Malária vivax com tempo de incubação prolongado, detectada no Distrito Federal: relato de três casos

Foram detectados três casos de malária vivax em Brasília, Distrito Federal, área considerada indene, procedentes da Amazônia, seis meses após estarem residindo em Brasília. Período de incubação prolongado tem sido descrito apenas para infecções por cepas de Plasmodium vivax de clima temperado. Não foi possível genotipar os parasitos.

Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is a public health threat in Brazil considering the high lethality rates and increasing geographical dispersion to large urban conglomerates over the past 25 years. This study aimed to confirm suspected autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis reported from 2005 to 2009 among individuals living in Brasilia, Federal District. METHODS: A retrospective review of the surveillance data obtained on a regular basis and clinical records of the reported cases were performed in 2009. RESULTS: Data from entomological and canine surveys revealed the presence of both Lutzomyia longipalpis and positive serology for Leishmania in dogs within 19 of the 21 neighborhoods where human cases occurred since 2005. The review of surveillance data and medical records, together with the entomological and canine survey data, permitted confirmation of 21 autochthonous human cases in the Federal District. The disease predominantly affected children (12/21) and those from the Sobradinho region (16/21); the typical presentation of fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia was observed in 67% of cases. Three deaths occurred during the study period. Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi was successfully isolated from one human case and twelve canine cases. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral leishmaniasis should be considered endemic in Brasilia based on the documented epidemiological behavior herein described and the confirmed autochthony of human cases.

Subdoses of primaquine in overweight patients and malaria vivax relapses: report of two cases in the Federal District, Brazil

Two cases of malaria by Plasmodium vivax relapsed after treatment with drugs in doses recommended by the Ministry of Health are presented. Both patients were overweight and were followed in the Federal District, an area considered free from vector transmission of the disease. Radical cure was obtained after medication with the same drugs in weight proportional doses.

Uso e ocupação do solo e a disseminação da hantavirose na região de São Sebastião, Distrito Federal: 2004 - 2008

INTRODUÇÃO: As hantaviroses apresentam distribuição mundial e constituem importante problema de saúde pública. A epidemiologia da hantavirose no Brasil mostra que vem aumentando a cada ano o número de casos que são notificados e de variantes que têm sido descobertas em diversos estados e no Distrito Federal. Neste contexto, o estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar o uso e da ocupação do solo na disseminação da hantavirose no Distrito Federal, no período de 2004 a 2008. MÉTODOS: Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram utilizados dados epidemiológicos e do uso da terra com fins de elaborar tabelas e cartogramas para detalhar a espacialização da hantavirose no território. RESULTADOS: Dos 40 locais prováveis de infecção (LPIs) plotados no Mapa de Cobertura e Uso da Terra, 19 (47%) ocorreram em áreas de pastagens, 10 (25%) em área urbana (periurbana), 6 (15%) em áreas utilizadas para a agricultura e 5 (12%) em espaços de cerrado. CONCLUSÕES: Sendo assim, as atividades agrícolas e a expansão urbana em direção às áreas de cerrado vêm favorecendo a disseminação da hantavirose no Distrito Federal e em especialmente em São Sebastião.

Occurrence of synanthropic triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Federal District of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Federal District of Brazil (DF), has recorded the following triatomine species: Panstrongylus megistus, P. geniculatus, P. diasi, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma pseudomaculata, and T. sordida. We aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal occurrence of triatomine species collected in DF, and their indices of natural infection with trypanosomes. METHODS: The Health State Secretariat of DF recorded triatomines between 2002 and 2010 in 20 administrative regions. This retrospective analysis considered the number of adults and nymphs of each species collected and infected in both intradomicile and peridomicile. RESULTS: A total of 754 triatomines were collected in 252 reported domiciles. Panstrongylus megistus was the most frequent species (65%), followed by T. pseudomaculata (14%). Of the 309 examined insects, only 3 (1%) specimens of P. megistus were infected with flagellates morphologically similar to Trypanosoma cruzi. The spatial occurrence indicated a higher diversity of triatomines and frequency of T. sordida in rural areas. Moreover, there was a predominance of P. megistus in urban areas. The number of records of P. megistus in the rainy season was two times higher than that during the dry season. The largest number of triatomines was collected in November. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of P. megistus specimens infected with trypanosomes in domiciles, shows the potential risk of human infection in DF. Thus, it is essential to continue entomological surveillance, intensifying it in the rainy season and in regions of greater occurrence.

Food insecurity of HIV/AIDS patients at a unit of outpatient healthcare system in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Food security remains to be one of the world's biggest problems and is found to be related to HIV/AIDS. The objective was to examine food insecurity in HIV/AIDS patients from Brasilia, Brazil. METHODS: Short version of the Food Security Scale was applied to patients with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients participated (65 HIV+ and 38 with AIDS). Food insecurity was found in 33.8% of HIV+ patients and 36.8% of patients with AIDS. A relation between food insecurity and low educational and social levels was established. CONCLUSIONS: Food security should be an important component in HIV/AIDS treatment programs.

Detection of intestinal parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil

Introduction This study evaluated the presence of pathogenic human parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. Methods A total of 48 samples of strawberries and 48 soil samples from 16 properties were analyzed. Results Contaminated strawberries were detected in 56% of the properties. Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, and Entamoeba spp. were detected. Soil was contaminated with Entamoeba spp., Entamoeba coli, Strongyloides spp., Ancylostomatidae, and Hymenolepis nana. Conclusions Producers should be instructed on the safe handling of strawberries in order to reduce the incidence of strawberries that are contaminated with enteroparasites.

Molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. and Blastocrithidia sp. (Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae) in the Federal District of Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : This study describes the occurrence of trypanosomatids in phlebotomines in Brasília, Brazil. METHODS : Two hundred and ten females of 13 sand fly species were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different molecular markers (D7 24Sα rRNA, kDNA, and ITS1) and sequencing. RESULTS : PCR revealed trypanosomatid-positive samples from Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, which were negative by kDNA and ITS1 Leishmania-specific PCRs. DNA sequence analysis of D7 24Sα rRNA amplicons indicated the occurrence of Blastocrithidia sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in Nyssomyia whitmani and Evandromyia evandroi, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Two trypanosomatid species other than Leishmania sp. were found to circulate in sand flies in Central Brazil.

Ten years of a hantavirus disease emergency in the Federal District, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus diseases are emerging human diseases caused by Hantavirus spp. of the Bunnyaviridae family. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been detected in the Federal District (DF) of Brazil since 2004. Among the 27 Brazilian Federal Units, DF has the highest fatality rate. More than 10 years have already passed since then, with confirmation of cases caused by the Araraquara and Paranoa species. The reservoir is Necromys lasiurus. METHODS: Local surveillance data of the confirmed cases were analyzed, including age, sex, month and year of occurrence, clinical symptoms, syndromes and outcomes, and probable transmission place (PTP). The cases were mainly confirmed by IgM detection with a capture enzyme immunoassay. The cases were classified as autochthonous if PTPs were in the DF area. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2013, in the DF, 126 cases of hantavirus were confirmed, and the cumulative incidence was 5.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. The occurrence of cases was predominantly from April to August. At least 75% of the cases were autochthonous. Acute respiratory failure was reported in 47.5% of cases, and the fatality rate was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: In the DF, the cumulative incidence of HPS was one of the highest worldwide. A seasonal pattern of hantavirus disease in the dry season is clear. There was a high frequency of severe clinical signals and symptoms as well as a high fatality rate. For the near future, visitors and inhabitants of DF rural areas, particularly male adults, should receive continuous education about hantavirus transmission and prevention.

Aspectos reprodutivos e dieta alimentar dos ninhegos de Rhinoptynx clamator (Aves: Strigidae) no campus Marco Zero da Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá-AP

Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar os aspectos comportamentais de nidificação, alimentação e desenvolvimento dos ninhegos de Rhinoptynx clamator (Strigidae) em um fragmento florestal no Campus Marco Zero da Universidade Federal do Amapá. Apenas um ninho foi encontrado, no solo e na base de um tucumã Astrocaryum oleatum. Três ovos brancos com manchas marrons foram observados, cuja medida foi de 41 x 35 mm em média. A incubação durou 28 dias e foi efetuada pela fêmea, e o último filhote a nascer viveu apenas dois dias. Os filhotes sobreviventes foram medidos durante o seu desenvolvimento. Durante a estação reprodutiva foram coletadas algumas pelotas de regurgitação, sendo encontrados três tipos de vertebrados: Rattus sp., Micoureus cf. regina e Columbina talpacoti.

A new species of Protoptila Banks (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) from Brazil

A new species of Protoptila Banks (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae) - P. longispinata sp. nov. - is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Amazon region, Amazonas and Pará states, Brazil.

Uso de drogas por estudantes de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil dos usuários de substâncias psicoativas do curso de Farmácia do Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes). MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. Foram pesquisados 148 alunos (80,4%) matriculados no curso de Farmácia. O instrumento utilizado foi o questionário da Organização Mundial de Saúde adaptado à realidade brasileira. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados por meio do programa Statistical Packcage for the Social Science (SPSS). RESULTADOS: Dos pesquisados, a maior representação foi na faixa etária de 20 a 22 anos (52,7%), do sexo feminino (67,6%), e da classe socioeconômica B (47,3%). Quanto ao uso de álcool, o " uso na vida" foi de 87,8%, " uso no ano" de 77,7% e " uso no mês" de 58,1%. Entre as outras drogas, o " uso na vida" mais prevalente foi dos inalantes (18,2%). CONCLUSÃO: Conforme observado, o uso de substâncias psicoativas entre universitários é questão preocupante, demonstrando a importância de maior abordagem à temática no currículo acadêmico.

Uso de substâncias psicoativas entre universitários de medicina da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil do uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os universitários do Curso de Medicina do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, desenvolvido com 168 universitários, do primeiro ao último ano do curso de medicina. O instrumento utilizado na coleta de dados foi o Questionário sobre o Uso de Drogas, uma adaptação do questionário proposto pela OMS¹. Os dados foram tabulados por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS)². RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 54,8% dos universitários são do sexo feminino, 76,8% se encontram na faixa etária de 17 a 22 anos e 50% pertencem à classe social B. Quanto ao uso de substâncias psicoativas, 86,9% relataram uso na vida de álcool, seguido de tabaco (22,0%), solventes (15,5%), anfetaminas (10,1%), cannabis sativa (9,5%), alucinógenos com 1,8% e barbitúricos com 0,6%. CONCLUSÃO: Faz-se necessária a prevenção do uso indevido de substâncias psicoativas entre universitários, por meio de disciplinas curriculares que abordem a temática e de programas de prevenção destinados a essa população.

Pregnant crack addicts in a psychiatric unit

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aim to characterize a sample of 85 pregnant crack addicts admitted for detoxification in a psychiatric inpatient unit. METHOD: Cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric and lifestyle information were evaluated. RESULTS: Age of onset for crack use varied from 11 to 35 years (median = 21). Approximately 25% of the patients smoked more than 20 crack rocks in a typical day of use (median = 10; min-max = 1-100). Tobacco (89.4%), alcohol (63.5%) and marijuana (51.8%) were the drugs other than crack most currently used. Robbery was reported by 32 patients (41.2%), imprisonment experience by 21 (24.7%), trade of sex for money/drugs by 38 (44.7%), home desertion by 33 (38.8%); 15.3% were positive for HIV, 5.9% for HCV, 1.2% for HBV and 8.2% for syphilis. After discharge from the psychiatric unit, only 25% of the sample followed the proposed treatment in the chemical dependency outpatient service. CONCLUSION: Greater risky behaviors for STD, as well as high rates of maternal HIV and Syphilis were found. Moreover, the high rates of concurrent use of other drugs and involvement in illegal activities contribute to show their chaotic lifestyles. Prevention and intervention programs need to be developed to address the multifactorial nature of this problem.

Uso de álcool e tabaco entre estudantes de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil do uso de álcool e tabaco entre universitários do curso de graduação em Psicologia do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A população estudada foi de alunos matriculados no referido curso no segundo semestre do ano de 2010, constituindo uma amostra de 221 estudantes. O questionário utilizado foi o mesmo utilizado no I Levantamento Nacional entre Universitários, proposto pela Secretaria Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos estudantes era solteira (90,1%), do sexo feminino (81%), estava na faixa etária de 18 a 24 anos (81%), era da raça/cor caucasoide/branca (57,5%) e 55% referiram pertencer às classes econômicas B1 e B2. Encontrou-se maior prevalência de álcool (85,07%) e tabaco (33,07%) na frequência uso na vida, sendo o uso de álcool maior que na população geral. As substâncias associadas ao uso de álcool na vida foram a maconha (p-valor = 0,007), os tranquilizantes (p = 0,011) e os anfetamínicos (p = 0,045). Já para o uso de tabaco na vida, as substâncias mais associadas foram a maconha (p = 0,0001), os inalantes (p = 0,0001), os alucinógenos (p = 0,0001) e os anfetamínicos (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: É necessária maior abordagem nos currículos de graduação, especialmente da Psicologia, sobre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e seus impactos para o indivíduo, a família e a sociedade, bem como a criação de programas preventivos específicos para estudantes universitários.