Aerossois de queimadas e doencas respiratorias em criancas, Manaus, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre a exposição ao material particulado fino emitido em queimadas e as internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com delineamento ecológico de séries temporais realizado em Manaus de 2002 a 2009. Os dados de internações hospitalares foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os níveis de PM2.5 foram estimados por sensoriamento remoto a partir da espessura ótica de aerossóis no comprimento de onda de 550 nm. Foram utilizadas a correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear múltipla entre as variáveis com intervalo de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: A região de Manaus apresentou baixas concentrações de PM2.5, quando comparada com a porção sul da região Amazônica. Os meses de agosto a novembro (período seco) apresentaram os maiores níveis médios de PM2.5 (de 18 a 23 µg/m³) e os maiores números de focos de queimadas detectados. A média do PM2.5 para a estação chuvosa foi de 12 µg/m³, 66% menor que a média da estação seca, 20,6 µg/m³. As maiores taxas de internações ocorreram durante a estação chuvosa, e o mês de abril teve a maior taxa, com 2,51/1.000 crianças. Foi observada associação positiva significativa entre as internações e a umidade relativa (R = 0,126; p = 0,005), enquanto a associação entre internações com PM2.5 mostrou-se negativa e estatisticamente significativa (R = - 0,168; p = 0,003). O R² do modelo final (Internações = 2,19*Umidade - 1,60*PM2.5 - 0,23*Precipitação) explicou em 84% as internações por doenças respiratórias em crianças, considerando as variáveis independentes estatisticamente significativas (umidade, PM2.5, e precipitação). CONCLUSÕES: As internações hospitalares de crianças por doenças respiratórias em Manaus podem estar mais associadas às condições meteorológicas, principalmente a umidade, do que à exposição dos aerossóis emitidos em focos de queimadas da região.

Participacao crescente de produtos ultraprocessados na dieta brasileira (1987-2009)

OBJETIVO Estimar tendências temporais do consumo domiciliar de itens alimentícios no Brasil, levando em conta a extensão e o propósito do seu processamento industrial. MÉTODOS Os dados analisados são provenientes de Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares realizadas no Brasil em 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Foram analisadas amostras probabilísticas dos domicílios das áreas metropolitanas em todos os períodos mencionados e, nas duas amostras mais recentes, a abrangência foi nacional. As unidades de análise foram registros de aquisições de agregados de domicílios. Os itens alimentícios foram divididos segundo extensão e propósito de seu processamento industrial em: alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários processados e produtos alimentícios prontos para consumo, processados ou ultraprocessados. A quantidade adquirida de cada item foi convertida em energia. Estimaram-se a disponibilidade diária total per capita de calorias e a contribuição dos grupos de alimentos em cada pesquisa. Calcularam-se estimativas por quintos de renda para as pesquisas nacionais. Variações temporais foram testadas por teste de diferença de médias e modelos de regressão linear. RESULTADOS Houve aumento significativo da participação de produtos prontos para o consumo (de 23,0% para 27,8% das calorias), graças ao aumento no consumo de produtos ultraprocessados (de 20,8% para 25,4%) entre 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Houve redução significativa na participação de alimentos e de ingredientes culinários nesse período. O aumento da participação de produtos ultraprocessados ocorreu em todos os estratos de renda. Observou-se aumento uniforme da participação calórica de produtos prontos para o consumo em áreas metropolitanas, novamente à custa de produtos ultraprocessados e acompanhada por reduções na participação de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados quanto de ingredientes culinários. CONCLUSÕES Produtos ultraprocessados apresentam participação crescente na dieta brasileira, evidenciada desde a década de 1980 nas áreas metropolitanas e confirmada para todo o País na década de 2000.

Avaliacao da confiabilidade e validade do Indice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado

OBJETIVO Avaliar a confiabilidade e a validade do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado de acordo com as propriedades psicométricas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal em amostra probabilística do município de São Paulo, SP, com 2.375 indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, incluídos no Inquérito de Saúde, realizado em 2003. As informações sobre características da população foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Dados do consumo alimentar foram obtidos pela aplicação do Recordatório de 24 horas, utilizado para calcular o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Foram avaliados (1) validade de conteúdo, comparando os componentes com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira; (2) validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial pelo método dos componentes principais e verificando se o índice consegue mensurar a qualidade da dieta independente da energia ingerida; (3) validade discriminante; e (4) a confiabilidade do IQD-R pela análise da consistência interna dos itens utilizando o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS As correlações entre os escores dos componentes e a energia consumida foram fracas (r #< 0,30). A análise de componentes principais indicou a presença de quatro fatores com autovalores #> 1 que representaram 67% da variância do índice. A validade discriminante do IQD-R foi observada comparando os indivíduos por sexo e hábito de fumar, identificando diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias dos componentes do IQD-R e o escore final. O valor do alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,7) indicou a presença de consistência interna entre os componentes do IQD-R. O componente Gord_AA, seguido dos componentes frutas totais e frutas integrais, apresentaram maior correlação com a pontuação final do índice. CONCLUSÕES O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado mostrou-se confiável e estruturalmente válido quando utilizado para avaliar e monitorar a qualidade da dieta de brasileiros.

Regional governance: strategies and disputes in health region management

OBJECTIVE To analyze the regional governance of the health systemin relation to management strategies and disputes.METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES A qualitative study with health managers from 19 municipalities in the health region of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Data were drawn from 17 semi-structured interviews of state, regional, and municipal health policymakers and managers; a focus group; observations of the regional interagency committee; and documents in 2012. The political-institutional and the organizational components were analyzed in the light of dialectical hermeneutics.RESULTS The regional interagency committee is the chief regional governance strategy/component and functions as a strategic tool for strengthening governance. It brings together a diversity of members responsible for decision making in the healthcare territories, who need to negotiate the allocation of funding and the distribution of facilities for common use in the region. The high turnover of health secretaries, their lack of autonomy from the local executive decisions, inadequate technical training to exercise their function, and the influence of party politics on decision making stand as obstacles to the regional interagency committee’s permeability to social demands. Funding is insufficient to enable the fulfillment of the officially integrated agreed-upon program or to boost public supply by the system, requiring that public managers procure services from the private market at values higher than the national health service price schedule (Brazilian Unified Health System Table). The study determined that “facilitators” under contract to health departments accelerated access to specialized (diagnostic, therapeutic and/or surgical) services in other municipalities by direct payment to physicians for procedure costs already covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System.CONCLUSIONS The characteristics identified a regionalized system with a conflictive pattern of governance and intermediate institutionalism. The regional interagency committee’s managerial routine needs to incorporate more democratic devices for connecting with educational institutions, devices that are more permeable to social demands relating to regional policy making.

Regional variation in toxoplasmosis seronegativity in the São Paulo metropolitan region

Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic human infection caused by the Apicomplexa protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. The acute disease is usually mild or asymptomatic, except for foetal infection transmitted by acutely infected pregnant women, which courses as a devastating disease. In order to determine possible regional variations in risk factors, we studied the frequency of seronegativity in areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, comparing liters and age groups. The prevalence of seronegativity was determined retrospectively in 1286 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at public health services in four selected areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region of similar socioeconomic background. The São Paulo City area had the higher frequency of seronegativity (41.1%), followed by the Northwest (31.5%) and Southwest (29.9%) areas, with similar intermediate levels, and by the Northeast (22.5%) area with the lowest frequency (p<0.001). A rough estimate disclosed about 280 infected infants/year in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Serological titers analyzed by age group suggested a decline in antibody levels with age, as shown by a lower frequency of higher titers in older groups. Our study emphasizes the importance of determining the regional prevalence of toxoplasmosis for proper planning of public health prenatal care.

Seropositivity for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies among blood donors of the "Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná", Londrina, Brazil

The most frequent form of acquisition of Chagas' disease in endemic areas was the transmission through the feces of contaminated triatominae. However, special attention should be paid in urban areas to transmission by blood transfusion, justifying the compulsory screening of blood donors. Early investigations at blood banks in the town of Londrina, Brazil, demonstrated that the seroprevalence of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies among blood donors was approximately 7.0% in the fifties9,34. Further studies demonstrated pratically the same seroprevalence until the eighties4,32,41. In an attempt to obtain data about the real dimension of the seropositivity for anti-Trypasonoma cruzi antibodies in the region, the authors carried out a large-scale study on 45,774 serum samples from blood donors of the Hemocentro of Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná (HURNP), Universidade Estadual de Londrina. The immunological tests were done at the Division of Clinical Immunology of HURNP from May 1990 to December 1994. The serum samples were studied by the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA, using kits commercially obtained from EBRAM) and by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI, using kits from LIO SERUM) with anti-human IgG conjugate (LABORCLIN). The results demonstrated that 643 serum samples were positive in both assay corresponding to a seroprevalence of 1.4%, i.e., a significant decrease in anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in the region in comparison with the previously mentioned rates. Data correlating sex and age of seropositive blood donors are presented, as well as the possible factors that may have contributed to the results observed.

Frequency, diversity, and productivity study on the Aedes aegypti most preferred containers in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

The most preferred containers by Aedes aegypti were studied April and July (rainy and dry periods) in two Manaus neighbourhoods. In all, 2,700 premises and 13,912 containers were examined, most (87%) recorded outdoors. Out of the 13,100 inspected premises, only 1.6% showed to be positive for Aedes aegypti, summing up to 7,916 collected samples. Most frequently found containers outdoors in either neighbourhood regardless of rain or dry period were Bottles flasks and Storage, and indoors, Fixed, Flowerpots, and buckets. Productivity was estimated according to the number of premises and positive containers investigated, showing the actual container groups productivity. Considering both rainy and dry periods outdoors at Praça 14 the groups of Tyre, Flask, Bottle, Construction Equipment and Fixed, had the highest averages respectively. Construction Equipment and Flask groups were the most productive in Coroado in April. Flask, Construction Equipment and Storage groups stood out in July.

Evaluation of surrogate markers for human immunodeficiency virus infection among blood donors at the blood bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, PR, Brazil

This study evaluated the usefulness of the anti-HBc, hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), human T cell lymphotropic virus I and II antibodies (anti-HTLV I/II), serologic tests for syphilis, and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) as surrogate markers for the risk for HIV infection in 80,284 serum samples from blood donors from the Blood Bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, analyzed from July 1994 to April 2001. Among 39 blood donors with positive serology for HIV, 12 (30.8%) were anti-HBc positive, 10 (25.6%) for anti-HCV, 1 (2.6%) for anti-HTLV I/I, 1 (2.6%) was positive for syphilis, and 1 (2.6%) for HBsAg. Among the donors with negative serology for HIV, these markers were detected in 8,407 (10.5%), 441 (0.5%), 189 (0.2%), 464 (0.6%), and 473 (0.6%) samples, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) for anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Although the predictive positive value for these surrogate markers were low for HIV infection, the results confirmed the anti-HBc and anti-HCV as useful surrogate markers for HIV infection thus reinforcing the maintenance of them in the screening for blood donors contributing to the prevention of the small number of cases in which HIV is still transmitted by transfusion.

Seroprevalence for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among volunteer blood donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paraná , Brazil

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 996 volunteer blood donors enrolled from May 1999 to December 1999 to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among volunteer blood donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil, and to evaluate whether the rate of seroprevalence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies is associated with sociodemographic variables and with seropositivity for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All participants answered the questionnaire regarding the sociodemographic characterisitcs. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV) by an enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). All serum samples positive for anti-HEV IgG and 237 serum samples negative for anti-HEV were also assayed for IgG anti-HAV antibodies by ELISA. Anti-HEV IgG was confirmed in 23/996 samples, resulting in a seroprevalence of 2.3% for HEV infection, similar to previous results obtained in developed countries. No significant association was found between the presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies and the sociodemographic variables including gender, age, educational level, rural or urban areas, source of water, and sewer system (p > 0.05). Also, no association with seropositivity for anti-HAV IgG antibodies was observed (p > 0.05). Although this study revealed a low seroprevalence of HEV infection in the population evaluated, the results showed that this virus is circulating among the population from Londrina, South Brazil, and point out the need of further studies to define the clinical and epidemiological importance of HEV infection and to identify additional risk factors involved in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this infection in this population.

Low efficacy of azithromycin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

An open trial to evaluate the azithromycin efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was carried out in Manaus (AM), where Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is the main etiologic agent. Forty-one patients with skin lesions of less than 12 weeks duration, without specific treatment for the last three months and a positive imprint to Leishmania sp. were included. From these, 31 (75.6%) were male with median age of 30.2. All of them received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for ten days. At 25th day, 16 (39%) presented therapeutic failure and received intramuscular pentavalent antimonial, four were considered lost, 21, that had improved or were inaltered received another ten-day series of azithromycin and were monthly followed, but nine (21.9%) of them presented a poor clinical response and switched to intramuscular pentavalent antimonial on day 55. Of the 12 remaining cases evaluated on day 55, despite of clinical improvement, three asked for antimony therapy and 9 (21.9%) continued the follow-up but, only three were cured on 55th, 85th and 115th days, and six did not come back for final evaluation. The intention-treatment overall response rate was 22% and whole cure was seen in three (7.3%) of cases. Thus, azithromycin showed a low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

Failure of both azithromycin and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

A non-randomized controlled clinical trial was carried outin order to evaluate both azithromycin and antimony efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Forty nine patients from both genders, aged 14 to 70, with cutaneous ulcers for less than three months and a positive imprint for Leishmania spp. amastigotes were recruited into two groups. Group I (26 patients) received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for 20 days and Group II (23 patients) received a daily-single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg of meglumine antimony, also for 20 days. Azithromycin cured three of 24 (12.5%) patients on days 60, 90 and 120 respectively whereas therapeutic failure was considered in 21 of 24 (87.5%) cases. In group II, antimony cured eight of 19 (42.1%) cases as follows: three on day 30, one each on day 60 and day 90, and three on day 120. Therapeutic failure occurred in 11 of 19 (57.9%) individuals. The efficacy of antimony for leishmaniasis was better than azithromycin but analysis for the intention-to-treat response rate did not show statistical difference between them. Although azithromycin was better tolerated, it showed a very low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

HEAD LICE IN HAIR SAMPLES FROM YOUTHS, ADULTS AND THE ELDERLY IN MANAUS, AMAZONAS STATE, BRAZIL

A study of head lice infestations among young people, adults and elderly individuals was conducted from August 2010 to July 2013 in Manaus, AM, Northern Brazil. Hair samples collected from 1,860 individuals in 18 barber shops and beauty parlors were examined for the ectoparasite. The occurrence of pediculosis and its association with factors, such as sex, age, ethnicity, hair characteristics and the socioeconomic profile of salon customers, salon location and seasonal variation were determined. The overall occurrence rate was 2.84%. Occurrence was higher in hair samples from non-blacks and the elderly. Higher occurrence was also observed during kindergarten, elementary and junior education school holidays. The results indicate that the occurrence of head lice among young people, adults and the elderly in Manaus is relatively low compared to that determined in children and in other regions of the country. After children, the elderly were the most affected. The study also indicated the need to adopt additional procedures to improve surveys among the population with low or no purchasing power, which is usually the most affected by this ectoparasitic disease.

The influence of the regional basic diet from northeast Brazil on health and nutritional conditions of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Protein nutritionalstatus indicators were studied in weanling albino Swiss mice infected with S. mansoni andfed the Regional Basic Diet (RBD)from Northeast Brazil, a multideficient diet of low-protein content. Each mouse was infected percutaneously with 80 cercariae. The experiment lasted 63 days. The growth curve, food consumption, protein intake, weight gain, Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR) were the parameters investigated. RBD-fed mice showed a marked weight loss, a lower food and protein intake, a slower body weight gain and lower rates of food protein utilization when compared to casein-fed animals. Differences between infected and non-infected mice were not consistent. The present results suggest that the effects of RBD-induced malnutrition on health and nutritional conditions of the mice are more severe than those of Manson's schistosomiasis, in the initial phase of the disease.

Viscerotomia hepática (sua contribuição ao estudo da nosologia regional)

Foi feita uma avaliação histopatológica de 702fragmentos de tecido hepático obtidos pela antiga SUCAM no sul do Estado da Bahia no período que vai de 1981 a 1991. Apenas em 17,7% dos casos ofígadofoi considerado h is to logicamente normal. Mais de um terço dos casos exibia intensa esteatose, provavelmente causada por desnutrição grave afetando crianças nos primeiros anos de vida. Nos demais, as alterações indicativas de fbrose, tuberculose, esquistossomose e hepatites apareceram como processos importantes pela sua gravidade e frequência. Além disso, uma variada gama de processos patológicos hepáticos pôde também ser reconhecida. Sugere-se que o material de viscerotomia merece um exame histológico mais detalhado, pois desta maneirapoderáfomecer dados de valorpar a a identificação de processos patológicos que afetam populações vivendo em áreas remotas do nosso país.