Carga proviral do HTLV-1 e HTLV-2: um método simples através da PCR quantitativa em tempo real

Os vírus linfotrópicos de células T humanas, quando integrados ao genoma da célula hospedeira, provírus, têm como marcador de replicação seu DNA proviral. A carga proviral parece ser um importante fator no desenvolvimento de patologias associadas a estes retrovírus. Neste estudo foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para quantificação absoluta da carga proviral dos HTLV-1 e HTLV-2 através da PCR em tempo real. Cinqüenta e três amostras de doadores de sangue com teste de ELISA reagente foram submetidas à metodologia, que utilizou o sistema TaqMan® para três seqüências alvo: HTLV-1, HTLV-2 e albumina. A quantificação proviral absoluta foi determinada através da proporção relativa entre o genoma do HTLV e o genoma da célula hospedeira, levando em consideração o número de leucócitos. O método apresentado é sensível (215 cópias/mL), prático e simples para quantificação proviral, além de eficiente e adequado para confirmação e discriminação da infecção pelos tipos virais.

Anticorpos anti-Leptospira em pacientes de Mato Grosso do Sul com suspeita clínica de dengue ou hepatite viral

Considerando a carência de dados clínicos e epidemiológicos da leptospirose humana no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e a possibilidade de confusão com outras doenças, soros de pacientes com suspeita clínica inicial de dengue e hepatite viral, porém, sem confirmação laboratorial, foram examinados, através de soroaglutinação microscópica para leptospirose. Os índices de sororreagentes nas amostras com suspeita clínica de dengue e hepatite viral foram, respectivamente, 15,9% e 9%. A maior ocorrência foi para o sorovar hurstbridge (70,4%) e o maior título para o sorovar canicola (1:51. 200). Não se observou associação entre positividade e sexo, idade ou ocupação dos pacientes. O estudo demonstrou que, embora as atuais notificações de casos de leptospirose em Mato Grosso do Sul sejam irrisórias, a prevalência de anticorpos foi elevada nos grupos investigados e, portanto, a hipótese de subnotificação de casos de leptospirose humana em Mato Grosso do Sul e dificuldades no diagnóstico diferencial com dengue e hepatite viral devem ser consideradas.

Associação entre reação hansênica após alta e a carga bacilar avaliada utilizando sorologia anti PGL-I e baciloscopia

As reações hansênicas são fenômenos imuno inflamatórios que ocorrem durante a evolução da hanseníase. Atualmente com os critérios de finalização de tratamento esta intercorrência pode ser observada após a alta da poliquimioterapia. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle onde foram comparados, laboratorialmente, os casos de reação hansênica após alta da poliquimioterapia multibacilar (PQT/MB) com o grupo controle para analisar a possível associação entre a reação hansênica após alta e a carga bacilar, utilizando o ML Flow, teste sorológico para detecção de anticorpos contra o Mycobacterium leprae, e os resultados das baciloscopias cutâneas. O estudo foi realizado em dois serviços de referência na cidade de Recife - Pernambuco - Brasil, onde participaram 208 pacientes. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a reação após alta está estatisticamente associada à carga bacilar através da positividade do teste sorológico após alta. Conclui-se que existem fatores de riscos comuns entre a recidiva e a reação após alta.

Viral etiology among the elderly presenting acute respiratory infection during the influenza season

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illness in all individuals. Rhinoviruses have been reported as the etiology of more than 50% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The study prospectively evaluated 47 elderly individuals from a group of 384 randomly assigned for acute respiratory viral infections (cold or flu) and assessed the occurrence of human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-nine nasal swabs collected from 47 elderly individuals following inclusion visits from 2002 to 2003 were tested by GenScan RT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: No sample was positive for influenza A/B or RSV. HRV was detected in 28.6% (14/47) and hMPV in 2% (1/47). Of 14 positive samples, 9 isolates were successfully sequenced, showing the follow group distribution: 6 group A, 1 group B and 2 group C HRVs. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of HRV during the months of the influenza season requires further study regarding HRV infection impact on respiratory complications among this population. Infection caused by HRV is very frequent and may contribute to increasing the already high demand for healthcare during the influenza season.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of blood donors with positive serology for viral hepatitis in southern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Positive serological tests for hepatitis viruses B and C at blood banks are an important reason for blood deferral. Additionally, high residual risk for transfusing hepatitis-contaminated blood has been estimated in southern Brazil. This study aimed to identify risk factors for positive serological tests for viral hepatitis (VH) in blood donors (BD). METHODS: A case-control study included consecutive BD with positive serology for VH, between 2008 and 2009. Cases and controls (BD with negative serology for VH) were paired 1:1 by sex and donation date. Assessment of clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to viral hepatitis was conducted. RESULTS: Among 1,282 blood donors (641 cases and 641 controls), those with positive serology for viral hepatitis had higher mean age (p<0.001); higher proportion of replacement donation (p<0.001); first donation (p<0.001); and interviewer deferment (p=0.037), compared to controls. Furthermore, donors with positive tests were less regular donors (p<0.001), had less previous history of rejection (p=0.003) and showed lower hematocrit median before donation (p=0.019). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age (OR=1.056, 95%CI 1.042-1.069, p<0.001), replacement donation (OR=1.545, 95%CI 1.171-2.038, p=0.002) and first donation (OR=9.931, 95%CI 7.486-13.173, p<0.001) were independently associated with positivity of serological tests for viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Specific characteristics of blood donors were associated with positive serology for viral hepatitis. These peculiarities should be taken into account when assessing candidates for blood donation.

Quantification of HIV-1 viral RNA in the blood in needles used for venous puncture in HIV-infected individuals

INTRODUCTION: Occupational HIV infection among healthcare workers is an important issue in exposures involving blood and body fluids. There are few data in the literature regarding the potential and the duration of infectivity of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in contaminated material under adverse conditions. METHODS: We quantified HIV-1 viral RNA in 25×8mm calibre hollow-bore needles, after punctures, in 25 HIV-1-infected patients selected during the sample collection. All of the patients selected were between the ages of 18 and 55. Five samples were collected from 16 patients: one sample for the immediate quantification of HIV-1 RNA in the plasma and blood samples from the interior of 4 needles to be analyzed at 0h, 6h, 24h, and 72h after collection. In nine patients, another test was carried out in the blood from one additional needle, in which HIV-1 RNA was assessed 168h after blood collection. The method used to assess HIV-1 RNA was nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. RESULTS: Up to 7 days after collection, HIV-1 RNA was detected in all of the needles. The viral RNA remained stable up to 168h, and there were no statistically significant differences among the needle samples. CONCLUSIONS: Although the infectivity of the viral material in the needles is unknown, the data indicate the need to re-evaluate the practices in cases of occupational accidents in which the source is not identified.

Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of Metropolitan Regional Prison Complex in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Little information regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian female prisoners exists. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV and HCV infections and identified viral genotypes among female prisoners in Goiás, Central Brazil. METHODS: Women incarcerated in the largest prison in the State of Goiás were invited to participate in the study. All female prisoners were interviewed and tested for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibody against HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA and genotyped, respectively. RESULTS: Participants (n=148; 98.6%) completed the study with an overall HBV prevalence of 18.9%. Age >30 years, a low education level, sex with a sexually transmitted diseases carrier, and a male sexual partner serving in the same penitentiary were associated with HBV infections. Only 24% of the women were anti-HBs positive suggesting previous HBV vaccination. Nine female prisoners (6.1%) were anti-HCV positive. Age >40 years, injecting drug use and length of incarceration were statistically associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Five samples were HCV RNA positive and classified as genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a; n=3 and 1b; n=1) and 3 (subtype 3a; n=1). The HBsAg-reactive sample was HBV DNA positive and genotype A. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the necessity of public policies to control hepatitis B and C infections and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B vaccination in prison environments.

Positive serology for viral hepatitis and donor self-exclusion in Southern Brazil

Introduction Despite the great advances in serological testing for transfusion-transmitted infections, the selection of blood donors by blood bank operators remains the only way to avoid transmission within the testing window period. Part of this selection is the self-exclusion form, on which the donors can exclude their blood from donation without any explanation. This study assessed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to positivity for viral hepatitis and to the use of the confidential self-exclusion (CSE) form. Methods This transversal study analyzed the data collected from blood donors' files in a hospital in Southern Brazil. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the clinical and epidemiological variables related to positive serologies of viral hepatitis and to whether the donor was self-excluded. Results Of the 3,180 donors included in this study, 0.1% tested positive for HBsAg, 2.1% for anti-HBc, and 0.9% for anti-HCV. When the 93 donors with positive serologies for viral hepatitis were compared with those who were negative, a greater proportion of the positive serology group was found to have had a history of blood transfusions (OR=4.908; 95%CI=1.628 - 14.799; p<0.01), had repeatedly donated (OR=2.147; 95%CI=1.236 - 3.729; p<0.01), and used the CSE form for self-exclusion (OR=7.139; 95%CI=2.045 - 24.923; p<0.01). No variables were independently associated with self-exclusion. Conclusions A history of blood transfusion, repeated donations, and self-exclusion are factors that should be considered during viral hepatitis screenings in blood banks.

Association between histological findings, aminotransferase levels and viral genotype in chronic hepatitis C infection

Introduction: The genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) influences liver disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes and to investigate the influence of these genotypes on disease progression. Methods: Blood samples and liver biopsies were collected from HCV-seropositive patients for serological analysis, biochemical marker measurements, HCV genotyping and histopathological evaluation. Results: Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was detected in 107 patients (90.6% with genotype 1 and 9.4% with genotype 3). Patients infected with genotype 1 exhibited higher mean necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis. Conclusions: HCV genotype 1 was the most prevalent and was associated with greater liver dysfunction.

Viral epidemiology of respiratory infections among children at a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil

Introduction This study reports the pediatric epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (IF), parainfluenza (PIV), and adenovirus (ADV) at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Methods Cases of infection, hospitalizations in intensive care units (ICUs), nosocomial infections, and lethality rates were collected from 2007 to 2010. Results RSV accounted for most nosocomial infections. Intensive care units admission rates for ADV and RSV infections were highest in 2007 and 2010. During 2008-2009, H1N1 and ADV had the highest ICU admission rates. ADV had the highest fatality rate during 2007-2009. Conclusions Each virus exhibited distinct behavior, causing hospitalization, outbreaks, or lethality.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of female blood donors with positive serology for viral hepatitis B

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Since women are frequently the minority among blood donors worldwide, studies evaluating this population usually reflect male features. We assessed the features of female blood donors with positive serology for HBV and compared them with those of men.METHODS The study comprised consecutive blood donors referred to a specialized liver disease center to be evaluated due to HBsAg- and/or anti-HBc-positive tests.RESULTS: The study encompassed 1,273 individuals, 219 (17.2%) of whom were referred due to positive HBsAg test and 1,054 (82.8%) due to reactive anti-HBc test. Subjects' mean age was 36.8±10.9 years, and 28.7% were women. Female blood donors referred for positive HBsAg screening tests demonstrated higher prevalence of healthcare workers (9.3% vs 2.5%) and lower prevalence of sexual risk behaviors (15.1% vs 41.1%) and alcohol abuse (1.9% vs 19.8%) compared to men. Women had lower ALT (0.6 vs 0.8×ULN), AST (0.6 vs 0.8×ULN), direct bilirubin (0.2 vs 0.3mg/dL), and alkaline phosphatase (0.5 vs 0.6×ULN) levels and higher platelet count (223,380±50,293 vs 195,020±53,060/mm3). Women also had a higher prevalence of false-positive results (29.6% vs 17.0%). No differences were observed with respect to liver biopsies. Female blood donors referenced for reactive anti-HBc screening tests presented similar clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical characteristics to those reported for positive HBsAg screening tests and similarly had a higher prevalence of false-reactive results.CONCLUSIONS: Compared to men, female blood donors with positive HBsAg and/or anti-HBc screening tests demonstrated higher prevalence of professional risk and false-positive results and reduced alteration of liver chemistry.

Influência da redução da pré-carga sobre o índice de desempenho miocárdico (índice de Tei) e outros parâmetros Doppler ecocardiográficos da função ventricular esquerda

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da redução da pré-carga induzida por uma sessão de hemodiálise sobre o índice de desempenho miocárdico (Tei) e outros parâmetros ecocardiográficos de função cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estimamos o índice de Tei e parâmetros de função sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), antes e depois de uma sessão de hemodiálise. Incluímos no estudo indivíduos em ritmo sinusal e sem antecedentes de insuficiência coronariana ou evidências de valvopatia e derrame pericárdico. RESULTADOS: 15 pacientes (8 homens, idade 53 ± 14 anos) completaram o estudo. Após ultrafiltração de 2,2 ± 1,1 litros, a onda E diminuiu (p < 0,05) e a onda A permaneceu inalterada (p = ns), resultando em decréscimo de E/A (p < 0,01). O índice de Tei aumentou (0,57 ± 0,07 para 0,65 ± 0,09, p < 0,01) através do prolongamento do TRIV (101 ± 14 para 113 ± 17 ms, p < 0,01) e encurtamento do TEJ (271 ± 22 para 252 ± 22 ms, p < 0,05). O TCIV não variou (p = ns). Os parâmetros diastólicos ao Doppler tecidual não mudaram (p = ns), enquanto a velocidade sistólica (S) aumentou (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O índice de Tei foi afetado pela alteração da pré-carga induzida pela hemodiálise, assim como outros parâmetros derivados do Doppler transvalvar mitral. Os parâmetros diastólicos do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foram independentes da pré-carga, enquanto a velocidade sistólica sugeriu melhora na função sistólica do VE após o procedimento.

Modelos para predição da carga máxima no teste clínico de esforço cardiopulmonar

OBJETIVO: Este estudo buscou derivar equações generalizadas para predição da carga máxima para homens e mulheres jovens. MÉTODOS: O método da ergoespirometria direta (Aerosport® TEEM 100, Estados Unidos da América do Norte) foi empregado para determinar o VO2máx e a carga máxima (Wmáx), no cicloergômetro (Monark®, Brasil), de 30 homens (25 ± 5 anos, 75,0 ± 10,7 kg; 48,4 ± 8,8 mL . kg -1 . min -1 e 243 ± 51 Watts) e 30 mulheres (26 ± 5 anos, 56,7 ± 5,9 kg, 39,8 ± 7,6 mL . kg -1 . min -1 e 172 ± 37 Watts). A idade e a massa corporal foram empregadas como variáveis independentes. Para todos os testes estatísticos aceitou-se o nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: No ajuste linear múltiplo a carga máxima foi explicada pela da idade e massa corporal em 54% (r = 0,73), para homens, e em 76% (r = 0,87), para mulheres, com erros padrões respectivamente de 0,66 W . kg -1 e de 25 Watts. As equações propostas passaram pela validação cruzada, empregando-se outra amostra com características similares de idade e VO2máx composta por 15 homens e 15 mulheres. A correlação intraclasse entre os valores de Wmáx preditos e os medidos através da ergoespirometria foram de 0,70 e 0,69, com erros padrões de 28,4 e 15,8 Watts, respectivamente, para homens e mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo exibe equações generalizadas válidas para determinação da carga máxima no cicloergômetro para homens e mulheres.

Respostas cardiovasculares ao exercício resistido são afetadas pela carga e intervalos entre séries

FUNDAMENTO: O controle das respostas cardiovasculares durante exercício resistido (ER) é importante para a segurança do paciente. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência do número de repetições máximas (RM) e dos intervalos de recuperação entre séries (IR) sobre a frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e duplo produto (DP) durante ER. MÉTODOS: Vinte sujeitos saudáveis (26 ± 5 anos) realizaram protocolos de ER envolvendo três séries do leg press (6 e 12 RM) e IR proporcional ao tempo de contração (1:3 e 1:5). Aferiu-se a FC continuamente com cardiofrequencímetro e a PAS foi verificada ao final das séries, por meio de protocolo validado com método auscultatório. RESULTADOS: A FC sofreu influência da carga (p = 0,008) e das séries (p < 0,001), mas não do IR (p = 0,087). A PAS sofreu efeito isolado do número de séries (p < 0,001) e do IR (p = 0,017), mas não da carga (p = 0,95). O DP elevou-se em relação direta com a carga (p = 0,036) e com as séries (p < 0,001), mas inversamente ao IR (p = 0,006). Nos protocolos de 6 RM, a variação da FC foi maior para IR = 1:3 (Δ = 11,2 ± 1,1 bpm) do que para IR = 1:5 (Δ = 4,5 ± 0,2 bpm; p = 0,002), mas não houve diferença para 12 RM (Δ 1:3 = 21,1 ± 2,2 bpm; Δ 1:5 = 18,9 ± 2,0 bpm, p = 0,83). O IR influenciou a variação da PAS em todas as cargas (6 RM - Δ 1:3 = 10,6 ± 0,9 mmHg, Δ 1:5 = 6,6 ± 0,7 mmHg; p = 0,02 e 12 RM - Δ 1:3 = 15,2 ± 1,1 mmHg, Δ 1:5 = 8,4 ± 0,7 mmHg; p = 0,04). O DP elevou-se proporcionalmente à carga (p = 0,036) e para séries (p < 0,001), mas inversamente ao IR (p = 0,006). Com IR = 1:3, houve diferença de DP para 6 RM (Δ = 2.892 ± 189 mmHg.bpm) e 12 RM (Δ = 4.587 ± 300 mmHg.bpm; p = 0,018), mas não com IR = 1:5 (6 RM: Δ = 1.224 ± 141 mmHg.bpm, 12 RM: Δ = 2.332 ± 194 mmHg.bpm; p = 0,58). CONCLUSÃO: Independentemente da carga, um maior IR associou-se a menores respostas cardiovasculares durante ER, especialmente de PAS.