Correlations between major risk factors and closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates grouped by three current enotyping procedures: a population-based study in northeast Mexico

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.

Viral aetiology of common colds of outpatient children at primary care level and the use of antibiotics

Although antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections, studies have shown high rates of prescriptions worldwide. We conducted a study in Brazil to determine the viral aetiologies of common colds in children and to describe the use of antibiotics for these patients. Children up to 12 years with common colds were enrolled from March 2008-February 2009 at a primary care level facility and followed by regular telephone calls and medical consultations. A nasopharyngeal wash was obtained at enrollment and studied by direct fluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction for nine different types of virus. A sample of 134 patients was obtained, median age 2.9 years (0.1-11.2 y). Respiratory viruses were detected in 73.9% (99/134) with a coinfection rate of 30.3% (30/99). Rhinovirus was the most frequent virus (53/134; 39.6%), followed by influenza (33/134; 24.6%) and respiratory syncytial virus (8/134; 13.4%). Antibiotic prescription rate was 39.6% (53/134) and 69.8% (37/53) were considered inappropriate. Patients with influenza infection received antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases when compared to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections (p = 0.016). The rate of inappropriate use of antibiotics was very high and patients with influenza virus infection were prescribed antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases.

Aplicação da teoria de Parse no relacionamento enfermeiro-indivíduo

O estudo tem o objetivo de relatar experiências de situações vividas pelas autoras ao aplicarem os fundamentos da teoria de Parse "Human Becoming" e apresentar seus princípios e conceitos visando divulgá-la. Após estudo teórico para a compreensão da teoria, os seus princípios foram aplicados na prática. As autoras constataram que isto implica em mudança de valores e crenças do enfermeiro, transformando sua visão sobre o ser humano e sua saúde, tornando o cuidado mais humanístico. A experiência vivenciada possibilitou amadurecimento pessoal e profissional das autoras.

The 15-minute family interview: a family health strategy tool

The 15-minute family interview is a condensed form of the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models (CFAM and CFIM) that aims to contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurses and family and to implement interventions to promote health and suffering relief, even during brief interactions. This study investigated the experience of nurses from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) who used the 15-minute interview on postpartum home. The qualitative research was conducted in three stages: participants' training program, utilization of the 15-minute family interview by participants, and interviews with nurses. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight nurses. The thematic analysis revealed two main themes: dealing with the challenge of a new practice and evaluating the assignment. This work shows that this tool can be used to deepen relationships between nurses and families in the Family Health Strategy.

Enfermeiro Clinico Especialista: um modelo de pratica avancada de enfermagem em oncologia pediatrica no Brasil

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência de implantação do modelo de prática avançada de enfermagem por meio da incorporação do enfermeiro clínico especialista na composição do quadro de enfermagem. As autoras apresentam o conceito desse modelo e descrevem seu processo de implantação em uma instituição de referência no cuidado à criança e ao adolescente com câncer da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Na avaliação das enfermeiras clínicas especialistas, o principal resultado obtido com a adoção do modelo refere-se ao fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro como profissional de referência para a articulação das diferentes demandas de cuidado à criança, ao adolescente e ao adulto jovem com câncer e sua família. Também destacam a satisfação dos usuários com o estreitamento da relação paciente, família e enfermeira clínica, em todas as etapas do processo de cuidar.

Destino de adubos nitrogenados marcados com 15N em amostras de dois solos da Amazônia central

Foi estudado, em condições de casa de vegetação, em Nancy (França), em 1992, o destino de duas formas de fertilizantes nitrogenados, marcados com 15N, sulfato de amônio e uréia, em amostras do horizonte A de dois principais solos da Amazônia Central, classificados como latossolo amarelo e podzólico vermelho-amarelo. A planta teste foi o "rye-grass" da Itália (Lolium multiflorum L.). Em ambos os solos, a uréia foi mais bem utilizada do que o sulfato de amônio. Entre 60 e 70% do N aplicado como uréia foi absorvido pela planta, enquanto, com a aplicação de sulfato de amônio, esses valores variaram entre 44 e 49%. O balanço do 15N no final do ciclo da cultura mostrou que a imobilização do N nos dois solos foi maior na presença de uréia que na de sulfato de amônio. As perdas, estimadas por diferença, foram mais elevadas no tratamento com sulfato de amônio. Considerando que perdas por lixiviação foram praticamente nulas com a técnica de cultivo utilizada, elas devem ter ocorrido essencialmente por via gasosa.