Paleoparasitologic, paleogenetic and paleobotanic analysis of XVIII century coprolites from the church La Concepción in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

We present the results of a paleoparasitologic, paleogenetic and paleobotanic analysis of coprolites recovered during the excavation of the church La Concepción in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Coprolites (n = 4) were rehydrated and a multidisciplinary analysis was conducted. The paleobotanic analysis showed numerous silicates, seeds and fruits of the family Moraceae. In the paleoparasitologic study, Ascaris sp. eggs (n = 344) were identified. The paleogenetic results confirmed the Ascaris sp. infection as well as the European origin of human remains. These findings contribute to our knowledge of ancient helminthes infections and are the first paleoparasitological record of Ascaris sp. infection in Spain.

Ocular toxoplasmosis: evaluation of lacrimal - specific secretory IgA levels in both patients with active and inactive phases of the disease

Ocular toxoplasmosis can result in recurrent uveitis. Studies have shown that a correlation between active ocular toxoplasmosis and the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii secretory IgA (SIgA) in tears. This study compares anti-T. gondii SIgA levels in patients' tears during the acute and inactive phases of toxoplasmic uveitis. Twenty-nine positive tear specific SIgA for T. gondii patients with acute toxoplasmic uveitis were selected and were followed-up for at least two years, when the anti-T. gondii SIgA tears levels were determined. Specific SIgA for T. gondii was negative in 22 patients (75.86%) and positive in seven patients (24.13%) of whom six (85.7%) were followed over three years. Average SIgA levels during the acute phase are 1.54 and decrease significantly to 0.72 (p = 0.0001) during the inactive phase of disease. Because anti-T. gondii SIgA in the tear is negative in 75.86% of patients after the acute phase of infection, T. gondii SIgA levels may be used as a complementary diagnostic marker for active ocular toxoplasmosis.

A morphologically distinct Phlebotomus argentipes population from active cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in central Sri Lanka

Although the reported aetiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is Leishmania donovani, the sandfly vector remains unknown. Ninety-five sandflies, 60 females and 35 males, collected in six localities in the district of Matale, central Sri Lanka, close to current active transmission foci of CL were examined for taxonomically relevant characteristics. Eleven diagnostic morphological characters for female sandflies were compared with measurements described for Indian and Sri Lankan sandflies, including the now recognised Phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato species complex. The mean morphometric measurements of collected female sandflies differed significantly from published values for P. argentipes morphospecies B, now re-identified as Phlebotomus annandalei from Delft Island and northern Sri Lanka, from recently re-identified P. argentipes s.s. sibling species and from Phlebotomus glaucus. Furthermore, analysis of underlying variation in the morphometric data through principal component analysis also illustrated differences between the population described herein and previously recognised members of the P. argentipes species complex. Collectively, these results suggest that a morphologically distinct population, perhaps most closely related to P. glaucus of the P. argentipess. I. species complex, exists in areas of active CL transmission. Thus, research is required to determine the ability of this population of flies to transmit cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the survival of vertically HIV-infected children and adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has reduced the number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related deaths worldwide. This study assessed the impact of HAART on the survival and death rates of vertically HIV-infected children and adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were obtained from a historic cohort of vertically HIV-infected children and adolescents aged zero-19 years old who were admitted from March 1989-December 2004 and were followed until June 2006. Patients who used HAART were included if they were treated for at least 12 weeks. Of 359 patients, 320 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall mortality rate was 9.7% [31/320; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.0-13%]. The median survival for the non-HAART and HAART groups was 31.5 and 55.9 months, respectively (log rank = 22.11, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, the statistically significant variables were HAART and the weight-for-age Z score < -2, with HAART constituting a protective factor [relative risk (RR): 0.13; CI 95%: 0.05-0.33] and malnutrition constituting a risk factor (RR: 3.44; CI 95%: 1.60-7.40) for death. The incidence of death was 5.1/100 person-years in the non-HAART group and 0.8/100 person-years in the HAART group (p < 0.0001).

Incidence of active mycobacterial infections in Brazilian patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis and negative evaluation for latent tuberculosis infection at baseline - A longitudinal analysis after using TNFa blockers

Several studies point to the increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIAs) after using tumour necrosis factor (TNF)a blockers. To study the incidence of active mycobacterial infections (aMI) in patients starting TNFa blockers, 262 patients were included in this study: 109 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 93 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 44 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 16 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). All patients had indication for anti-TNFa therapy. Epidemiologic and clinical data were evaluated and a simple X-ray and tuberculin skin test (TST) were performed. The control group included 215 healthy individuals. The follow-up was 48 months to identify cases of aMI. TST positivity was higher in patients with AS (37.6%) than in RA (12.8%), PsA (18.8%) and JIA (6.8%) (p < 0.001). In the control group, TST positivity was 32.7%. Nine (3.43%) patients were diagnosed with aMI. The overall incidence rate of aMI was 86.93/100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.6-217.9] for patients and 35.79/100,000 person-years (95% CI 12.4-69.6) for control group (p < 0.001). All patients who developed aMI had no evidence of LTBI at the baseline evaluation. Patients with CIA starting TNFa blockers and no evidence of LTBI at baseline, particularly with nonreactive TST, may have higher risk of aMI.

The dynamics of Brazilian protozoology over the past century

Brazilian scientists have been contributing to the protozoology field for more than 100 years with important discoveries of new species such asTrypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. In this work, we used a Brazilian thesis database (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) covering the period from 1987-2011 to identify researchers who contributed substantially to protozoology. We selected 248 advisors by filtering to obtain researchers who supervised at least 10 theses. Based on a computational analysis of the thesis databases, we found students who were supervised by these scientists. A computational procedure was developed to determine the advisors’ scientific ancestors using the Lattes Platform. These analyses provided a list of 1,997 researchers who were inspected through Lattes CV examination and allowed the identification of the pioneers of Brazilian protozoology. Moreover, we investigated the areas in which researchers who earned PhDs in protozoology are now working. We found that 68.4% of them are still in protozoology, while 16.7% have migrated to other fields. We observed that support for protozoology by national or international agencies is clearly correlated with the increase of scientists in the field. Finally, we described the academic genealogy of Brazilian protozoology by formalising the “forest” of Brazilian scientists involved in the study of protozoa and their vectors over the past century.

Combination of diatomaceous earth and powder deltamethrin for insect control in stored corn

The use of diatomaceous earth (DE) is a very efficient insect control measure in stored grain IPM due to its low cost, easy application, reduction of active ingredient residues, lower environmental contamination and operator safety. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of different dosages of DE mixed with powder deltamethrin for controlling Sitophilus zeamais in stored corn. Samples of 100 g of clean and dry corn, in three replicates, were submitted to the following treatments: DE (Keepdry®), at the dosages of 500, 750 and 1000 g/t; powder deltamethrin (K-Obiol®) at 0,5 g a.i. /t and 1,0 g a.i. /t; and combinations of the lowest and highest DE dosages with the two dosages of deltamethrin. Thirty adults of S. zeamais were placed in each vial with the treated grains and kept in environment chambers at 25ºC. Mortality was evaluated from the 1st to the 28th day. In the treatments mixing DE with deltamethrin or deltamethrin alone, the mortalyti was registered since the first day. In the treatments using only DE, the first dead insects were recorded after the 3rd day, especially in the highest dosages. After the 7th day, however, there was no statistical difference among all treatments, except for the lowest dosage of DE which reached a satisfactory control level only by the 14th day. It was concluded that treatments using DE combined with low dosages of powder deltamethrin represent an efficient control measure against S. zeamais in stored corn because insect mortality is faster than in treatments using DE alone and residues of active ingredients are much lower than using the insecticide in high dosages.

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. I. The first notices about Brazilian Diptera (16th century)

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. I. The first notices about Brazilian Diptera (16th century). This paper presents a historical resume of the first notices about Brazilian Diptera during the 16th century, given by Francisco Pires in 1552 (the oldest mention known), José de Anchieta, Leonardo do Valle, Pero de Magalhães de Gandavo, Jean de Léry and Gabriel Soares de Souza, ending with Fernão Cardim, who made the last mentions of Brazilian Diptera in that century.

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century). Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhão and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also includes reports of Friar Laureano de la Cruz, Father João de Sotto Mayor and Maurício de Heriarte.

Essays on the history of brazilian dipterology: III. Three remarkable notices from the 18th century, mainly related to myiasis-producing flies (Cochliomyia and Dermatobia)

This paper registers reports about dipterans made by three Portuguese who lived in Brazil during the 18th century. Luiz Gomes Ferreira, in his book "Erário mineral" ["Mineral revenue"], wrote curious passages related with myiasis-causing flies of the genus Cochliomyia. José Rodrigues de Mello registered, in Latin verses, the folklore for curing myiases caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle. Luiz dos Santos Vilhena, in the last of his twenty letters dealing with several aspects of life in Brazil, made reference to horseflies, human bot flies and mosquitos.

Simulação pelo modelo century da dinâmica da matéria orgânica de um Argissolo sob adubação mineral e orgânica

Os modelos de simulação são ferramentas essenciais para o entendimento da dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo e da transformação de seus compartimentos em solos tropicais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (a) simular por meio do modelo Century os efeitos de sistemas de produção de milho sob adubação orgânica e mineral sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, e (b) comparar os estoques de C orgânico total (COT), N total (NT) e dos compartimentos de C medidos por meio de métodos de laboratório e estimados pelo modelo Century na camada superficial (0-20 cm). A área em estudo, sob Floresta Atlântica (FA) até o ano de 1930, foi cultivada com milho e feijão por aproximadamente 50 anos, até à instalação do experimento no ano de 1984. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre três doses de adubo mineral, correspondentes a de 0, 250 e 500 kg ha-1 da fórmula 4-14-8, e duas doses de adubo orgânico (esterco bovino com palha de soja e feijão), nas doses de 0 e 40 m³ ha-1. Os métodos de laboratório incluíram determinações do COT, do NT, do C da biomassa microbiana (C MIC), representando o compartimento ativo, e do C da fração leve (C FL), referenciando o compartimento lento. O compartimento passivo foi obtido por diferença. A parametrização do modelo Century foi realizada a partir dos dados obtidos no experimento e na literatura, enquanto as simulações da dinâmica do COT, NT e dos compartimentos ativo de C lento e passivo incluíram as mudanças no uso da terra ocorridas de 1930 a 2050. O modelo Century estimou diminuição nos estoques de COT, NT e dos compartimentos de C desde a derrubada da FA até o início do experimento e apenas nos tratamentos com adubação orgânica foi observada recuperação desses estoques. O CmIC e o C FL foram mais sensíveis às mudanças no manejo do que o COT, o que indica a importância desses compartimentos no estudo da dinâmica da matéria orgânica, especialmente em solos tropicais. Os estoques de COT, NT e dos compartimentos de C (lento e passivo), simulados pelo modelo Century, foram similares aos estoques medidos. Os estoques de COT (em Mg ha-1 de C), medidos e simulados pelo modelo Century, foram bem correlacionados (R² = 0,93; p < 0,01), assim como para o C do compartimento ativo (R² = 0,84; p < 0,05), lento (R² = 0,87; p < 0,05) e passivo (R² = 0,91; p < 0,05). Também para os estoques de NT (em Mg ha-1 de N), medidos e simulados pelo modelo Century, houve alta correlação (R² = 0,93; p < 0,01). O modelo Century demonstrou bom desempenho para simular a dinâmica da matéria orgânica em solos tropicais ácidos.

Simulação da dinâmica do carbono e nitrogênio em um Argissolo do Rio Grande do Sul usando modelo Century

Diversas pesquisas têm mostrado desempenho satisfatório do modelo Century no estudo da dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) nas condições edafoclimáticas do Rio Grande do Sul, porém os estoques de N do solo são normalmente superestimados. O objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar parâmetros do modelo Century em relação ao ciclo do N, para torná-lo uma ferramenta útil no estudo da dinâmica do N em nosso meio. As simulações foram realizadas com dados experimentais de um estudo de longa duração instalado em 1985 em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico da EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul (RS). A inicialização do modelo consistiu na entrada de dados de solo, clima e ajuste de variáveis locais relacionadas à adição de N por fixação não simbiótica e parâmetros relativos a perdas de N por volatilização e relação C/N de resíduos de culturas que entram nos compartimentos lento e passivo da MOS. O modelo foi executado por um período de 6.000 anos nas condições do bioma de campos nativos do Sul do Brasil (bioma mesic/subhumid grassland), para obtenção dos estoques estáveis do C orgânico total (COT) e N total (NT) do solo e dos compartimentos de C e N do solo. Com o modelo assim ajustado, simularam-se oito tratamentos (dois tipos de preparo de solo, dois sistemas de cultura e duas doses de N mineral em fatorial 2 x 2 x 2) selecionados do experimento, conforme o histórico d estudo, alterando-se o parâmetro de cultivo CLTEFF(2) (multiplicador para decomposição do compartimento lento), o qual dependeu do potencial de adição de C pelas culturas e do grau de revolvimento do solo. Adicionalmente, foi acrescentado às sequências de eventos de manejo de solo sob preparo convencional um "efeito adicional de cultivo", persistindo por dois meses após cada evento de revolvimento do solo. Esse prolongamento do efeito do revolvimento do solo permitiu melhor ajuste da dinâmica do C no solo sob sistema de preparo convencional, pois refletiu a maior decomposição da MOS observada nas condições locais. De maneira geral, a aplicação do modelo Century com a parametrização proposta demonstrou bom ajuste das estimativas de COT e NT em relação aos valores observados em 1998, evidenciando que o modelo C tem potencial para ser utilizado no planejamento e na definição de estratégias de manejo de solo.

Modeling changes in organic carbon stocks for distinct soils in southeastern brazil after four eucalyptus rotations using the century model

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in carbon (C) cycle and soil quality. Considering the complexity of factors that control SOM cycling and the long time it usually takes to observe changes in SOM stocks, modeling constitutes a very important tool to understand SOM cycling in forest soils. The following hypotheses were tested: (i) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks would be higher after several rotations of eucalyptus than in low-productivity pastures; (ii) SOC values simulated by the Century model would describe the data better than the mean of observations. So, the aims of the current study were: (i) to evaluate the SOM dynamics using the Century model to simulate the changes of C stocks for two eucalyptus chronosequences in the Rio Doce Valley, Minas Gerais State, Brazil; and (ii) to compare the C stocks simulated by Century with the C stocks measured in soils of different Orders and regions of the Rio Doce Valley growing eucalyptus. In Belo Oriente (BO), short-rotation eucalyptus plantations had been cultivated for 4.0; 13.0, 22.0, 32.0 and 34.0 years, at a lower elevation and in a warmer climate, while in Virginópolis (VG), these time periods were 8.0, 19.0 and 33.0 years, at a higher elevation and in a milder climate. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm layer to estimate C stocks. Results indicate that the C stocks simulated by the Century model decreased after 37 years of poorly managed pastures in areas previously covered by native forest in the regions of BO and VG. The substitution of poorly managed pastures by eucalyptus in the early 1970´s led to an average increase of C of 0.28 and 0.42 t ha-1 year-1 in BO and VG, respectively. The measured C stocks under eucalyptus in distinct soil Orders and independent regions with variable edapho-climate conditions were not far from the values estimated by the Century model (root mean square error - RMSE = 20.9; model efficiency - EF = 0.29) despite the opposite result obtained with the statistical procedure to test the identity of analytical methods. Only for lower soil C stocks, the model over-estimated the C stock in the 0-20 cm layer. Thus, the Century model is highly promising to detect changes in C stocks in distinct soil orders under eucalyptus, as well as to indicate the impact of harvest residue management on SOM in future rotations.

Calibration of the century, apsim and ndicea models of decomposition and n mineralization of plant residues in the humid tropics

The aim of this study was to calibrate the CENTURY, APSIM and NDICEA simulation models for estimating decomposition and N mineralization rates of plant organic materials (Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Stizolobium aterrimum, Stylosanthes guyanensis) for 360 days in the Atlantic rainforest bioma of Brazil. The models´ default settings overestimated the decomposition and N-mineralization of plant residues, underlining the fact that the models must be calibrated for use under tropical conditions. For example, the APSIM model simulated the decomposition of the Stizolobium aterrimum and Calopogonium mucunoides residues with an error rate of 37.62 and 48.23 %, respectively, by comparison with the observed data, and was the least accurate model in the absence of calibration. At the default settings, the NDICEA model produced an error rate of 10.46 and 14.46 % and the CENTURY model, 21.42 and 31.84 %, respectively, for Stizolobium aterrimum and Calopogonium mucunoides residue decomposition. After calibration, the models showed a high level of accuracy in estimating decomposition and N- mineralization, with an error rate of less than 20 %. The calibrated NDICEA model showed the highest level of accuracy, followed by the APSIM and CENTURY. All models performed poorly in the first few months of decomposition and N-mineralization, indicating the need of an additional parameter for initial microorganism growth on the residues that would take the effect of leaching due to rainfall into account.

Potencial de uso do modelo century e sig para avaliar o impacto da agricultura sobre estoques regionais de carbono orgânico do solo

O uso e as mudanças no uso e manejo dos solos figuram entre os principais fatores determinantes dos estoques de carbono orgânico do solo (COS). A modelagem dinâmica espacialmente explícita é uma técnica que vem sendo usada com sucesso em avaliações das alterações nos estoques regionais de COS. Assim, este trabalho objetivou utilizar o modelo Century associado a técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto para avaliar os efeitos das alterações do uso agrícola e manejo do solo na dinâmica do carbono orgânico do solo (COS) em propriedades rurais do Distrito Santana, Ijuí - RS. Para isso, foi criada uma base de dados geoespaciais em ambiente ArcGis9.x com os planos temáticos: solos, elementos da paisagem e início do uso agrícola. Após reconstituídos os cenários históricos de manejo, o modelo Century 4.0 foi inicializado com dados edafoclimáticos locais, calibrado em duas etapas e validado, obedecendo-se à seguinte ordem: calibração principal - validação - calibração para generalizações. Na calibração principal, foram ajustados parâmetros internos do modelo, valendo-se da adição de carbono (C) pelo milho, trigo e soja e dos estoques de COS medidos em 2007 na camada de 0 a 20 cm da mata nativa e de uma lavoura adjacente, cuja conversão ocorreu entre 1901 e 1930 (lavoura mais antiga, localizada na área 1), sob Latossolo de topo. Em seguida, o Century, assim ajustado, foi estatisticamente validado com base em dados observados em 10 lavouras iniciadas em diferentes épocas, sob a mesma classe de solo e posição na paisagem, amostradas em 2007 na camada de 0 a 20 cm e distribuídas em quatro áreas homogêneas (áreas 1, 2, 3 e 4) dentro do Distrito Santana. Na calibração para generalizações, foram criadas quatro opções de "floresta subtropical" para representar a mata nativa de cada classe de solo em estudo (Latossolo, Chernossolo, Neossolo Regolítico e Neossolo Flúvico), a partir da opção de floresta tropical gerada na etapa de calibração principal, mantendo-se os ajustes já realizados naquela etapa e alterando apenas o parâmetro referente à máxima produção bruta mensal de biomassa pela floresta para que a variável de saída SOMTC (COS simulado) se estabilizasse, após o modelo ser executado por 3.000 anos (execução de equilíbrio), coincidindo com os estoques de COS medidos no solo sob vegetação nativa respectiva de cada classe de solo; em seguida, procedeu-se às simulações correspondentes a 54 unidades de simulação (US), por meio da interface i-Century, nas condições de solos cultivados com os cenários de manejo históricos (de 1901 até 2007). O Century, depois de calibrado, estimou adequadamente a dinâmica do C, reproduzindo a evolução dos estoques de COS ocorrida no Distrito Santana. Segundo essas estimativas, a adoção de práticas conservacionistas de manejo garante a redução das perdas de C causadas pelo processo erosivo e decomposição microbiana, havendo com isso aumento no estoque de COS.