaluated in this study. The dynamics was modeled using a density-dependent model of population growth. Our simulations show that variation in fecundity and mainly in survival has marked effect on the dynamics and indicates the possibility of transitions from one-point equilibrium to bounded oscillations. C. albiceps exhibits a two-point limit cycle, but the introduction of diffusive dispersal induces an evident qualitative shift from two-point limit cycle to a one fixed-point dynamics. Population dynamics of C. albiceps is here compared to dynamics of Cochliomyia macellaria, C. megacephala and C. putoria.

Temporal and spatial distribution of Leishmania mexicana infections in a population of Neotoma micropus

A 19-month mark-release-recapture study of Neotoma micropus with sequential screening for Leishmania mexicana was conducted in Bexar County, Texas, USA. The overall prevalence rate was 14.7% and the seasonal prevalence rates ranged from 3.8 to 26.7%. Nine incident cases were detected, giving an incidence rate of 15.5/100 rats/year. Follow-up of 101 individuals captured two or more times ranged from 14 to 462 days. Persistence of L. mexicana infections averaged 190 days and ranged from 104 to 379 days. Data on dispersal, density, dispersion, and weight are presented, and the role of N. micropus as a reservoir host for L. mexicana is discussed.

Temporal distribution of dengue virus serotypes in Colombian endemic area and dengue incidence: re-introduction of dengue-3 associated to mild febrile illness and primary infection

We have investigated the temporal distribution of dengue (DEN) virus serotypes in the department (state) of Santander, Colombia, in relation to dengue incidence, infection pattern, and severity of disease. Viral isolation was attended on a total of 1452 acute serum samples collected each week from 1998 to 2004. The infection pattern was evaluated in 596 laboratory-positive dengue cases using an IgG ELISA, and PRNT test. The dengue incidence was documented by the local health authority. Predominance of DEN-1 in 1998 and DEN-3 re-introduction and predominance in 2001-2003 coincided with outbreaks. Predominance of DEN-2 in 2000-2001 coincided with more dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DEN-4 was isolated in 2000-2001 and 2004 but was not predominant. There was an annual increase of primary dengue infections (from 13.7 to 81.4%) that correlated with frequency of DEN-3 (r = 0.83; P = 0.038). From the total number of primary dengue infections DEN-3 (81.3%) was the most frequent serotype. DHF was more frequent in DEN-2 infected patients than in DEN-3 infected patients: 27.5 vs 10.9% (P < 0.05). DEN-3 viruses belonged to subtype C (restriction site-specific-polymerase chain reaction) like viruses isolated in Sri-Lanka and other countries in the Americas. Our findings show the importance of continuous virological surveillance to identify the risk factors of dengue epidemics and severity.

Temporal distribution of ten calyptrate dipteran species of medicolegal importance in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Brazilian studies involving entomological succession patterns in carcasses have been used to describe the necrophagous entomofauna of a determined municipality or region with forensic objectives. Following the same objectives, an ecological study with 10 calyptrate dipterans was carried out during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 in the metropolitan region of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The aim of this study was to describe several aspects of the phenology of these species in three neighbouring areas. Carcasses of three domestic pigs (Sus scrofa L.) were used in each season as models for forensic and legal medicine investigations in the region. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were measured daily and their relations with population abundance of the colonising species and the decomposition stages were analysed. Ten fly species were recorded to be colonising the carcasses, five of which belonged to the Calliphoridae family, three to the Muscidae, one to the Fanniidae and one to the Sarcophagidae family. Data show preferences of these species for climatic season and decomposition stage, as well as for the studied area and suggest that short distances can significantly influence the abundance of some species.

Monitoring temporal fluctuations of Culex quinquefasciatus using oviposition traps containing attractant and larvicide in an urban environment in Recife, Brazil

The use of attractants and larvicides in oviposition traps is of practical interest for the surveillance and control of urban mosquitoes. In addition to increasing the safety of the traps, this combination is essential for an attract-and-kill control strategy based on trapping mosquito eggs. The combination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and grass infusion (GI) vs. GI alone were tested for their ability to attract in paired BR-OVT traps in the backyards of 10 houses in Recife, Brazil, for a period of 45 days. Results show that females prefer to oviposit in traps containing Bti (363 compared with 251 egg rafts over 45 days). Results from a one-year trial on the efficacy of BR-OVT traps loaded with GI and Bti as a sampling tool to monitor temporal fluctuations in the population densities of Culex quinquefasciatus in an urban environment are also reported. From December 2006-January 2007, one trap per home was installed and maintained for 348 consecutive days in 134-151 houses located in three urban blocks. Throughout the one-year field trial a total of 43,151 Culex egg rafts were collected in the traps. The data show that BR-OVT loaded with GI and Bti is sensitive enough to demonstrate continuous reproductive activity of Cux. quinquefasciatus in the study area throughout the year and to monitor temporal fluctuations in population density.

Temporal variation of wing geometry in Aedes albopictus

Although native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia, Aedes albopictus is now found on five continents, primarily due to its great capacity to adapt to different environments. This species is considered a secondary vector of dengue virus in several countries. Wing geometric morphometrics is widely used to furnish morphological markers for the characterisation and identification of species of medical importance and for the assessment of population dynamics. In this work, we investigated the metric differentiation of the wings of Ae. albopictus samples collected over a four-year period (2007-2010) in São Paulo, Brazil. Wing size significantly decreased during this period for both sexes and the wing shape also changed over time, with the wing shapes of males showing greater differences after 2008 and those of females differing more after 2009. Given that the wings play sex-specific roles, these findings suggest that the males and females could be affected by differential evolutionary pressures. Consistent with this hypothesis, a sexually dimorphic pattern was detected and quantified: the females were larger than the males (with respect to the mean) and had a distinct wing shape, regardless of allometric effects. In conclusion, wing alterations, particularly those involving shape, are a sensitive indicator of microevolutionary processes in this species.

Characterisation of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitats at ground level and temporal fluctuations of larval abundance in Córdoba, Argentina

The aims of this study were to characterise the ground-level larval habitats of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, to determine the relationships between habitat characteristics and larval abundance and to examine seasonal larval-stage variations in Córdoba city. Every two weeks for two years, 15 larval habitats (natural and artificial water bodies, including shallow wells, drains, retention ponds, canals and ditches) were visited and sampled for larval mosquitoes. Data regarding the water depth, temperature and pH, permanence, the presence of aquatic vegetation and the density of collected mosquito larvae were recorded. Data on the average air temperatures and accumulated precipitation during the 15 days prior to each sampling date were also obtained. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were collected throughout the study period and were generally most abundant in the summer season. Generalised linear mixed models indicated the average air temperature and presence of dicotyledonous aquatic vegetation as variables that served as important predictors of larval densities. Additionally, permanent breeding sites supported high larval densities. In Córdoba city and possibly in other highly populated cities at the same latitude with the same environmental conditions, control programs should focus on permanent larval habitats with aquatic vegetation during the early spring, when the Cx. quinquefasciatus population begins to increase.

Spatial and temporal changes in Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance, a Leishmania infantum vector in an urban area in northeastern Argentina

This study aimed to analyse changes in the spatial distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Posadas, an urban area located in northeastern Argentina. Data were obtained during the summer of 2007 and 2009 through two entomological surveys of peridomiciles distributed around the city. The abundance distribution pattern for 2009 was computed and compared with the previous pattern obtained in 2007, when the first human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in the city. Vector abundance was also examined in relation to micro and macrohabitat characteristics. In 2007 and 2009, Lu. longipalpis was distributed among 41.5% and 31% of the households in the study area, respectively. In both years, the abundance rates at most of the trapping sites were below 30 Lu. longipalpis per trap per night; however, for areas exhibiting 30-60 Lu. longipalpis and more than 60 Lu. longipalpis, the areas increased in both size and number from 2007-2009. Lu. longipalpis was more abundant in areas with a higher tree and bush cover (a macrohabitat characteristic) and in peridomiciles with accumulated unused material (a microhabitat characteristic). These results will help to prioritise and focus control efforts by defining which peridomiciles display a potentially high abundance of Lu. longipalpis.