Caracterização da farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba e propriedades funcionais dos extrusados

Estudaram-se as características de farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba fermentado e algumas propriedades funcionais (índice de expansão e índice de solubilidade) dos extrusados elaborados a partir deste bagaço e arroz, em proporções que variaram de 11,59 a 25% (bagaço/arroz). A farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba fermentado foi avaliada quanto à distribuição do tamanho de partícula, cor, sabor e aroma, composição centesimal, minerais e fibras. Algumas das características desta farinha foram comparadas com as das farinhas de bagaço de jabuticaba doce (sem fermentar) e arroz polido. O extrusor utilizado para obtenção das farinhas pré-gelatinizadas constituiu-se em um único parafuso com taxa de compressão de 1:3, com rotação variável (65,90 a 234,10 rpm). Usou-se uma matriz circular de 3 mm e uma taxa de alimentação de 5 kg/h. As temperaturas da 1ª e 2ª zonas de aquecimento do extrusor foram mantidas fixas (50 e 100 °C, respectivamente) e a 3ª zona variou entre 99,54 e 200,46 °C. A Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi usada para avaliar a tendência das propriedades funcionais frente às variações de bagaço na formulação e dos parâmetros do processo (temperatura e rotação do parafuso). Os resultados mostraram que a farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba fermentado é uma boa fonte de fibras, de proteínas e de minerais, constituída de partículas finas com aroma característico do fruto e de sabor azedo-adstringente e ligeiramente salgado. A expansão dos extrusados aumentou com o aumento da rotação do parafuso e diminuiu com o aumento da adição de farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba, apresentando um comportamento quadrático com o aumento da temperatura. O índice de solubilidade aumentou com o aumento da rotação do parafuso e com a diminuição da temperatura. Maiores índices de expansão (3,26) e de solubilidade (17,55%) foram alcançados numa formulação contendo aproximadamente 10% de bagaço de jabuticaba fermentado a 240 rpm e temperaturas de 130 e 100 °C, respectivamente. A farinha de bagaço de jabuticaba fermentado misturada com farinha de arroz polido poderá ser usada como matéria-prima para a produção de farinhas pré-gelatinizadas, se as circunstâncias operacionais apropriadas forem aplicadas.

Fermentado de jaca: estudo das características físico-químicas e sensoriais

A jaca é a maior de todas as frutas cultivadas, é rica em fibras, cálcio, fósforo, ferro, potássio, magnésio, vitamina C e carboidratos, cuja concentração é de cerca de 22%, apresentando potencial para fabricação de bebidas fermentadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar, mediante análises físico-químicas, o fermentado de jaca após 11 meses de armazenamento e avaliar sua aceitação por meio de escala hedônica de nove pontos. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados aos estabelecidos pela legislação para vinhos de uva e apenas o teor de cloretos apresentou-se elevado, os demais valores foram compatíveis aos de outros fermentados de frutas. O fermentado de jaca apresentou resultados próximos aos estabelecidos para vinho de mesa tipo meio-seco, atingindo um grau alcoólico de 13 °GL. A análise sensorial obteve um índice de aceitação de 78%, calculado pela percentagem de notas superiores a 5, revelando uma boa aceitação por parte dos provadores.

Propriedades termodinâmicas de adsorção de água do amido de rizomas do lírio-do-brejo (Hedychium coronarium)

Determinaram-se as propriedades termodinâmicas (entalpia diferencial, entropia diferencial, entalpia integral e entropia integral) do amido de rizomas do lírio-do-brejo (Hedychium coronarium) por meio de isotermas de adsorção de água. As isotermas foram determinadas em atividades de água no intervalo de 0,11 a 0,84, sob temperaturas que variaram de 30 a 50 °C. A Equação de GAB, que se ajustou bem às isotermas experimentais, foi utilizada para estimar as propriedades termodinâmicas de adsorção. As isotermas apresentaram ligeira inversão, indicando a precença de amido danificado. A entalpia diferencial e a entropia diferencial aumentaram com a diminuição da umidade de equilíbrio e correlacionaram entre si confirmando a compensação química linear. Um modelo exponencial do tipo Y = b.e(a/Xe) descreveu adequadamente a dependência destas propriedades diferenciais ao teor de umidade de equilíbrio. A entalpia integral e a entropia integral aumentaram continuamente com o teor de umidade de equilíbrio, porém com valores negativos para a entropia integral. Estas propriedades termodinâmicas de adsorção de água demonstraram que o amido extraído dos rizomas do lírio-do-brejo possui baixa higrocopicidade apesar da ocorrência de grânulos de amido danificados.

Aceitabilidade de biscoitos e bolos à base de arroz com café extrusados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a granulometria de farinha do trigo e de farinhas pré-cozidas por extrusão obtidas da mistura de arroz com pó de café (15 e 20%), bem como a aceitabilidade de biscoitos e bolos elaborados a partir da adição de 20 e 30% da farinha pré-cozida na mistura da massa (trigo). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as farinhas extrusadas apresentaram maior granulometria que a farinha de trigo; à medida que se aumentou o percentual de farinha pré-cozida na mistura com o trigo, também aumentou a granulometria. Não houve diferença significativa entre as amostras tratadas com 15 e 20% de farinha pré-cozida quanto à preferência sensorial de aroma, textura, sabor e impressão global avaliados em bolos. Entretanto, os biscoitos elaborados com a farinha pré-cozida com 15% de pó de café na mistura com arroz apresentaram maior preferência para aroma e textura ao serem comparados com aqueles com 20%; a farinha pré-cozida de pó de café com arroz pode ser utilizada como ingrediente na mistura de bolos, biscoitos e outros produtos alimentícios em até 30%.

Aguardente de jabuticaba obtida da casca e borra da fabricação de fermentado de jabuticaba

Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir aguardente de jabuticaba a partir do subproduto da fabricação do fermentado de jabuticaba (casca e borra) e verificar a sua qualidade mediante análises físico-químicas e posterior comparação aos padrões de aguardente de frutas existentes na legislação brasileira. O teor de ésteres (357 mg.100 mL-1) apresentou-se acima do estipulado pela legislação (250 mg.100 mL-1) e em relação a outras aguardentes de frutas também foi elevado. Com respeito às outras variáveis, não foram encontrados valores discrepantes como, por exemplo, valores de grau alcoólico (39 °GL), densidade (0,95 cm³.g-1), acidez volátil (30 mg.100 mL-1). Assim sendo, a aguardente é uma alternativa para produtores rurais que cultivam a jabuticaba evitando perdas pós-colheita consideráveis durante a safra.

Effect of sugar and water contents on non-expanded cassava flour extrudates

The effects of sucrose and water contents on cassava flour processed by extrusion at varied concentrations of sucrose (0-20% w/w) and water (28-42% w/w) were studied by applying response surface methodology. The extrusion of the mixtures was performed in a twin screw extruder fitted to a torque rheometer. The specific mechanical energy (SME) dissipated inside a conical twin-screw extruder was measured. Water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and paste viscosity readings (cold viscosity (CV), peak viscosity (PV), breakdown (BD) and set back (SB)) during a gelatinization-retrogradation cycle measured in a Rapid Visco Analyzer were determined on non-directly extruded products. The results indicated that SME and WSI decreased as a function of water and sucrose contents. WAI and pasting properties were influenced by water content. A non antiplasticizing effect of the sucrose content was observed on pasting properties, suggesting that sucrose did not reduce the availability of water available for gelatinizing cassava flour during the extrusion process. The nature of the optimum point was characterized as a saddle point for WAI, WSI, PV and BD, whereas SME showed a maximum and CV and SB a minimum. The results indicated to be valuable for the production of non-expanded cassava flour extrudates with desirable functional properties for specific end users.

Production of glucose and fructose syrups from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch using enzymes produced by microorganisms isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil

The high demands for sugars and the development of enzymatic technology have increased the production of sweeteners, especially for glucose and fructose syrups. This work describe a technology for glucose and fructose syrups from Brazilian cassava starch using enzymes produced by soil microrganisms isolated from the Brazilian Cerrado soil. Firstly, Aspergillus niger and Streptomyces sp. were isolated from the soil and used as glucoamylase (GA) and glucose isomerase (GI) producer sources. After characterization, GA and GI exhibited optimum pH 4.5 and 8.0, respectively. GA showed maximum activity at 60 ºC and GI at 85 ºC. GA and GI retained 65 and 80%, respectively, of initial activity after 180 minutes of incubation at 60 ºC. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmáx were 0.476 (mg.mL-1) and 8.58 (µmol/minute) for GA and 0.082 (M) and 48.20 (µmol/minute) for GI. The maximum glucose syrups production occurred after 24 hours of reaction with a 98% yield. The production of fructose syrups with 42% (w/v) was reached after 96 hours of reaction.

Antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, polifenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, en la cáscara de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh)

Este trabajo fue realizado en la UNAS, Tingo María, Perú. Los objetivos fueron evaluar el contenido de antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, y polifenoles totales, en la cáscara fresca y seca de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) en diferentes estados de madurez; evaluar la actividad antioxidante en la cáscara seca, usando diferentes tipos de radicales (DPPH, ABTS+ y Peroxilo) y correlacionar el valor de ácido ascórbico y polifenoles totales con la actividad antioxidante. La extracción fue realizada en medio acuoso, y los resultados de las evaluaciones de cada experimento fueron analizados por un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), según la prueba de t-student (p < 0,05). El extracto de la cáscara de la muestra madura fresca mostró las concentraciones más elevadas de ácido ascórbico y antocianinas en relación al pintón y verde, con 21,95 mg.g-1 cáscara, y 46,42 mg.L-1 de cianidin-3-glucósido, respectivamente, mientras que el extracto de la cáscara seca del pintón mostró el mayor valor de ácido ascórbico y polifenoles totales con 53,49 mg.g-1 muestra y 7,70 mg de Ac. Gálico/g muestra. La mayor actividad antioxidante, fue en los extractos de la cáscara seca de muestra pintón, con IC50 = 46,20; 20,25 y 8,30 μg.mL-1 frente a los radicales DPPH, ABTS+ y Peroxilo respectivamente.

Cooking quality of upland and lowland rice characterized by different methods

Rice cooking quality is usually evaluated by texture and stickiness characteristics using many different methods. Gelatinization temperature, amylose content, viscosity (Brookfield viscometer and Rapid Visco Analyzer), and sensory analysis were performed to characterize culinary quality of rice grains produced under two cropping systems and submitted to different technologies. All samples from the upland cropping system and two from the irrigated cropping system presented intermediate amylose content. Regarding stickiness, BRS Primavera, BRS Sertaneja, and BRS Tropical showed loose cooked grains. Irrigated cultivars presented less viscosity and were softer than upland cultivars. Upland grain samples had similar profile on the viscoamylografic curve, but the highest viscosity peaks were observed for BRS Alvorada, IRGA 417, and SCS BRS Piracema among the irrigated cropping system samples. In general, distinct grain characteristics were observed between upland and irrigated samples by cluster analysis. The majority of the upland cultivars showed soft and loose grains with adequate cooking quality confirmed by sensory tests. Most of the irrigated cultivars, however, presented soft and sticky grains. Different methodologies allowed to improve the construction of the culinary profile of the varieties studied.

Culture alternative medium for the growth of extreme halophilic bacteria in fish products

Halotolerant or halophilic (Archaeabacteria) microorganisms can be found in salted and ripening fish products that are not affected by salt. They can be moderate or extremely halophilic bacteria. The extremely halophilic bacteria require between 15-30% of NaCl for growth. The extremely halophilic archaeobacteria may be selectively isolated in different media. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of the Salt-Agar-Milk medium, a medium modified in our laboratory through the addition of MgSO4 and KCl - named SAMm, and its effect on the bacterial growth by means of comparison with other media, with and without milk, determining time of incubation and counting. Two samples of salted fish from local fish salting factories and two laboratory strains were used. The factory samples were matured anchovy and anchovy fillets in oil, and the laboratory strains were: Haloarcula spp. (proteolytic) and Halococcus spp. (non-proteolytic). The following media were alternatively used for the isolation of extremely halophilic bacteria: IRAM; Formulation of Gibbons and collaborators, Cod Milk agar, and SAMm. IRAM and Gibbons were also used enriched with milk. In the SAMm medium, there were obtained count values similar or higher than the ones of the traditional media; besides the simplicity of its elaboration, the possibility to obtain positive results two or three days earlier also added to its benefit. Consequently, it can be considered an alternative to the media traditionally used for the studied halophilic bacteria.

Characterization of fruits from the savanna: Araça (Psidium guinnensis Sw.) and Marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.)

The objective of this work was to characterize fruits from the Brazilian savanna by means of physical and chemical analyses. The results obtained for araça peel, araça pulp and marolo pulp, respectively, were: moisture (77.03, 80.41 and 70.56 g.100 g-1), ash (0.65, 0.44 and 0.54 g.100 g-1), protein (1.39, 1.87 and 1.99 g.100 g-1), lipids (0.32, 0.33 and 2.36 g.100 g-1), total carbohydrates (90.88 , 78.25 and 24.55 g.100 g-1), total soluble sugars (8.45, 9.99 and 127.4 g.100 g-1), pH (3.76, 3.99 and 4.49), soluble solids (11° Brix, 8.8 °Brix and 21.4 °Brix) and antioxidant potential (16.33, 12.75 and 34.29 discoloration DPPH/100 mL). Calcium was the predominant mineral in araça (490 mg.kg-1 peel and 485 mg.kg-1 pulp) while magnesium was in marolo (350 mg.kg-1). Citric acid was the predominant organic acid in araça (3125 μg.g-1 peel and 881.25 μg.g-1 pulp) and Malic acid was predominant in marolo (76.68 μg.g-1). Therefore, given their nutrient contents, the consumption of these fruits from the savanna should be encouraged.

Study of the shelf-life of a mixed araça (Psidium guineensis Sw.) and marolo (Annona crassiflora Mart.) jam

The objective of this study was to add value to araça and marolo fruits by developing jams and verifying changes in their physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters during storage. The analyses were carried out every 2 months. From the results, it was shown that the levels of moisture (35.89 - 26.34%), lipids (0.43 - 0.27%), sucrose (30.62 - 28.98%), total pectin (0.83 - 0.50%), soluble pectin (0.52 - 0.38%), total phenolic compounds (180.31 - 135.52 mg.GAE 100 g-1), and organic acids (401.1 - 68.5 µg.g-1 citric acid) decreased during storage. However, the levels of protein (0.83 - 0.95%), carbohydrate (62.52 - 72.5%, calories (257,11 - 295,931 kcal), fiber (0.72 - 1.4%), total soluble sugar (62.52 - 70.44%), reducing sugar (32.05 - 41.41%), soluble solids (68.4 - 72.18 °Brix), consistency (0.33 - 0.44 N), total antioxidant potential (11.3 - 22.63%), and color (a* 7.56 - 9.49, and b* 8.63 - 10.49) increased during 1-year storage. The quality of the fruit jams studied was in accordance with the microbiological standards established by the Brazilian legislation. It was concluded that the mixed araça and marolo jam can be stored for 1 year without the addition of additives.

Technological properties of precooked flour containing coffee powder and rice by thermoplastic extrusion

Although Brazil is a country of tradition in both the production and consumption of coffee, the most of the coffee is consumed as a beverage, which reduces greatly the competitiveness on international market, for reducing the chances of supplying the product under other forms of consumption. Owing to that, the aim of this study was developing a precooked mixed flour containing coffee powder and rice for use in coffee flavored products. Mixtures of rice and coffee in the proportions of 900:100, 850:150 and 800:200 g, respectively, were processed in a single screw extruder (Brabender DS-20, Duisburg, German) and the effect of the extrusion process on the variables moisture content (16%, 18% and 20%) and temperature in the third extruding zone (140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C) was studied. The results for expansion index ranged from 2.91 to 11.11 mm in diameter; the water absorption index from 4.59 to 6.33 g gel/g sample and the water solubility index varied from 4.05% to 8.57%. These results showed that, despite coffee powder influenced the variables studied, the expanded product after milling resulted in a extruded mixture with good absorption and water solubility indices, which favors the use of the precooked mixed flour for human consumption.

Prevention of enzymatic browning of yacon flour by the combined use of anti-browning agents and the study of its chemical composition

Yacon roots present functional properties because of the high levels of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered as prebiotic fibers. In addition, yacon roots are rich in phenolic compounds. During the processing of yacon, the freshly cut surface undergoes rapid enzymatic browning. Control of enzymatic browning during processing is very important to preserve the appearance of yacon flour. In this study, it was evaluated the combined effect of anti-browning agents (ascorbic acid, citric acid and L-cysteine) on the inhibition of enzymatic browning of yacon, using Response Surface Methodology. The yacon pre-treated with anti-browning agents in concentrations of 15.0 mM for ascorbic acid, 7.5 mM for citric acid and 10.0 mM for L-cysteine was used for the processing of flour. Yacon flour presented an attractive color and good sensory properties, without residual aroma. The contents of FOS and phenolic compounds obtained in yacon flour were 28.60 g.100 g- 1 and 1.35 g.100 g- 1. Yacon flour can be considered as a potential functional food, especially due to high levels of FOS, which allows for its use in formulation of various foods.

Study of the aging of fermented of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and sensory profile and acceptance

Yacon is considered a functional food due to its the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) content, however its perishability and low production volume is a problem. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in aging during one year of storage and conduct sensory analysis of fermented of yacon. For one year total acidity, volatile acidity, free and total sulfur dioxide, reducing sugars, sucrose, phenols and FOS and its antioxidant power were studied. At the end of aging a sensory profile and acceptance panel was performed. The total and volatile acidity increased significantly (p < 0.05). A decrease in fructooligosaccharide was also observed, indicating that yeasts are probably capable of hydrolyzing the latter. The total sulfur dioxide decreased significantly, demonstrating its ability to act well against oxidation products. This product showed good antioxidant capacity and sensory profiles of considerable acceptance. Therefore it can be affirmed that the alcoholic fermentation of yacon can be a good alternative for the industrial sector and farmers in the region could be encouraged to use large-scale production.