Immunological status of ENL (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum) patients: its relationship to bacterial load and levels of circulanting IL-2R

Recent data suggest that the clinical course of reactional states in leprosy is closely related to the cytokine profile released locally or systemically by the patients. In the present study, patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) were grouped according to the intensity of their clinical symptoms. Clinical and immunological aspects of ENL and the impact of these parameters on bacterial load were assessed in conjunction with patients' in vitro immune response to mycobacterial antigens. In 10 out of the 17 patients tested, BI (bacterial index) was reduced by at least 1 log from leprosy diagnosis to the onset of their first reactional episode (ENL), as compared to an expected 0.3 log reduction in the unreactional group for the same MDT (multidrug therapy) period. However, no difference in the rate of BI reduction was noted at the end of MDT among ENL and unreactional lepromatous patients. Accordingly, although TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor) levels were enhanced in the sera of 70.6% of the ENL patients tested, no relationship was noted between circulating TNF-alpha levels and the decrease in BI detected at the onset of the reactional episode. Evaluation of bacterial viability of M. leprae isolated from the reactional lesions showed no growth in the mouse footpads. Only 20% of the patients demonstrated specific immune response to M. leprae during ENL. Moreover, high levels of soluble IL-2R (interleukin-2 receptor) were present in 78% of the patients. Circulating anti-neural (anti-ceramide and anti-galactocerebroside antibodies) and anti-mycobacterial antibodies were detected in ENL patients' sera as well, which were not related to the clinical course of disease. Our data suggest that bacterial killing is enhanced during reactions. Emergence of specific immune response to M. leprae and the effective role of TNF-alpha in mediating fragmentation of bacteria still need to be clarified.

Seroepidemiology of human toxoplasmosis in Chile

A series of already published and unpublished seroepidemiological surveys for toxoplasmosis, carried out in Chile in 1982-1994, is reviewed, expanded and analyzed. The surveys included 76,317 apparently healthy individuals of different ages (0.57% of the country's total population), from 309 urban and rural-periurban localities. Urban groups were integrated by blood donors, delivering mothers and middle grade schoolchildren, while rural-periurban individuals corresponded to unselected family groups. Blood samples were collected in filter paper. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), titers > 16 were considered positive. The test resulted positive in 28,124 (36.9%) of the surveyed people. Two hundred and six (0.3%) individuals presented IHAT titers > 1000, probably corresponding to acute or reactivated infections. A progressive increase of positive IHAT from northern to southern regions of the country was noted, phenomenom probably related to geographical conditions and to a higher production and consumption of different types of meat in the latter regions. It is postulated that ingestion of T. gondii cysts by humans is epidemiologically as important as ingestion of oocysts. The results presented stress the epidemiological importance of toxoplasmosis in humans, and warn about eventual implications in immunocompromised patients and in transplacental transmission, organ transplants and transfusions.

Neutralizing antibodies in Brazilian sera against three strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)

The MN strain of HIV-1 is known to be more prevalent in Brazil, the BRU strain is more prevalent in Europe, and the NDK strain in Africa. It has been suggested in the literature to include different strains in the same vaccine against HIV-1. To contribute to the studies for the development of a universal vaccine, the occurrence of antibodies (Ab) against three HIV-1 strains (MN, BRU and NDK) was determined in serum samples from 85 HIV-1-positive patients, adult volunteers seen at the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-USP. One-hundred tissue culture infective unit (TCIU) of the viruses reacted with serial dilutions of the sera (2x) and with MT4 cells added at a final concentration of 0.3 × 106 cells/ml, and a cytopathic effect was observed on the 7th and 11th days of incubation. Titres of less than 1/50 were considered to be negative. In 129 tests, the sera were negative for one of the three strains: 40 for MN, 29 for BRU and 60 for NDK. There was a predominance of strains MN and BRU, most of them presenting titres from 1/50 to 1/200. Titres for NDK were detected in 25 sera. We conclude that there seems to be a predominance of strains MN and BRU among the individuals from the region tested; however, the detection of sera with positive NKD titres indicates the need for further studies of this strain in other populations and regions of Brazil

Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo

The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown concern about the burden of tuberculosis in the developing countries. Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the modulatory effect of vitamins C and E on the hepatotoxicity, sperm quality and brain toxicity of Rifampicin. Forty Wistar albino rats were used, 10 animals per group. Group 1 animals received 0.3 mL of distilled water, the Group 2 animals received the therapeutic dose of rifampicin, Group 3 animals received therapeutic doses of rifampicin plus vitamin E, while Group 4 received therapeutic doses of rifampicin and vitamin C. The administration was performed orally during three months; the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of that period. Blood samples were collected and liver function and lipid profile was analyzed using fully automated clinical chemistry device. The liver, brain and reproductive organs underwent histopathological examination. Sperm samples were collected from the epididymis to achieve count and motility and morphological analysis. Results showed rifampicin alone to raise (p < 0.05) liver function enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase [AST], Serum alanine amino transferase [ALT] and Total Bilirubin) when compared with controls. While the vitamin E treated group showed remarkable protection, the vitamin C treated group showed questionable protection against the rifampicin induced liver damage. Sperm count results showed an important (p < 0.05) increase in the sperm quality in vitamin E and C treated groups. However, the vitamin E plus Rifampicin treated group showed increased lipid peroxidation. The histopathological findings revealed structural damages by rifampicin in liver, brain and epididymis while some remarkable architectural integrity was observed in the antioxidant-treated groups. It can be concluded that vitamin E or C improved sperm quality and protected against the brain damage caused by rifampicin. Moreover, vitamin E demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotection against rifampicin induced damage while vitamin C shows a questionable hepatoprotection.

In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice

The in vitro and in vivo activity of diminazene (Dim), artesunate (Art) and combination of Dim and Art (Dim-Art) against Leishmania donovani was compared to reference drug; amphotericin B. IC50 of Dim-Art was found to be 2.28 ± 0.24 µg/mL while those of Dim and Art were 9.16 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 4.64 ± 0.48 µg/mL respectively. The IC50 for Amphot B was 0.16 ± 0.32 µg/mL against stationary-phase promastigotes. In vivo evaluation in the L. donovani BALB/c mice model indicated that treatments with the combined drug therapy at doses of 12.5 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days significantly (p < 0.001) reduced parasite burden in the spleen as compared to the single drug treatments given at the same dosages. Although parasite burden was slightly lower (p < 0.05) in the Amphot B group than in the Dim-Art treatment group, the present study demonstrates the positive advantage and the potential use of the combined therapy of Dim-Art over the constituent drugs, Dim or Art when used alone. Further evaluation is recommended to determine the most efficacious combination ratio of the two compounds.

Factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1% of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9% with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3% with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1% with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9% with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil

This study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Long Term Residency Institutions for the Elderly (ILPI) in elders, nurses and food handlers, identifying the risk factors associated with the infections. Stool samples taken from the elderly (n = 293), nurses (63) and food handlers (19) were studied. Questionnaires were used with questions related to sociodemographic variables, health, behavior and health characteristics. Stool samples were examined using the techniques of Faust and Ziehl Neelsen, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar in the elderly was 4.0%, 1.0% and 0.3% respectively. Nurses and food handlers showed 4.8% and 5.2% positivity only for G. duodenalis, respectively. The origin of the individuals and contact with domestic animals has been associated with infection by G. duodenalis in the elderly, and contact with domestic animals was considered a risk factor for infection. The last stool examinations were related to Cryptosporidium spp.. None of the variables were associated with E. histolytica/dispar. The frequency of hand washing was significantly associated with G. duodenalis among nurses. The frequency of positive samples of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar showed that ILPIs environments are conducive to this occurring due to contact between the elderly, nurses and food handlers, which are often poorly trained in hygiene procedures and food handling.

SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CARRION BLOW FLIES IN NORTHERN THAILAND: ALTITUDE APPRAISAL

Distribution and occurrence of blow flies of forensic importance was performed during 2007 and 2008 in Chiang Mai and Lampang Provinces, northern Thailand. Surveys were conducted in forested areas for 30 minutes using a sweep net to collected flies attracted to a bait. A total of 2,115 blow flies belonging to six genera and 14 species were collected; Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (44.7%), C. pinguis (Walker) (15.1%), C. chani Kurahashi (9.3%), C. thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin (0.3%); Achoetandrus rufifacies (Macquart) (10.5%), A. villeneuvi (Patton) (2.2%); Lucilia papuensis Macquart (2.2%), L. porphyrina (Walker) (12.4%), L. sinensis Aubertin (0.7%); Hemipyrellia ligurriens(Wiedemann) (1.3%), H. pulchra(Wiedemann) (0.1%); Hypopygiopsis infumata (Bigot) (0.6%), Hy. tumrasvini Kurahashi (0.2%) and Ceylonomyia nigripes Aubertin (0.4%). Among them, C. megacephala was the predominant species collected, particularly in the summer. The species likely to prevail in highland areas are C. pinguis, C. thanomthini, Hy. tumrasvini, L. papuensis and L. porphyrina.

OCCURRENCE OF Blastocystis spp. IN UBERABA, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL

Intestinal parasites are a problem for public health all over the world. The infection with Blastocystis, a protozoan of controversial pathogenicity, is one of the most common among them all. In this study, the occurrence of intestinal parasites, with emphasis on Blastocystis, in patients at the Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro was investigated in Uberaba (MG) through microscopy of direct smears and fecal concentrates using Ritchie’s method. Feces of 1,323 patients were examined from April 2011 to May 2012. In 28.7% of them at least one intestinal parasite was identified, and the most frequent organisms were Blastocystis spp. (17.8%) and Giardia intestinalis (7.4%). The occurrence of parasitism was higher in children aged 6 -10 years old, and the infection with Blastocystis spp. was higher above the age of six (p < 0.001). The exclusive presence of G. intestinalis and of Blastocystis spp. was observed in 5.4% and 12.2% of the patients, respectively. Regarding patients with diarrheic feces, 8% revealed unique parasitism of Blastocystis spp. Other intestinal parasites observed in children were Ascaris lumbricoides(0.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii (1.4%). The Ritchie’s method was more sensitive (92.8%) when compared to direct microscopy (89.8%), with high agreement between them (97.7%, kappa = 0.92). In conclusion, the occurrence of Blastocystis spp. in Uberaba is high and the presence of diarrheic feces with exclusive presence of the parasite of Blastocystis spp. was observed.

SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

SUMMARY Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malasseziayeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective crosssectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. Collected data included: date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesion and the direct mycological examination results. Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. The disease was more prevalent in men (7.1% of men versus 5.1% of women that underwent the direct mycological examination); younger age (median 31 years old); "pardo" and black people (3.7% more than expected in the sample); trunk (73.44% of the affected anatomic sites). Lesions in rare sites (groin, genitals, legs, feet and hands) were also observed in this study. In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.

Levantamento epidemiológico e virológico de casos suspeitos de poliomielite no Hospital Estadual Jesus, no período de janeiro de 1967 a março de 1968

Os autores apresentam os resultados de isolamento de poliovírus de crianças com suspeita de poliomielite paralítica no Isolamento do Hospital Estadual Jesus do Estado da Guanabara. Nas 188 amostras computadas apresentaram-se 79 positivas, destas 73,5% de poliovírus tipo I, 25,3% do tipo II e 1,2% do tipo III. Os autores mostram no Gráfico 1, um aumento da incidência da poliomielite a partir dos últimos meses no ano de 1967. Chamam a atenção para o grande número de casos no grupo etário de 0-3 anos (Gráfico 2); colocam ainda em questão o melhor equacionamento do problema das vacinações (Tabela 1), com estudos laboratoriais de avaliação da vacina Sabin. O estudo da procedência e sexo das crianças não permitiu maiores conclusões, sendo levantada também a relação da idade com a incidência da poliomielite (Tabela 2), bem como a necessidade de se realizar estudos para outros enterovírus, presentes na população infantil da área estudada.

Pesquisa sobre a ocorrência de histeria monocytogenes em fezes humanas

Foi pesquisada em 107 amostras de fezes procedentes de indivíduos com distúrbios intestinais a presença de Listeria monocytogenes. Como processo de enriquecimento, as fezes foram semeadas em caldo triptose fosfatado e mantidas a 4ºC durante 1 mês. Ao findar este prazo, foram os espécimes semeados em quatro meios seletivos: 1) Agar triptosado com 5 mcg/ml de Polimixina; 2) Agar triptosado com 50 cmg/ml de ácido nalidixico; 3) Meio de Ralovich e cols (Agar com 5% de soro normal de cavalo, acrescido de 50 mcg/ml de ácido nalidixico e 50 mcg/ml de tripaflavina (Bayer); 4) Uma modificação do meio de Ralovich (Agar triptosado, contendo 40 mcg/ml de ácido nalidixico, 50 mcg/ml de acetato de tálio, 25 mcg/ml de tripaflavina e 0,3% de extrato de levedura). Para reconhecimento das colônias suspeitas nos diferentes meios, fez-se uso da técnica de Henry. A identificação primária se baseou na observação da motilidade e nas características morfotintoriais, senão a seguir, confirmada através das provas bioquímicas e sorológicas. Três amostras de Listeria monocytogenes foram isoladas, caracterizando- se duas no sorotipo 4b e uma no tipo 1/2a.

Distribuição geográfica dos principais vetores de endemias no Estado do Ceará. - I - Triatomíneos

São apresentadas as principais informações de ordem geográfica do Estado, que é dividido em 23 micro-regiões e 141 municípios. Desses, em 129 foram encontrados triatomíneos, de acordo com informações obtidas em diversos organismos de pesquisa, de 1957 a 1974. A espécie principal no Estado é o Triatoma brasiliensis, semi-doméstico, encontrado nas casas de 91,5% dos municípios (129), suas taxas de infecção variam de 1,0 a 40,4% (média de 8,2%), o P. megistus é a terceira espécie e é encontrado em 61,7% dos municípios (87), com uma taxa de infecção muito variável, com média de 3,9% e máxima de 25,9%. Em áreas restritas como a do Cariri essa taxa subirá para 24,5%. A segunda espécie, menos doméstica que as duas primeiras é o T. pseudomaculata, encontrado em 68,8% dos municípios e taxas de infecção variando de 0,3% a 7,1% e uma média de 4,2%. A quarta espécie é o Rhodnius nasutus, encontrado em 17,7% dos municípios e infectado em 1,0%. Penetrando na casa (não foram encontradas ninfas) há uma quinta espécie, o Panstrongylus lutzi capturado em algumas casas de 26 municípios (18,4%) e com elevadas taxas de infecção: 17,9%. Com taxas globais de triatomíneos infectados por T. cruzi acima de 10% estão 12 municípios, dos quais mais da metade constitui as 4 micro-regiões centrais do Estado: Sertão de Quixeramobim, Sertão de Senador Pompeu, Sertão dos Inhamuns e Médio Jaguaribe.

Verificação da eficácia de diferentes inseticidas no controle ambiental de Tunga penetrans (L., 1758)

Referências sobre o controle de Tunga penetrans a nível ambiental têm sido feitas, sem contudo se estabelecer critérios para avaliar a eficácia dos produtos. Neste trabalho usamos as variações das prevalências obtidas antes e após o controle químico, como instrumento de avaliação. Foram testados os piretróides cipermetrina na formulação de concentrado emulsionável, CE, (Cymperator 25CE) a 0,2% e 0,5%; deltametrina na formulação de concentrado emulsionável CE, (K-Othrine 25CE) a 0,6% e deltametrina na formulação de concentrado de suspensão ou flowable concentrate, SC, (K-Othrine 50SC) a 0,3%. O resultado deste trabalho não se baseia apenas na performance dos produtos testados, verificada através da variação de prevalência, mas também em outros aspectos relevantes em saúde pública como a relação custo/beneficio; subsídios fundamentais em campanhas de saúde pública.

Malária induzida no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Procedeu-se uma revisão dos 58 casos de malária induzida diagnosticados em São Paulo, de janeiro de 1983 ajulho de 1990, correspondendo a 0,3% do total de casos de malária confirmados. As variáveis sexo, idade, nível de parasitemia, sintomatologia, evolução e tempo médio de início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico foram analisadas entre os 25 casos infectados por transfusão e 28 por uso de agulhas contaminadas. Predominou a infecção por Plasmodium vivax (79,4%), destacando-se 5,6% de casos com infecção mista. A idade média dos infectados por uso de agulhas foi significativamente menor (p 0,10). Apesar dos casos induzidos representarem percentual pequeno em relação ao total de casos notificados ea transmissão através do sangue estar sob controle, a transmissão acidental por agulhas contaminadas devido ao uso de drogas injetáveis, constitui risco parao restabelecimento da malária em áreas do Estado de São Paulo.